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Research Papers
Experiences of Unmarried Women Undergoing Planned Oocyte Cryopreservation
Miok Kim, Kim Mingyoung
J Korean Acad Nurs 2024;54(4):577-593.   Published online November 30, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.24064
AbstractAbstract PDFePub
Purpose

The present study investigated the experiences of unmarried women undergoing planned oocyte cryopreservation (OC).

Methods

Data were collected from August 2022 to February 2023 through individual in-depth interviews with thirteen unmarried women undergoing planned OC. Data were analyzed using Colazzi’s phenomenological method.

Results

The findings revealed four distinct clusters. The first cluster, “Safeguards against Future Uncertainty,” examined experiences associated with uncertainties in several aspects of reproductive health threats and decision-making regarding planned OC. The second cluster, “Indescribable Pain and Chaos,” explored the psychological and physical pain, complications, concerns about repeat procedures, and uncertainties about the use of frozen oocytes experienced during the planned OC process and afterward. The third cluster, “Motivation to Rebuild Resilience,” explored participants’ resilience in overcoming difficulties and shocks during the planned OC process and regaining their inner strength through the support of family and friends. The fourth cluster, “Finally Freeing the Mind,” focused on the sense of liberation from the pressure of marriage and childbirth, which enabled participants to engage in their present self and concentrate on self-stability and growth in preparation for the future.

Conclusion

The present study enhances our understanding of the emotional difficulties and distress experienced by women considering OC, thereby assisting in improving approaches for psychological support and clinical management. Furthermore, providing insights into these first-hand experiences to women considering planned OC, healthcare professionals, and policymakers could help establish systems to support the decision-making process.

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Experiences of Patients and Their Families Receiving Medical Services Provided by Advanced Practice Nurses at Tertiary General Hospitals
Mi-Kyeong Jeon, Su Jung Choi, Ji Eun Han, Eun Kyung Kwon, Jeong Hee Park, Jeong Hye Kim
J Korean Acad Nurs 2024;54(4):594-606.   Published online November 4, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.24069
AbstractAbstract PDFePub
Purpose

This study aimed to understand and describe the experiences of patients and their families who have received medical services from advanced practice nurses in tertiary general hospitals in Korea.

Methods

Data were collected through four focus group interviews with 20 patients and their families who had received medical services from advanced practice nurses for more than six months at four tertiary hospitals from November 29 to December 28, 2023. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

The four themes extracted from the experiences of patients and their families were as follows: unfamiliar medical personnel encountered during the treatment process, healthcare professionals who exhibited excellence, companions to light my way through the tunnel of illness, and an advanced practice nurse system that must be activated urgently.

Conclusion

The study’s findings indicate that patients and their families view the care provided by advanced practice nurses as excellent, reliable, and holistic. Research suggests that advanced practice nurses are valuable healthcare professionals in team-based care. The findings suggest that hospitals should utilize an advanced practice nurse system to improve patient outcomes and ensure the quality of care.

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An Exploratory Study on Non-Contact Nursing Experiences of Clinical Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Byun, Hye Min , Yun, Eun Kyoung
J Korean Acad Nurs 2024;54(3):446-458.   Published online August 31, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.24045
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to understand the non-contact nursing experiences of clinical nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
A qualitative research design applying thematic analysis was used. The participants were purposive sampled from three institutes: a tertiary hospital, a general hospital, and a residential treatment center in Seoul. Data were collected between December 2021 and January 2022 through individual in-depth interviews with 12 clinical nurses. The data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s method to identify the meaning of the participants’ experiences.
Results
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the fields where the participants performed non-contact nursing included intensive care units and isolation wards of hospitals, a residential treatment center, and home cares. Their tasks in non-contact nursing commonly involved remote monitoring using digital devices or equipment, consultation and education. From their experiences performing tasks in these fields, the four theme clusters and nine themes were derived. The four theme clusters are as follows: (1) Confusion of nursing role; (2) Conflict due to insufficient support system; (3) Concern about the quality of nursing; (4) Reflection on the establishment of nursing professionalism.
Conclusion
This study highlights the necessity for institutionalizing professional nursing areas, nursing education, and practical support by clarifying the purpose and goals of non-contact nursing and developing nursing knowledge through frameworks.
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How Do We Approach Quality Care for Patients from Middle Eastern Countries? A Phenomenological Study of Korean Nurses’ Experiences
Jang, Dael , Choi, Seonhwa , Hwang, Gahui , Kim, Sanghee
J Korean Acad Nurs 2024;54(3):372-385.   Published online August 31, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.24036
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
Although more people from Middle Eastern countries are visiting South Korea for medical treatment, Korean nurses lack experience in treating them. Understanding and describing Korean nurses’ experiences can help them provide quality care to these patients by enhancing their competency in culturally appropriate care. This study described the experiences of nurses who provide care to Middle Eastern patients in clinical settings in South Korea.
Methods
We conducted a phenomenological study to describe nurses’ experience of caring for patients from Middle Eastern countries. Ten nurses with prior experience in caring for these patients were recruited from a university-affiliated tertiary hospital. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted between May 1 and June 4, 2020. The transcribed data were analyzed using Giorgi’s phenomenological method to identify the primary and minor categories representing nurses’ experiences.
Results
Four major categories (new experiences in caring for culturally diverse patients, challenges in caring for patients in a culturally appropriate manner, nursing journey of mutual agreement with culturally diverse patients, and being and becoming more culturally competent) and 11 subcategories were identified.
Conclusion
Nurses experience various challenges when caring for Middle Eastern patients with diverse language and cultural needs. However, nurses strive to provide high-quality care using various approaches and experience positive emotions through this process. To provide quality care to these patients, hospital environments and educational programs must be developed that center on field nurses and students and support them in delivering quality care while utilizing their cultural capabilities.
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Lived Experience of Kidney Transplant Recipients with Kidney Graft Failure
Hwang, Younghui , Min, Kyoungok , Son, Haeng-Mi
J Korean Acad Nurs 2024;54(1):93-105.   Published online February 29, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23113
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
The study aimed to understand the semantic structure and nature of the disease experience of kidney transplant recipients with kidney graft failure by applying phenomenological research methods.
Methods
Data were collected between February and September 2021 through individual in-depth interviews with 12 kidney transplant recipients with kidney graft failure. Colaizzi’s phenomenological analysis was used to analyze the meaning of the participants’ illness experiences.
Results
5 theme clusters and 15 themes were derived. The five theme clusters are as follows: (1) First transplant giving me a second life; (2) Body and mind becoming sick again; (3) Waiting for a re-transplant with hope and worry; (4) Life supported by gratefulness; (5) Having control over my own life.
Conclusion
This study shows that kidney transplant recipients with kidney graft failure experience physical and psychological difficulties during the long disease period and require help from many people, including family members, friends, colleagues, and health care providers, to overcome their difficulties.
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Perspectives of Frontline Nurses Working in South Korea during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Combined Method of Text Network Analysis and Summative Content Analysis
Lee, SangA , Lee, Tae Wha , Lee, Seung Eun
J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(6):584-596.   Published online December 31, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23048
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to explore the perspectives of frontline nurses working during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods
An online qualitative study was conducted using a pragmatic approach. The data were collected in August 2021. Registered Korean nurses who provided direct nursing care to patients with confirmed COVID-19 were eligible for this study. An online survey was used to gather free-text data, which were then analyzed using machine-based network analysis and summative content analysis.
Results
The analysis examined the responses of 126 participants and led to the identification of six prominent themes. These themes were further classified into three distinct levels: personal, task, and organizational. The identified themes are as follows: “collapse of personal life,” “being overwhelmed by the numerous roles required,” “personal protective equipment was sufficiently provided, but that is not enough,” “changes in interprofessional collaboration,” “inappropriate workforce management,” and “diverted allocation of healthcare services and resources.” Conclusion: Our findings highlight areas for improvement in resources, systems, and policies to enhance preparedness for future pandemics.
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Nursing Students’ Experiences of Observing the Use of Physical Restraints: A Qualitative Study
Ha, Sun Mi
J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(6):610-621.   Published online December 31, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23032
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of final-year undergraduate nursing students in observing the use of physical restraints on patients in the course of clinical practice.
Methods
Three focus group interviews were conducted with 12 Korean nursing students who could provide sufficient information about their observation of physical restraints. The collected data was analyzed through conventional content analysis.
Results
The data were classified into four theme clusters, and nine themes. The four theme clusters included ‘recognized as an unavoidable means,’ ‘experienced problems with the use of physical restraints,’ ‘realized the importance of the nurse's role and efforts,’ and ‘aspire to learn about correct use of physical restraints.’ While nursing students recognized the necessities and problems of using physical restraints in clinical practice, and the importance of nurses’ role and effort, the results found that education related to the use of physical restraints should be more systematic within the nursing curriculum.
Conclusion
This study highlights the necessity of educating nursing students to ensure they acquire accurate knowledge and awareness regarding the use of physical restraints, and suggests the inclusion of systematic guidelines through simulation or extracurricular activities.
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Adolescents’ Experiences of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Study
Ko, Jung A , Kim, Ji Young
J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(5):538-555.   Published online October 31, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23075
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This qualitative study used interpretative phenomenological analysis and photovoice methods to explore the meaning of non-suicidal self-injury experienced by adolescents.
Methods
Participants were adolescents enrolled in middle and high schools in Gyeonggi-do and Jeollabuk-do who were selected through snowball sampling. Six participants had repeatedly engaged in self-injurious behavior for over a year. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and the photovoice method between November 2020 and July 2021. The collected data were analyzed using six steps of interpretative phenomenological analysis.
Results
The results yielded 5 main themes and 18 subthemes. The main themes were ‘a silent cry to an indifferent world’, ‘a heartache that one endures with scars’, ‘an inescapable cycle’, ‘filling the space in one’s heart’, and ‘healing the wounds’. The study findings revealed that the self-injurious behavior of adolescents began as a consequence of feeling lost and struggling with conflicts at home and school, which helped them relieve tension and pain. Nonetheless, inflicting self-injury only left signs of regret and remorse, which became a trace that the participants wanted to hide. However, the wounds healed after receiving attention and support from others. They were determined to stop engaging in repeated self-injurious behaviors and made efforts to do so.
Conclusion
This study can be used as a basis for the development of educational programs to prevent non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. Additionally, it can inform nursing interventions that focus on building support systems to help adolescents who attempt self-injury.
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Experiences of Transitional Care for Medicaid Case Managers
Hwang, Yunhee , Lee, Gaeon
J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(5):556-569.   Published online October 31, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23031
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This phenomenological study tried to understand the essence of the transitional care experience of medicaid case managers and its structural meaning. In addition, it was attempted to establish a system of transitional care and seek support measures for medicaid case managers.
Methods
The participants of this study were 7 medicaid case managers who had spent more than 1 year and 6 months in medicaid pilot project. Data were collected with individual in-depth interviews from June to December 2021. The data were analyzed by Giorgi's phenomenological analysis method.
Results
The seven constituents derived from the results of this study were 'struggle to establish a living environment', 'dedication to supporting independent living', 'anxiety about safety', 'pressure on care responsibilities', ‘distress in building the pilot project’, 'pride in role', and 'expectation for improvement'.
Conclusion
The study results provide a comprehensive understanding of the transition care reality for medicaid case managers. They also shed light on managers’ perceptions and attitudes. These findings can serve as fundamental information for establishing support measures for medicaid case managers and transitional care systems.
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Weight Loss Experience of Highly Obese Young Adult Who Underwent Bariatric Surgery
Lee, Hoim , Jeong, Hyoju , Kwon, Suhye
J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(2):260-273.   Published online April 30, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23004
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to explore the weight loss experience of highly obese young people who underwent bariatric surgery.
Methods
Data were collected, from October 2021 to April 2022, through individual in-depth interviews with eight highly obese young adults who underwent bariatric surgery and analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological method.
Results
The following four theme clusters were extracted. First, ‘The unbearable sorrow of obese people’ explains the process of choosing bariatric surgery after fluctuations and frustration despite countless repeated weight loss attempts. Second, ‘The impact aftermath of bariatric surgery’ revealed participants struggling in the face of unexpected changes due to bariatric surgery. Third, ‘Efforts to rebuild a healthy myself’ demonstrated the struggle to regain health by using the surrounding support system to overcome the difficulties of this surgical procedure. Lastly, ‘Facing life by getting rid of the yoke of obesity’ displayed the experiences of the participants who felt ambivalent about their changed appearance, but coping positively with the new life.
Conclusion
This study provides an in-depth understanding of the weight loss experiences of highly obese adolescents who underwent bariatric surgery and presents a new perspective on clinical practice. The results of this study are expected to be useful in developing and applying systematic and customized nursing interventions before and after bariatric surgery.
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The Experience of Gynecologic Cancer in Young Women: A Qualitative Study
Kim, Sung-Jin , Shin, Hyunjeong
J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(1):115-128.   Published online February 28, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22119
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to understand the experiences of women under 40 years of age with gynecologic cancer.
Methods
Semi-structured individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 Korean female patients aged 21~39 years with gynecologic cancer. The data were analyzed using Corbin and Strauss' grounded theory approach, including open coding, context analysis, and integrating categories.
Results
Grounded theory analysis revealed nine categories and a core category of ‘the journey to find my life after losing the life as a typical woman.’ The categories that emerged as the conditions are ‘Unwelcomed guest, cancer,’ ‘Completely devastated life as an ordinary woman,’ ‘Uncertain future,’ ‘Losing my physical characteristics as a woman,’ and ‘Life tied with treatments.’ The actions/interactions were ‘Decrease of interpersonal relationships,’ ‘A lonely battle to overcome alone,’ and ‘The power to overcome hardships.’ The consequence was ‘Live my own life.’ Conclusion: This study contributes to the development of a substantive theory of the experience of gynecologic cancer in young women, which has been on the rise in recent years. The study’s results are expected to be used as a basis for providing nursing care to help young women with gynecologic cancer adapt to their disease.
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Lived Experience of Middle-Aged Patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Seo, Young-suk , Lee, Sunhee
J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(6):598-607.   Published online December 31, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22086
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This qualitative study aimed to explore the lived and true meaning of experiences of middle-aged patients with complex regional pain syndrome.
Methods
The participants were 10 men and women aged 40 to 60 years who received outpatient treatment at a university hospital, could communicate, and agreed to participate in the study. Data were collected through individual interviews using open and semi-structured questions from September 2019 to July 2021 and were analyzed using the content analysis method suggested by Hsieh and Shannon (2005).
Results
As a result of this study, 42 summarized semantic units related to life experience, 15 subthemes, and seven themes were derived. The seven themes were “pressed by severe pain,” “frustrated because I cannot be part of the community,” “distressed because people do not recognize my disease,” “sad about conflicts with family,” “unmotivated because of desperate life,” “appreciating for support,” and “putting oneself together and living daily life.” Conclusion: The vivid experiences of the participants derived in this study are the basic data for developing treatment guidelines. In the future, we propose a study on life and family care experiences according to the developmental characteristics of the life cycle of patients with complex regional pain syndrome and develop and apply programs to support patients and their families.
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The Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of Readiness for Practice Survey for Nursing Students
Lee, Tae Wha , Ji, Yoonjung , Yoon, Yea Seul
J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(6):564-581.   Published online December 31, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22032
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Readiness for Practice Survey (K-RPS).
Method
The English Readiness for Practice Survey was translated into Korean using the Translation, Review, Adjudication, Pretesting, and Documentation (TRAPD) method. Secondary data analysis was performed using the dataset from the New Nurse e-Cohort study (Panel 2020) in South Korea. This study used a nationally representative sample of 812 senior nursing students. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were also conducted. Convergent validity within the items and discriminant validity between factors were assessed to evaluate con-struct validity. Construct validity for hypothesis testing was evaluated using convergent and discriminant validity. Ordinary α was used to assess reliability.
Results
The K-RPS comprises 20 items examining four factors: clinical problem solving, learning experience, professional responsibilities, and professional preparation. Although the convergent validity of the items was successfully verified, discriminant validity between the factors was not. The K-RPS construct validity was verified using a bi-factor model (CMIN/DF 2.20, RMSEA .06, TLI .97, CFI .97, and PGFI .59). The K-RPS was significantly correlated with self-esteem (r = .43, p < .001) and anxiety about clinical practicum (r = - .50, p < .001). Internal consistency was reliable based on an ordinary α of .88.
Conclusion
The K-RPS is both valid and reliable and can be used as a standardized Korean version of the Readiness for Practice measurement tool.
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The Caring Experience of Family Caregivers for Patients of Living Donor Liver Transplantation from the Family Members
Bang, Miseon , Kwon, Suhye
J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(4):435-450.   Published online August 31, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22043
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
The purpose of the study was to understand the care experiences of the family of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) patients where the donation had occurred within the family.
Methods
Participants were eight family caregivers who cared for recipients and donors of LDLT. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews from November, 2020 to April, 2021. Data analysis was performed through a cyclical process of data collection and analysis by applying Giorgi’s phenomenological research method.
Results
The five main components extracted from the experiences of the family caregivers were: "A double-edged choice to save the family", "The harsh daily life of liver transplantation care", "The yoke of double care on both shoulders", "The power to withstand the adversity of caring", and "The recovery and growth of life pursued by trusting each other".
Conclusion
The participants tried to do their best in their daily lives, while providing reassurance and care to the LDLT patients in the family; however, they expressed some worry and hardship while doing so. The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of the caring experience of the family caregivers, which may contribute to the development of nursing interventions that will aid these caregivers in providing care to their LDLT family members. Furthermore, the development and application of an integrated management program for LDLT patients in the family is required.
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Delirium Experience of the Intensive Care Unit Patients
Jung, Jaeyeon , Jang, Sujin , Jo, Seonmi , Lee, Sunhee
J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(2):134-143.   Published online April 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21240
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
The study aimed to understand the delirium experience of intensive care unit (ICU) patients.
Methods
We performed a qualitative study using Colaizzi’s phenomenological method. Eleven patients, who experienced delirium according to the Confusion Assessment Method for ICU, participated after transferring to general wards from the ICU. Individual in-depth semi-structured interviews ranging from 30 minutes to 2 hours in length were conducted between November 2018 and August 2019.
Results
Nine themes and four theme clusters emerged. The four theme clusters were: 1) “Overwhelmed by fear,” which describes the experience of a patient close to death and the feeling of difficulty in understanding disorganized thinking; 2) “Anxious about not understanding the situation,” which means that patients’ sense of time and space were disordered in the ICU; 3) “Being deserted,” which indicates the feeling of being separated from others and yourself; and 4) “Resistance to protect my dignity,” which indicates that the dignity and autonomy of an individual in the patient’s position at the ICU, are ignored.
Conclusion
Nursing interventions are needed that would enable patients to maintain orientation and self-esteem in the ICU. In addition, healthcare providers need to provide information about the unfamiliar environment in the ICU in advance.
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Experience of Peer Support Work among People with Mental Illness in the Community: A Grounded Theory Approach
Hyun, Myung Sun , Kim, Hyunlye , Nam, Kyoung A , Kim, Su Young
J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(2):187-201.   Published online April 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21208
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study discovered a substantive theory of the experience and process of peer support work among people with mental illness.
Methods
The participants were members of community-based mental health facilities and had been working as peer supporters for more than six months. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with twelve participants and analyzed using Corbin and Strauss’s grounded theory approach.
Results
The core category was “becoming a healer going with patients in the journey of recovery,” and the core phenomenon was “identity confusion as a peer supporter.” The causal conditions were “starting peer support work without certainty” and “standing at the boundary between the therapist and patient.” The intervening conditions were “willingness to become a successful peer supporter,” “feeling a sense of homogeneity with the patient,” “accepting the mental illness,” and “support from people around.” The action and interaction strategies were “letting go of greed,” “being open about oneself,” “developing professional skills,” “maintaining wellness in the body and mind,” and “being with the patient.” The consequences were “becoming a useful person,” “changing attitude toward life,” “expansion of the sense of self-existence,” “recovering from mental illness,” and “discovering a role as peer supporter.” Finally, the substantive theory of “becoming a healer going with patients in the journey of recovery” was derived.
Conclusion
This study provides a holistic understanding of peer support work and the implications of interventions to help people with mental illness in a person-centered recovery process.
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Experience of Nurses in Charge of COVID-19 Screening at General Hospitals in Korea
Ha, Boo Young , Bae, Yun-Sook , Ryu, Han Sol , Jeon, Mi-Kyeong
J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(1):66-79.   Published online February 28, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21166
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to understand and describe the experiences of nurses in charge of COVID-19 screening at general hospitals in South Korea.
Methods
Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with 14 nurses who had been working for more than a month at a screening clinic operated by two general hospitals from May 11 to July 20, 2021. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological analysis.
Results
As a result of analysis, four theme clusters were extracted from nurses’ experiences, as follow: the role of the hospital gatekeeper entrusted with managing the COVID-19 pandemic, struggling to maintain the protective barrier, boundlessness like a Mobius strip, and driving force to endure as a nurse in charge of COVID-19 screening.
Conclusion
The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of the lives of screening clinic nurses who are struggling with the COVID-19 situation. The results are expected to be useful in providing basic data for improving the infection control system and response strategies that can be applied to nursing practice in other pandemic situations.
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Nurses’ Experiences of the COVID-19 Crisis
Lee, Jung-Hoon , Song, Yeoungsuk
J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(6):689-702.   Published online December 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21160
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to develop a situation-specific theory to explain nurses’ experiences of the COVID-19 crisis.
Methods
The participants were 16 hospital nurses who experienced the COVID-19 crisis. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews from September 2, 2020 to January 20, 2021. Transcribed interview contents were analyzed using Corbin and Strauss’s grounded theory method.
Results
A total of 38 concepts and 13 categories were identified through an open coding process. The core category found was becoming a pioneering nurse who turns crises into opportunities. The causal conditions were the chaos of being exposed defenselessly to an unexpected pandemic, fear caused by a nursing care field reminiscent of a battlefield, and moral distress from failing to protect patients’ human dignity. The contextual conditions were feeling like the scapegoat of the hospital organization, increasing uncertainty due to the unpredictable state of COVID-19, and relative deprivation due to inappropriate treatment. The central phenomenon was suffering alone while experiencing the dedication of the COVID-19 hero image. The action/interactional strategy were efforts to find a breakthrough and getting the nurse’s mind right, and the intervening conditions were gratitude for those who care for broken hearts and getting used to myself with repetitive work. The Consequences were becoming an independent nurse and frustration with the unchanging reality.
Conclusion
This study provides the foundation for the nurse's situation-specific theory of the COVID-19 crisis by defining the crisis perceived by nurses who cared for COVID-19 patients and suggesting types of coping with the crisis.
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Nurses’ Experience with Caring for COVID-19 Patients in a Negative Pressure Room Amid the Pandemic Situation
Noh, Eun-Young , Chai, Young Jun , Kim, Hyun Jeong , Kim, Eunjin , Park, Yeon-Hwan
J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(5):585-596.   Published online October 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21148
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore nurses’ experience with caring for COVID-19 patients in a negative pressure room amid the spread of the pandemic.
Methods
This study was a qualitative research, and focus group interviews were used to collect data. Three focus groups comprising 19 nurses were interviewed from February 17 to 25, 2021. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim with the consent of the participants. The verbatim transcripts were scrutinized using thematic analysis.
Results
Two main themes emerged from the analysis: ‘Struggling in an isolated space’ and ’Limitations of nursing infrastructure and system’. The nurses caring for COVID-19 patients experienced anxiety and fear about the infection, physical exhaustion, emotional burnout, and a sense of duty as a nurse. They also acknowledged the lack of guidelines, increased task and burden, limitations of nursing care, and the demand for improving the limitations of the nursing system.
Conclusion
The results of this study demonstrate that nurses caring for COVID-19 patients encounter physical and emotional problems within the limited healthcare system. The study suggests that comprehensive interventions are needed for nurses. Furthermore, detailed guidelines, strengthening of nursing personnel, and improvements to the nursing system are vital to effectively cope with the pandemic. The government and medical institutions should be aware of the needs of nurses and what they are going through, and make efforts to improve the quality of life of healthcare workers and create a safe healthcare environment.
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A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experience of Nurses Caring for Patients with COVID-19 in Korea
Oh, Hee , Lee, Na Kyoung
J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(5):561-572.   Published online October 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21112
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to understand nurses’ lived experiences of caring for patients with COVID-19.
Methods
The phenomenological research method was used. The study participants were 16 Korean nurses who had experiences in caring for patients with COVID-19 in clinical settings. Data was collected using one-on-one in-depth interviews, from June 30 to September 30, 2020. During the interview, the quarantine rules were observed.
Results
The study derived four themes clusters and thirty-eight sub themes. Four theme clusters were identified, i.e., ‘a repetitive sense of crisis’, ‘enduring a drastic change,’ ‘sacrifice of personal life,’ and ‘pride in nursing’. The nurses’ experiences of caring for patients with COVID-19 were an uneasy, unfamiliar, and threatening experiences for an individual, but it is an opportunity for a nursing organization to renew. Accordingly, it was found that nurses faithfully fulfill their individual roles with a vocation and responsibility.
Conclusion
The study provides an in-depth understanding of the situational, psychological, and environmental aspects of challenges facing nurses in the pandemic situation. Based on the findings, institutional follow-up measures should be provided to establish support systems for better nursing care. In addition, studies are needed to track nurses' experiences in the prolonged COVID-19 situation.
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Job Retention Process among Working People with Mental Illness: A Grounded Theory Approach
Hyun, Myung Sun , Nam, Kyoung A , Kim, Hyunlye , Kim, Su Young
J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(3):320-333.   Published online June 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21016
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
The study was conducted to explore the experiences of job retention among working people with mental illness.
Methods
The participants were members with mental illness at the S Community Mental Health Center in Gyeonggi Province and who had been working for more than six months. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with 11 participants between June 27 and August 20, 2018. The data were analyzed through Corbin and Strauss’s grounded theory method.
Results
The core category was struggling to take root in the community as a productive member. The core phenomenon was the desire to be a productive person, and the causal condition was the willingness to change for a purposeful life. The action and interaction strategies included maintaining regular living patterns, maintaining medication, developing one’s tips for self-management, and self-approval. The intervening conditions were difficulties in forming social relationships, presence of symptoms, social resources, and acceptance of one’s mental illness. The consequences were restoration of family relationships, healthy pleasure through work, social inclusion, development of self-worth, and transition to an independent person.
Conclusion
Working people with mental illness are struggling to take root in the community as a productive member. This study suggests that a holistic understanding of the job retention experience among people with mental illness is required. The findings will provide the basis for developing interventions that can improve job retention among working people with mental illness.
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The Lived Experience of Body Alteration and Body Image with Regard to Immediate Breast Reconstruction among Women with Breast Cancer
Ahn, Jeonghee , Suh, Eunyoung E.
J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(2):245-259.   Published online April 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21028
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience of body alteration and body image with regard to immediate breast reconstruction among women with breast cancer.
Methods
Data were collected from July to December 2020 through individual in-depth interviews with 15 women who had undergone immediate breast reconstruction due to breast cancer. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological analysis.
Results
The following four theme clusters emerged. First, “revalued meaning of breasts due to cancer” illustrated the fact that cancer removal surgery brought the participants to reconsider the meaning of their breasts. Second, “had no choice but breast reconstruction” demonstrated the participants’ decision-making process of not wanting to lose breasts. Third, “unsatisfied breasts despite reconstruction” portrayed the distress due to the unexpected surgical outcomes. Finally, “restarted everyday routines with the altered body” described the healing process of the participants by accepting their changed body.
Conclusion
In Korea, where family-centeredness and fidelity are highly valued, women perceived their breasts not only as a symbol of femininity but as the mediator connecting the self to family. Despite the distress related to imperfect breasts, the participants were thankful for their reconstructed breasts. Breast reconstruction helped them return to daily life as the psychological trauma of breast cancer was healed. The participants rebuilt their body image by accepting their scarred new body. This may allow health professionals to provide constructive and culturally appropriate counseling in advance by providing insight into women’s perception of their body image with regard to breast reconstruction.
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Young Adult Donor’s Experiences of Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Bang, Miseon , Shin, Haeyun , Ryu, Min , Kwon, Suhye
J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(1):105-118.   Published online February 28, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20235
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to explore young adult donors’ experiences of living donor liver transplantation.
Methods
A phenomenological research method was used. The participants were two women and six men. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews from November 25th, 2019 to June 10th, 2020 and analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological method.
Results
Five theme clusters extracted from the young adult donors’ experiences were painful decision of a liver donation, the agony of both mind and body that overpowers youth, the bitter and bare face of reality that a young donor encounters, feeling the power of love that fills up the space of the organ removed, and liver donation becoming priming water for maturity.
Conclusion
The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of the lives of young adult donors who have experienced unexpected difficulties as well as self growth from the donation. It is expected that the results can be of use for developing and applying customized nursing interventions for management before and after liver donation among young adult donors.
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Diabetes Self-Management Experience of Patients with Diabetes: Focused on the Visually Impaired
Chang, Sun Ju , Lee, Kyoung-eun , Yang, Eunjin , Kim, Hee Jung
J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(1):92-104.   Published online February 28, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20231
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to understand and describe the diabetes self-management experience of visually impaired people with diabetes.
Methods
Ten participants were recruited through a website used by the visually impaired from February to March 2020. Data were collected through two focus group interviews conducted in June 2020; each group consisted of five participants. All interviews were recorded with the consent of the participants and transcribed verbatim. The transcribed data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
Results
Seven categories were as follows; a two-faced, lifelong companion, an unprepared encounter, struggle to live, love-hate relationship with family, strategies to adapt, lessening attention to self-management, the desire to learn properly.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that the visually impaired have fewer opportunities for receiving diabetes self-management education than general diabetic patients. Consequently, plans to improve the education available to such patients are required. Additionally, psychological counseling and diabetes education for patients’ families are necessary, and improving the perception of medical workers regarding the visually impaired will be prove useful.
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Motives for Empathy among Clinical Nurses in China: A Qualitative Study
Zhu, Yu , He, Ming-Mei , Zhu, Ji-Min , Huang, Li , Li, Bai-Kun
J Korean Acad Nurs 2020;50(6):778-786.   Published online December 31, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20123
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to explore the motives of clinical nurses for experiencing empathy with patients and their families based on a self-determination theory framework.
Methods
Semi-structured face-to-face interviews with twenty-one nurses at four tertiary hospitals in Anhui, China, were conducted, recorded and transcribed. A content analysis with a directed approach was performed.
Results
An analysis of the interview transcripts revealed three categories of empathy motivation: autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and a lack of empathy motivation. Autonomous motivation included personal interests, enjoyment and a sense of value, pure altruism, assimilation, and recognition of the importance of empathy. Controlled motivation highlighted pressures from oneself and others, the possibility of tangible or intangible rewards, and avoidance of adverse effects. Finally, a lack of empathy motivation referred to a lack of intention for empathy and denial of the value of empathy.
Conclusion
This study provides a deep understanding of the motives underlying empathy in nurses. The results reveal the reasons for empathy and may support the development of effective strategies to foster and promote empathy in nurses.
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Original Articles
The Disease Management Experience of Patients with Asthma: Grounded Theory Approach
Kim, Bohye , Kim, Oksoo
J Korean Acad Nurs 2020;50(5):714-727.   Published online October 31, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20139
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
The aim of this study was to develop a situation-specific theory to explain the disease management experience of patients with asthma.
Methods
Twenty participants with asthma were selected using the theoretical sampling method. The data were acquired through in-depth interviews conducted from June to October 2018 and analyzed using the grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin.
Results
In total, 69 concepts, 30 subcategories, and 13 categories were generated to explain the disease management experience of patients with asthma. The core category of the disease management experience of patients with asthma was ‘management of the disease to prevent aggravation of symptoms over the lifetime’. The disease management process of asthma patients included three steps: the ‘cognition phase’, the ‘adjustment phase’, and the ‘maintenance phase’. However, some patients remained in the ‘stagnation phase’ of disease management, which represents the result of the continual pursuit of risky health behavior. There were three types of disease management experiences among patients with asthma: ‘self-managing’, ‘partially self-managing’, and ‘avoidant’.
Conclusion
This study shows that patients with asthma must lead their disease management process to prevent exacerbation of their symptoms. It is imperative to develop nursing strategies and establish policies for effective disease management of patients with asthma based on their individual disease management processes and types.
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Qualitative Study on the Experience of Patients with Meniere Disease
Joung, Woo Joung
J Korean Acad Nurs 2020;50(5):699-713.   Published online October 31, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20115
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to understand and describe the experiences of patients with Meniere disease.
Methods
Data were collected from February 19, 2019, to February 5, 2020, through individual in-depth interviews with 13 Meniere patients. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological analysis.
Results
The experiences of patients with Meniere disease were clustered into the following four themes from 22 meaning units: 1) Complex unfamiliar symptoms that shatter both balance of the body and peace of the heart; 2) A disease that medical treatment and health professionals cannot cure; 3) Suffering hardships that cannot be understood by non-Meniere sufferers; and 4) Making daily efforts to become healthier. Symptoms of Meniere disease are life-shattering and depressing because they are neither visible nor easily curable. Over time, as they accepted the reality of living with the disease, the participants would shift their focus from complete symptomatic cure to leading a healthy and more balanced life.
Conclusion
This study shows that Meniere disease has a pervasive impact on all aspects of the patients’ lives. Patients are prone to experiencing restrictions in their social functioning and activities. They also experience psychosocial problems due to the unseen nature of their symptoms. This study elucidates the experiences of Meniere patients and the need for nursing intervention to help improve their quality of life and ability to self-manage. Lastly, this study shows the need for a coordinated interdisciplinary approach to raising public awareness of the disease.
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Effects of BeHaS Program on Health Behavior, Physiologic Index and Self-Esteem of the Elderly Living Alone with Metabolic Syndrome Based on Community Based Participatory Research
Kim, Jong Im , Kim, Sun Ae , Park, Keumok , Kim, Jiyoung , Lee, Lina , Choi, Si Wan , Ku, Bon Jeong
J Korean Acad Nurs 2020;50(4):571-582.   Published online August 31, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.19261
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to determine the effects of a 12-week metabolic syndrome BeHaS (Be Happy and Strong) program in elderly people with metabolic syndrome living alone, based on a community-based participatory research (CBPR).
Methods
A nonequivalent control group pre-posttest design was used, and the participants were 43 elderly people living alone (experimental group 24, control group 19). The experimental group received a one-hour program per week and two individual health consultations during 12 weeks. The control group received two sessions about the metabolic syndrome and two individual health consultations. The effects of health behavior, blood pressure, blood sugar levels, abdominal circumference, triglycerides, and self-esteem were evaluated. The data were analyzed using the independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test.
Results
The health behavior with respect to the metabolic syndrome in the experimental group increased significantly (t = - 3.19, p = .002). Both diastolic blood pressure and abdominal circumference decreased in the experimental group (t = 2.00, p = .028 and t = 3.91, p < .001). No significant differences were observed between the groups in systolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar levels, triglycerides, and self-esteem.
Conclusion
The 12-week metabolic syndrome BeHaS program using community resources improves the health of elderly people with metabolic syndrome living alone. Based on these findings, further studies on the effectiveness of the metabolic syndrome BeHaS program and the experiences of those who participated in the CBPR are warranted.
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Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study on the Experiences of Employment of Married North Korean Women Defectors Rearing Children
Hyun Mee Cho, Eun Joung Choi
J Korean Acad Nurs 2020;50(1):39-51.   Published online January 31, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2020.50.1.39
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract Purpose:

This study aimed to understand the experiences of married North Korean women’s child-rearing, working lives, and their home and work environment in depth.

Methods:

This study adopted van Manen’s hermeneutic phenomenological method to qualitatively analyze data. The participants were 8 married North Korean women defectors. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and observations from July 4 to August 20, 2018.

Results:

Nine essential themes emerged: more personal challenges after overcoming a life-threatening crisis; hopes of firmly settling in this land; the wound from the north, which chased them here; a body that becomes stronger through hardship; being stuck in a past full of anxiety and pain; the present is full of hope; hope for the future; sense of alienation from coworkers that cannot be overcome; and sense of power to endure an exhausting work life.

Conclusion

This study provided a broader understanding of the life and experiences of married women from North Korea. It highlights the need for nurses to recognize their importance in nursing care. The study also suggests that academic and practical approaches for nursing, and basic data for a nursing intervention for married women from North Korea be provided. The study findings can be used as a basis for preparing a national policy that will help North Korean defectors to find employment and gain stability.

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Adaptation to Motherhood in Central Asian-Korean Immigrants to Korea: A Grounded Theory Study
Su Hyun Kim, Hyang-In Cho Chung
J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(6):677-689.   Published online December 30, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.677
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This qualitative study aimed to develop a substantive theory of the process of adaptation to motherhood in Central Asian-Korean immigrants to Korea.

Methods

Individual, in-depth interviews were conducted from July to September 2017, with 18 women who emigrated of Korean ethnicity from Central Asia to Korea, and took care of their baby for at least a year after their first delivery in Korea. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data from the transcriptions were analyzed through Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory method, and data analysis was conducted simultaneously with data collection.

Results

As a result of categorizing the interview data through the process of open coding, 10 categories, with 31 subcategories and 102 concepts were drawn, and “growth as a Central Asian-Korean mother in an unfamiliar, historical hometown” was found to be the core category of the process of adaptation to motherhood in Central Asian-Korean immigrants to Korea.

Conclusion

A characteristic of the process of adaptation to motherhood in Central Asian-Korean immigrants to Korea, drawn from this study, is that it differs according to the level of initiative to carry out interaction strategies, and the use of various supportive social resources. The findings indicate the need for Medicare eligibility adjustment for antenatal care, the extension of the visa renewal period during childbirth, the development of web- or mobile application-based educational programs in Russian language, and the establishment of integrated visiting healthcare services, community service resources, and policy support to enable these women to utilize various supportive social resources.

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J Korean Acad Nurs : Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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