Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Research Paper

A Predictive Model of Resilience in Mothers of Children with Developmental Disabilities: Cho, Youyoung , Kim, Hyeonok; J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(4):407-420. Published online August 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21235

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This structural model study was constructed and verified a hypothetical model to examine the effects of parenting stress, social resources, family resources, and positive coping on resilience among mothers of children with developmental disabilities.
Methods
Data were collected using self‐report structured questionnaires, from October 19 to October 30, 2018, with 214 mothers caring for chil-dren with developmental disabilities under the age of 20 years.
Results
In the fitness test results of the hypothesis model, with the fit index χ ² (p) = 69.27 (< .001), and the normed fit indices (χ ² = 1.87, GFI = .94, CFI = .97, NFI = .93, and TLI = .95, RMSEA = .06, SRMR = .06), this study satisfies the good fitness in standards. There are seven statistically significant paths among the 10 paths set in the hypotheti-cal model. The explanatory power of parenting stress and social resources, which affects the family resources was 41.4%, the explanato-ry power of parenting stress, social resources, and family resources affecting the positive coping was 58.9%, and the explanatory power of parenting stress, social resources, family resources, and positive coping affecting resilience was 55.5%.
Conclusion
Positive coping, family resources, and social resources of mothers of children with developmental disabilities directly affect their resilience, and parenting stress indirectly affects it. Therefore, to improve the resilience of mothers of children with developmental disabilities, it is necessary to develop a systematic nursing intervention that considers parenting stress, social resources, family resources, and positive coping.

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Original Articles

Motherhood Ideology and Parenting Stress according to Parenting Behavior Patterns of Married Immigrant Women with Young Children: So-Hyun Moon, Miok Kim, Hyeun Na; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(4):449-460. Published online January 15, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.4.449

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

This study aims to provide base data for designing education and counseling programs for child-raising by identifying the types, characteristics and predictors of parenting behaviors of married immigrant women.

Methods

We used a self-report questionnaire to survey 126 immigrant mothers of young children, who agreed to participate, and who could speak Korean, Vietnamese, Chinese, Filipino, or English, at two children's hospitals and two multicultural support centers. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive analysis, K-means clustering, χ 2 test, Fisher's exact test, one-way ANOVA, Schéffe's test, and multinominal logistic regression.

Results

We identified three clusters of parenting behaviors: ‘affectionate acceptance group’ (38.9%), ‘active engaging group’ (26.2%), and ‘passive parenting group’ (34.9%). Passive parenting and affectionate acceptance groups were distinguished by the conversation time between couples (p=.028, OR=5.52), ideology of motherhood (p=.032, OR=4.33), and parenting stress between parent and child (p=.049, OR=0.22). Passive parenting was distinguished from active engaging group by support from spouses for participating in multicultural support centers or relevant programs (p=.011, OR=2.37), and ideology of motherhood (p=.001, OR=16.65). Ideology of motherhood was also the distinguishing factor between affectionate acceptance and active engaging groups (p=.041, OR=3.85).

Conclusion

Since immigrant women's parenting type depends on their ideology of motherhood, parenting stress, and spousal relationships in terms of communication and support to help their child-raising and socio-cultural adaptation, it is necessary to provide them with systematic education and support, as well as interventions across personal, family, and community levels.

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Effects of Maternal Adjustment Enhancement Program Using Mobile-Based Education for Chinese Immigrant Women in Korea: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Ju-Eun Song, Eun Ha Roh, Youn-Jeong Kim, Jeong-Ah Ahn
Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2022; 33(6): 685. CrossRef
Parenting Stress in Preterm and Full-term Infant Mothers by Their Children’s Developmental Stages
Kieun Kim, Hyejung Lee
Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health.2020; 24(3): 162. CrossRef

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Effects of Parenting Stress and Controlling Parenting Attitudes on Problem Behaviors of Preschool Children: Latent Growth Model Analysis: Jeong Won Han, Hanna Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2018;48(1):109-121. Published online January 15, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.1.109

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

This study was conducted to examine the longitudinal effects of parenting stress and parental control attitudes on problem behaviors in preschool children, using a latent growth model.

Methods

Participants were 1,724 pairs of parents and 1,724 preschool children who had completed the panel survey on Korean children (5^th~7^th survey panels).

Results

An analysis of the multivariate latent growth model of parenting stress, parental control attitudes, and children's problem behaviors suggested that the parents’ intercepts for parenting stress influenced their intercepts for parental control attitudes (father: b=.21, p<.001; mother: b=.55, p<.001). In addition, the slopes for fathers’ parenting stress was the only aspect that affected the slopes for mothers’ parental control attitudes (b=.77, p<.001). Moreover, both the intercepts and slopes of parenting stress and parental control attitudes significantly affected the children's problem behaviors.

Conclusion

This study is significant as it provides longitudinal evidence of the impact of parenting stress and parental control attitudes on children's problem behaviors. The findings suggest that accurately assessing changes in parenting stress and parental control attitudes and developing intervention programs to reduce them will be effective in reducing problem behaviors in children.

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Factors Influencing Burnout among Mothers of Children with Cerebral Palsy: Ji-Young Seo, Hae-Jin Lee, Mi-Ae You; J Korean Acad Nurs 2017;47(2):233-241. Published online April 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2017.47.2.233

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parental stress, social support, and coping behavior on burnout among mothers caring for children with cerebral palsy.

Methods

Participants in this cross-sectional, descriptive study were 185 mothers who completed a self-report structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation and multiple linear regression analyses with IBM SPSS Win 22 program.

Results

Parental stress and coping behavior were strong predictors of burnout among mothers of children with cerebral palsy. These variables explained 50.0% of the variance in burnout. Social support was not a predictor of burnout. A higher level of burnout was associated with higher levels of parental stress and lower levels of social support and coping behavior.

Conclusion

Mothers of children with cerebral palsy are vulnerable to burnout. These results show that effective strategies for reducing parental stress and improving positive coping behavior are needed to reduce burnout in these mothers.

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The Effect of a Child Abuse Prevention Program for Parents with Disabled Children: Hye Young Ahn; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(5):663-672. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.5.663

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study describes the ecological variables effect on child abuse potential and the results from a prevention program for parents with disabled children aiming at decreasing child abuse potential.

Method

Data was collected from 30 parents with disabled preschoolers attending an early education center in a community. The program consisted of handouts, small group lectures, support group meetings on understanding the disabled child-parents relationship, communication skill improvement, non-punitive discipline techniques, and influences of child abuse. A non equivalent pre-post test design was employed.

Result

Ecological variables, and parenting self-efficacy, had a significant effect on child abuse potential in parents with a disabled child. By regression parenting self-efficacy showed(27.1%) child abuse potential. Both parenting self-efficacy and beliefs in corporal punishment directly related to (52.0%) child abuse potential in parents. The program was effective inbringing some positive changes on pareting self-efficacy beliefs in corporal punishment, and child abuse potential toward disabled children. However, marital discord was not significantly effected.

Conclusion

Child abuse prevention programs should decrease thechild abuse potential in parents. Thus I recommend a child abuse prevention program development; for parents with disabled adolescents, and teachers in disabled child education.

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A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Interventions to Prevent and Respond to Violence Against Persons With Disabilities
Christopher Mikton, Holly Maguire, Tom Shakespeare
Journal of Interpersonal Violence.2014; 29(17): 3207. CrossRef

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Effects of a Hospital Based Follow-Up Program for Mothers with Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Min Hee Kim, Eun Sun Ji; J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(1):79-89. Published online February 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.1.79

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This paper reports the results of a hospital centered follow-up program on parenting stress, parenting efficacy and coping for mothers with very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.

Methods

The follow-up program consisted of home visiting by an expert group and self-help program for 1 year. A non-equivalent control group pre-post quasi-experimental design was used. Participants were 70 mothers with low birth weight infants and were assigned to one of two groups, an experimental groups (n=28), which received the family support program; and a control group (n=27), which received the usual discharge education. Data were analyzed using χ²-test, t-test, and ANCOVA with IBM SPSS statistics 20.0.

Results

Mothers' parenting stress (F=5.66, p=.004) was significantly decreased in the experimental group. There were also significant increases in parenting efficacy (F=13.05, p<.001) and coping (F=8.91, p=.002) in the experimental group.

Conclusion

The study findings suggest that a follow-up program for mothers with VLBW infants is an effective intervention to decrease mothers' parenting stress and to enhance parenting efficacy and coping.

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Effects of a Community-based Follow-up Program for Parents with Premature Infants on Parenting Stress, Parenting Efficacy, and Coping
Eun Sun Ji, Ka Ka Shim
Child Health Nursing Research.2020; 26(3): 366. CrossRef
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Su Jin Lee, Eun Kyoung Choi, Jeongok Park, Hee Soon Kim
Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(4): 377. CrossRef
Experiences of Mothers' Attachment in a Follow-Up Program Using Early Intervention for Low-Birth-Weight Infants
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Sunmi Kim, Myoung Hee Seo, Seok Hee Jeong, Hee Sun Kim, Yoon Lee Kim
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Development of a Measurement Instrument for Parenting Behavior of Primary Caregivers in Early Childhood: Sun-Jung Park, Kyung-Ah Kang; J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(5):650-660. Published online October 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.5.650

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure the parenting behavior of primary caregivers of children in early childhood.

Methods

An instrument was developed according to Devellis's instrument development process. The participants in this study who completed the main survey were 370 mothers and grandmothers. The survey was conducted from June 1 to July 30, 2014, and collected data were analyzed using item analysis, half-split reliability and Cronbach's α coefficient, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity.

Results

The factor structure of the instrument showed the cumulative variance as 55.7% in the factor analysis. As a result of a confirmatory factor analysis, a four-factor structure was found to be appropriate, and the construct validity and convergent validity of the instrument were thereby confirmed. The finalized parenting behavior instrument consisted of 26 items and four independent factors: affectionate, laissez-faire, educational and impulsive. A five-point Likert scale was employed, and a higher score in a particular factor showed that most of the behaviors belonged to the factor.

Conclusion

The instrument developed in this study was found to be reliable and valid, and can be used to develop parent-child relationship building.

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Maternal identity measurement based on the experiences of mothers with infants: a methodological study
Sun jung Park, Eun young Choi
Women's Health Nursing.2025; 31(1): 46. CrossRef
Research trends over 10 years (2010-2021) in infant and toddler rearing behavior by family caregivers in South Korea: text network and topic modeling
In-Hye Song, Kyung-Ah Kang
Child Health Nursing Research.2023; 29(3): 182. CrossRef
Reliability and Validity of Korean Version of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory
Sona Lee, Hye Young Ahn
Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(2): 85. CrossRef
Motherhood Ideology and Parenting Stress according to Parenting Behavior Patterns of Married Immigrant Women with Young Children
So-Hyun Moon, Miok Kim, Hyeun Na
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2019; 49(4): 449. CrossRef

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4 Crossref

Mothers' Parenting Experience of Premature Infants: Q Methodological Approach: Mi-Young Chon, Eun Sun Ji, Shin-Hwa Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2013;43(6):704-713. Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.6.704

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was done to identify the parenting experience of mothers of premature infants in order to provide basic data for educational solutions and desirable directions.

Methods

Q-methodology was used as it provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item. The participants were 33 mothers of premature infants who sorted 34 selected Q-statements which were then classified into the shape of a normal distribution using a 9-point scale. Subjectivity on parenting experience among the mothers was analyzed using the pc-QUANAL program.

Results

Four types of parenting experience were identified. Type I was named 'struggling', type II, 'self blame', type III, 'information collecting', and type IV, 'self-introspection'.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that different approaches to educational programs are needed for mothers of premature infants based on the four types of parenting experience.

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Subjectivity study on health conservation of elderly hemodialysis patients
Eunji Yim, Mijin Yun, Sohyune Sok
BMC Geriatrics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Experiences of Mothers of Premature Infants Receiving Rehabilitation Therapy
Hyun-Ju Kang
Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(3): 298. CrossRef
Predictors of Quality of Life in Mothers of Premature Infant
Hyosin Choi, Yeonghee Shin
Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2017; 23(3): 191. CrossRef
Experience of Becoming a Father of a High Risk Premature Infant
Jeong Eon Park, Byoung Sook Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2017; 47(2): 277. CrossRef
Effects of a Hospital Based Follow-Up Program for Mothers with Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Min Hee Kim, Eun Sun Ji
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2016; 46(1): 79. CrossRef
Maternal Role Development in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Graduate Mothers of Premature Infant
Ah Rim Kim, Young Ran Tak
Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2015; 21(4): 308. CrossRef

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Effects of an Infant/Toddler Health Program on Parenting Knowledge, Behavior, Confidence, and Home Environment in Low-income Mothers: Gyungjoo Lee, Soo Yang, Mi Heui Jang, Mijung Yeom; J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42(5):671-679. Published online October 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.5.671

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a mother/infant-toddler health program developed to enhance parenting knowledge, behavior and confidence in low income mothers and home environment.
Methods
A one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was used. Sixty-nine dyads of mothers and infant-toddlers (aged 0-36 months) were provided with weekly intervention for seven session. Each session consisted of three parts; first, educating to increase integrated knowledge related to the development of the infant/toddler including nutrition, first aid and home environment; second, counseling to share parenting experience among the mothers and to increase their nurturing confidence; third, playing with the infant/toddler to facilitate attachment-based parenting behavior for the mothers.
Results
Following the programs, there were significant increases in parenting knowledge on nutrition and first aid. A significant improvement was found in attachment-based parenting behavior, but not in home safety practice. Nurturing confidence was not significantly increased. The program led to more positive home environment for infant/toddler's health and development.
Conclusion
The findings provide evidence for mother-infant/toddler health program to improve parenting knowledge, attachment-based parenting behavior and better home environment in low income mothers. Study of the long term effectiveness of this program is recommended for future research.

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Effects of Active Parenting Today based on Goal Attainment Theory on Parenting Stress, Parenting Behavior, and Parenting Satisfaction in Mothers of School-Age Children: Kyung Im Park, Sangeun Oh; J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42(5):659-670. Published online October 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.5.659

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to verify effects of the Active Parenting Today (APT) program based on King's Goal Attainment Theory on parenting stress, parenting behavior, and parenting satisfaction in mothers of school-age children.

Methods

This was a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group pre-post test design. Participants were 39 mothers of school-age children (19 in the experiment group and 20 in the control group) who were registered at two community children centers in G city. The experimental group received the APT program (2 hours/session/week) and telephone counseling (2 times/week) for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using χ²-test, t-test, Fisher exact probability test, and ANCOVA with the SPSS/Win15.0 program.

Results

Parenting stress was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. Positive parenting behavior and parenting satisfaction were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. However, negative parenting behavior was not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that the APT program based on King's Goal Attainment Theory is useful in reducing parenting stress, creating positive parenting behavior change, and promoting parenting satisfaction in mothers of school-age children.

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Life Experiences of Mothers in Parenting Children with Hunter's Syndrome: Sung Ye Kang; J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42(5):609-621. Published online October 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.5.609

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of Korean mothers in parenting children with Hunter's syndrome, an X linked recessive genetically inherited disease usually affecting boys.

Methods

Data were collected from 14 mothers having children with Hunter's syndrome, through two focus group interviews and individual in-depth interviews. Qualitative data from the field notes and transcribed notes were analyzed using the grounded theory methodology developed by Strauss & Corbin (1998).

Results

The core category about the process of rearing children with Hunter's syndrome was identified as "navigating in the maze". The process of rearing children with Hunter's syndrome passed through three phases; 'entering an unknown region', 'struggling to escape from the unknown region', 'settling down in the unknown region'.

Conclusion

In this study "navigating in the maze", as the core category deeply showed joys and sorrows of mothers in the process of rearing their children with Hunter's syndrome. In this rearing process they gradually adjusted themselves to their given condition. Also they gained initiatively coping strategies to care for, and protect their children. Therefore health care providers can establish supportive programs in the clinical field to empower these mothers by reflecting their proactive coping strategies.

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Analysis of Relationships between Parenting Stress, Maternal Depression, and Behavioral Problems in Children at Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder: Hee Sun Shin, Jeong Mee Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2010;40(3):453-461. Published online June 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2010.40.3.453

Abstract PDF

Purpose

In this study differences in behavioral problems between children at risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) and normally developing children were identified. Further, relationships between parental stress, depression, and child behavioral problems according to ADHD symptoms were explored.

Methods

Participants were 222 elementary school children and their parents. The ADHD risk group was determined by the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale. Data were collected using the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale, Korean version of Child Behavior CheckList (K-CBCL), Parenting Stress Index, and Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed using t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and regression analysis.

Results

1) The ADHD risk group showed higher levels of behavioral problems, parenting stress, and maternal depression than the normal group. 2) There were significant relationships between ADHD scores and parenting stress (r=.66), maternal depression (r=.35), internal behavioral problems (r=.47), and external problems (r=.55), but, ADHD risk scores were negatively correlated with social competence (r=-.40). 3) The regression analysis revealed that ADHD levels affected the child's internal behavioral problems, mediated by maternal depression (β=.29, p<.001).

Conclusion

The study results show that higher risk scores for ADHD indicate a significant effect for behavioral problems. Also, parenting stress and depression influence child's behavioral problems. These results suggest that identification of children at risk for ADHD and development of parental education programs would contribute to the prevention of behavioral problems and aggravation of the ADHD symptoms.

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Factors Affecting Mother's Adaptation to Breastfeeding: Sun Hee Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2010;40(2):225-235. Published online April 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2010.40.2.225

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The aim of this study was to identify factors which influence breastfeeding adaptation from among the following: parity and feeding behavior, social support, psychological, and demographic factors.

Methods

The respondents were 179 breastfeeding mothers. Data were collected from June 2 to 19, 2009 at two community health centers and one pediatric outpatient department. Data were analyzed using the SPSS program and included descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, correlation, and multiple regression.

Results

The major findings of this study were: 1) Significant differences in the level of breastfeeding adaptation were related to number of children, current problems related to breastfeeding, and lay supporters. 2) Level of breastfeeding adaptation was significantly related to marriage satisfaction, proportion of breastfeeding, length of previous breastfeeding, planned length of breastfeeding, parenting stress, and encouragement to breastfeed given by medical personnel. 3) Regression analysis showed that parenting stress, marriage satisfaction, current problems related to breastfeeding, and proportion of breastfeeding explained 44.3% of variance for breastfeeding adaptation. Length of previous breastfeeding also explained 9.7% of breastfeeding adaptation among mothers who had breastfed an elder child.

Conclusion

Mothers with lower marriage satisfaction, breastfeeding problems, and higher parenting stress require more help from their family and nurses for breastfeeding adaptation. Future research should include variables, such as mother's and baby's behavior related to breastfeeding, knowledge about breastfeeding, and attitude toward breastfeeding.

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Parenting Experiences of Parents of Children with ADHD: Approaching the Normal: Won Oak Oh, Eun Sook Park; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2007;37(1):91-104. Published online February 28, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2007.37.1.91

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of parenting from the parents of children with ADHD and to develop a grounded theory about their experiences.

Method

This study was a qualitative research study that used a grounded theory to understand and discuss the parenting experiences of parents of children with ADHD in a greater depth. Grounded data was collected through an in-depth interview from twelve participants with ADHD children. The data was analyzed using the grounded theory method.

Results

“Approaching the normal” emerged as the core phenomenone. Parenting experiences for parents of children with ADHD referred to a process of bringing the children, back on track of normal growth development, and their functioning in the family at a normal level and establishing a new normalcy. The process of approaching the normal involved a basic social-psychological process, such as ‘living a day in hell’, ‘accepting’, ‘confronting the conflicts’, ‘lowering expectations’, and ‘making a new normalcy’.

Conclusion

The outcomes of this study, which observed the parenting process of parents of children with ADHD, could enhance nurses' understanding of ADHD and help nurses become major mental health service providers for the mental health of children with ADHD and their families.

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