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Development and Evaluation of a Self-Reflection Program for Intensive Care Unit Nurses Who Have Experienced the Death of Pediatric Patients
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Hyun-Ju Kang, Kyung-Sook Bang
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2017;47(3):392-405. Published online January 15, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2017.47.3.392
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Abstract
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- Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to develop a self-reflection program for nurses who have experienced the death of pediatric patients in the intensive care unit and to evaluate its effectiveness.
Methods
The self-reflection program was developed by means of the following four steps: establishment of the goal through investigation of an initial request, drawing up the program, preliminary research, and implementation and improvement of the program. The study employed a methodological triangulation to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. Participants were 38 nurses who had experienced the death of pediatric patients (experimental group=15, control group=23); they were recruited using convenience sampling. The self-reflection program was provided over 6 weeks (6 sessions). Data were collected from April to August, 2014 and analyzed using t-tests and content analysis.
Results
The quantitative results showed that changes in personal growth (t=-6.33, p<.001) and burnout scores (z=-2.76, p=.005) were better in the experimental group compared to the control group. The qualitative results exhibited two themes, namely “personal growth” and “professional growth”, and ten sub-themes.
Conclusion
The self-reflection program developed by this study was effective in helping nurses who had experienced the death of pediatric patients to achieve personal growth through self-reflection, and it was confirmed that the program can be applied in a realistic clinical nursing setting. Furthermore, it can be recommended as an intervention program for clinical nurses.
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Citations
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Sanjay Patole, Dinesh Pawale, Chandra Rath Healthcare.2024; 12(2): 171. CrossRef - Effectiveness of End-of-Life Care Debriefing for Intensive Care Unit Nurses
Sook Hyun Park, Jung Eun Lee, Yu-Jin Jung, Ha Neul Yoo, Yeon Su Kim, Young Hee Yi Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2024; 17(3): 87. CrossRef - Interventions to reduce burnout among clinical nurses: systematic review and meta-analysis
Miran Lee, Chiyoung Cha Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Effectiveness of a critical reflection competency program for clinical nurse educators: a pilot study
Sujin Shin, Inyoung Lee, Jeonghyun Kim, Eunyoung Oh, Eunmin Hong BMC Nursing.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Self-reflection of a General Ward Nurses on the Experience of End-of-Life Care for a Patient who Decided to Suspend Life-sustaining Treatment: van Manen's Hermeneutic Phenomenological Approach
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Xiaojuan Chen, Mingdi Chen, Huang Zheng, Chaoyu Wang, Huimin Chen, Qinglan Wu, Huizhao Liao, Jinru Zhu, Junyan Lin, Xudong Ou, Zhihong Zou, Zhiwei Wang, Zhenzhen Zheng, Xianrui Zhuang, Riken Chen Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Predictors of posttraumatic growth of intensive care unit nurses in Korea
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Mervyn Y.H. Koh, Allyn Y.M. Hum, Hwee Sing Khoo, Andy H.Y. Ho, Poh Heng Chong, Wah Ying Ong, Joseph Ong, Patricia S.H. Neo, Woon Chai Yong Journal of Pain and Symptom Management.2020; 59(1): 105. CrossRef - Neonatal ICU Nurses’ Coping with Death of High Risk Newborn
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A Validation Study of the Korean Version of the Jefferson Empathy Scale for Health Professionals for Korean Nurses
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Hye-Ran Ryu, Kyung-Sook Bang
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(2):207-214. Published online April 29, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.2.207
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Abstract
PDF
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Purpose
To validate the Korean Version of the Jefferson Empathy Scale for Health professionals (K-JSE-HP) in a sample of Korean nurses.
Methods
Internal consistency reliability, construct and criterion validity were calculated using SPSS (22.0) and AMOS (22.0). Data were collected from 253 nurses (230 women, 23 men) working at one university hospital in Seoul, South Korea.
Results
The Korean version of JSE-HP showed reliable internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha for the total scale of .89, and .74~.84 for subscales. The model of three subscales for the K-JSE-HP was validated by confirmatory factor analysis (χ2=864.60, Q=6.55, p<.001, CFI=.94, NNFI=.92). Criterion validity compared to the Interpersonal Reaction Index (IRI) showed significant correlation.
Conclusion
The findings of this study demonstrate that the Korean JSE-HP shows satisfactory construct and criterion validity and reliability. It is a useful tool to measure Korean nurses' empathy.
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The Effects of Urban Forest-walking Program on Health Promotion Behavior, Physical Health, Depression, and Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Office-workers
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Kyung-Sook Bang, In-sook Lee, Sung-Jae Kim, Min Kyung Song, Se-Eun Park
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(1):140-148. Published online February 29, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.1.140
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Abstract
PDF
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Purpose
This study was performed to determine the physical and psychological effects of an urban forest-walking program for office workers. For many workers, sedentary lifestyles can lead to low levels of physical activity causing various health problems despite an increased interest in health promotion.
Methods
Fifty four office workers participated in this study. They were assigned to two groups (experimental group and control group) in random order and the experimental group performed 5 weeks of walking exercise based on Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills Model. The data were collected from October to November 2014. SPSS 21.0 was used for the statistical analysis.
Results
The results showed that the urban forest walking program had positive effects on the physical activity level (U=65.00, p <.001), health promotion behavior (t= - 2.20, p =.033), and quality of life (t= - 2.42, p =.020). However, there were no statistical differences in depression, waist size, body mass index, blood pressure, or bone density between the groups.
Conclusion
The current findings of the study suggest the forest-walking program may have positive effects on improving physical activity, health promotion behavior, and quality of life. The program can be used as an effective and efficient strategy for physical and psychological health promotion for office workers.
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Applying the Flipped Learning Model to an English-Medium Nursing Course
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Heeseung Choi, Jeongeun Kim, Kyung-Sook Bang, Yeon-Hwan Park, Nam-Ju Lee, Chanhee Kim
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(6):939-948. Published online December 15, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.6.939
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Abstract
PDF
- Abstract
Purpose
An emerging trend in Asian higher education is English-medium instruction (EMI), which uses English as the primary instructional language. EMI prepares domestic students for international leadership; however, students report difficulty in learning, and educators have raised questions concerning the effectiveness of EMI. The flipped learning model (FLM), in which lecture and homework activities for a course are reversed, was applied to an English-medium course offered by a college of nursing in Korea. The aims of this study were to: 1) revise an existing English-medium nursing course using the FLM; 2) explore students’ learning experiences and their acceptance of the FLM; and 3) identify key factors in the success of FLM.
Methods
We used a descriptive, cross-sectional, mixed-methods design and the participants were students at one nursing school in Korea. A series of course development meetings with faculties from the nursing school and the center for teaching and learning were used to develop the course format and content. We conducted course evaluations using the Flipped Course Evaluation Questionnaire with open-ended questions and focus group interviews.
Results
Students (N=75) in a 15-week nursing course responded to a survey after completing the course. Among them, seven students participated in one of two focus groups. Overall, students accepted and favored the flipped learning strategy, and indicated that the method enhanced lecture content and their understanding of it. Factors associated with effective instruction included structured monitoring systems and motivational environments.
Conclusion
The FLM requires sufficient preparation to facilitate student motivation and maximize learning outcomes.
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Effects of Newborn Care Education for First-time Fathers on Their Knowledge and Confidence in Newborn Care at Postpartum One Month
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Hye-Sun An, Kyung-Sook Bang
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2014;44(4):428-436. Published online August 29, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.4.428
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Abstract
PDF
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Purpose
This study was conducted to identify the effects of newborn care education for fathers on their knowledge and confidence in newborn care at postpartum one month.
Methods
A nonequivalent control group pretest posttest design was used. The participants were 53 first-time fathers of newborns, 27 in experimental group, and 26 in control group. They were recruited at the nursery of one municipal hospital in Seoul. For the experimental group, a 50-minute education on newborn care using video, verbal education, demonstration and practice were provided prior to discharge. Fathers' knowledge and confidence in newborn care and their satisfaction with the education program were measured at postpartum one month.
Results
The fathers in the experimental group showed significantly higher knowledge (t=-4.51, p<.001), and confidence in newborn care (t=-2.29, p=.026) compared to the control group at postpartum one month. Fathers in the experimental group had a satisfaction score of 27.37±2.73 immediately after the education, and 25.30±3.40 at postpartum one month.
Conclusion
Results indicate that newborn care education for first-time fathers is an effective method in enhancing the level of knowledge and confidence in newborn care. It can be used in the nursery department before discharge as a useful nursing intervention.
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Development and Testing of a Pediatric Nurse Parent Partnership Scale
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Mi Young Choi, Kyung-Sook Bang
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2013;43(2):194-202. Published online April 30, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.2.194
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Abstract
PDF
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Purpose
This study was done to develop and test a scale to measure the partnership between pediatric nurses and hospitalized children's parents.
Methods
Instrument development process included construct identification based on concept analysis using the hybrid model of Shuwartz-Barcott and Kim (2000), a process which generated 42 initial items. This number was reduced to 35 items through content validity tests by 5 experts and face validity tests by 5 pediatric nurses and 5 parents of hospitalized children. The preliminary Pediatric Nurse Parent Partnership Scale (PNPPS) was administered to 186 pediatric nurses and 163 parents at eleven children's wards in four hospitals. Data were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's alpha.
Results
Thirty-four items were selected for the final scale. Seven factors evolved from the factor analysis, which explained 68.4% of the total variance. The internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha was .96 and reliability of the subscales ranged from .66 to .93.
Conclusion
The PNPPS demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. It can be used to assess the partnership of pediatric nurses and parents in practice and research.
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Citations
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Hee Young Kim, Soon Hyun Myung, In Young Cho Nurse Education in Practice.2025; 84: 104294. CrossRef - Spousal support, parent–nurse partnership and caregiver burden among parents of children with chronic diseases: A cross‐sectional study
Jihye Kim, Heemin Chae, Yoonjung Kim Journal of Clinical Nursing.2024; 33(7): 2649. CrossRef - Factors influencing job stress in pediatric nurses during the pandemic period: Focusing on fatigue, pediatric nurse−parent partnership
Bo Yeong Jeon, Sun Jeong Yun, Hye Young Kim Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - The influencing factors of pediatric nurses’ perception of patient safety culture and partnership with patients’ parents on patient safety nursing activities in South Korea: a descriptive study
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Jung-Eun Lee, Mi-Young Choi Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2024; 30(1): 55. CrossRef - Development and Testing of the School Healthcare Partnership Scale for Parents
Ju-Yeon Uhm, Suhee Kim Western Journal of Nursing Research.2024; 46(3): 219. CrossRef - Child and Family Outcomes and Experiences Related to Family-Centered Care Interventions for Hospitalized Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review
Christine R. Hodgson, Renee Mehra, Linda S. Franck Children.2024; 11(8): 949. CrossRef - A Cross‐Sectional Study on Nurse‐Parent Partnership in the Pediatric Intensive Care Units
Premalatha Paulsamy, Shadia Hamoud Alshahrani, Krishnaraju Venkatesan, Kousalya Prabahar, Manjula Gopinathan Bhagavathy, Mathar Mohideen Nagoor Thangam, Vinoth Prabhu Veeramani, Samya Mohamed Hegazy, Rehab Ahmed, Vigneshwaran Easwaran, Haseena T. A., Hala International Journal of Clinical Practice.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Research trends in nurse–parent partnership: A scoping review of the paediatric field in South Korea
Seo Jin Park, Ji Yeong Yun, Jina Lee, In Young Cho Nursing Open.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Effects of Anxiety, Parenting Efficacy, and Partnership With Nurses on the Caring Behaviors of Mothers of Hospitalized Children
Yu Jin Hong, Hyeon Ok Kim Journal of Korean Maternal and Child Health.2024; 28(3): 111. CrossRef - Nursing Students’ Volunteer Experiences of Interacting with Children Receiving Pediatric Palliative Care: A Qualitative Study
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Youna Chang, Jiyoung Lim, Hye Won Yoon Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2024; 79: 16. CrossRef - The effects of nurses’ communication styles, nurse-mother partnerships, and mothers’ anxiety on coping of hospitalized children’s mothers
Yonghee Kim, Areum Choi, Insun Jang The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2023; 29(2): 170. CrossRef - Development of a parent questionnaire to assess treatment adherence for a child or adolescent with epilepsy
Juna Lee, Ju Young Yoon Epilepsy & Behavior.2023; 140: 109112. CrossRef - Patient and family-centered care for children: A concept analysis
Tuti Seniwati, Yeni Rustina, Nani Nurhaeni, Dessie Wanda Belitung Nursing Journal.2023; 9(1): 17. CrossRef - Factors influencing neonatal intensive care unit nurses' parent partnership development
Eun Kyoung Kim, In Young Cho, Ji Yeong Yun, Bobae Park Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2023; 68: e27. CrossRef - Ecological factors affecting first-time mothers’ satisfaction with Sanhujoriwons (postpartum care centres) from South Korea: a cross-sectional and correlational study
Ju-Eun Song, Soyeon Lee, Min Kyong Lee, Hyun-Ju Chae BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Development and validation of the school healthcare partnership scale for school nurses
Ju-Yeon Uhm, Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2023; 72: 53. CrossRef - A Cross-Sectional Study of Pediatric Nurses’ Perceptions and Practices of Family-Centered Care in Governmental Pediatric Setting
Haytham Al-Oran, Ahmad AL-Sagarat, Faris Alsaraireh, Deema Mahasneh Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Attaccamento e nascita pretermine: una scoping review degli interventi psicoeducativi
Michele Capurso, Chiara Leonardi PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE.2023; (1): 87. CrossRef - Effects of Emotional Intelligence on Job Satisfaction of Pediatric Nurses: The Mediating Effect of Communication Skills and Pediatric Nurse-Parent Partnership
Da Gyeon Lee, Mi-Young Choi Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2023; 53(5): 514. CrossRef - Differences in the perceptions of partnership between nurses and mothers of children in a pediatric intensive care unit in South Korea: a qualitative study
Bobae Park, Won-Oak Oh Child Health Nursing Research.2022; 28(3): 197. CrossRef - Influence of Communication Competence and Communication Style on the Nurse-Parent Partnership in Pediatric Nurses
Hyun Jin Cho, Hyoung Sook Park Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2022; 29(2): 170. CrossRef - Factorial Validity of the Pediatric Nurse Parent Partnership Scale—Pediatric Nurses (PNPPS-PN)
Mi-Young Choi, Ju-Yeon Uhm Healthcare.2022; 10(6): 991. CrossRef - School Nurse–Parent Partnership in School Health Care for Children with Type 1 Diabetes: A Hybrid Method Concept Analysis
Ju-Yeon Uhm, Mi-Young Choi Asian Nursing Research.2022; 16(5): 282. CrossRef - Factors influencing the quality of nursing care as perceived by mothers of hospitalized children in South Korea
Ina Jin, Hun Ha Cho Child Health Nursing Research.2021; 27(3): 266. CrossRef - Exploring the Influences of Nurses’ Partnership with Parents, Attitude to Families’ Importance in Nursing Care, and Professional Self-Efficacy on Quality of Pediatric Nursing Care: A Path Model
So Yeon Yoo, Haeryun Cho International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(15): 5452. CrossRef - Pediatric Nurses' Perspectives on Family-Centered Care in Sri Lanka: A Mixed-Methods Study
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Hye-Young Jang International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being.2020; 15(1): 1801179. CrossRef - Levels of Partnership between Nurses and Parents of Hospitalized Children and the Quality of Pediatric Nursing Care as Perceived by Nurses
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Yoo Jin Heo, Won-Oak Oh International Journal of Nursing Studies.2019; 95: 19. CrossRef - Mothers’ needs regarding partnerships with nurses during care of infants with congenital heart defects in a paediatric cardiac intensive care unit
Ju-Yeon Uhm, Mi-Young Choi Intensive and Critical Care Nursing.2019; 54: 79. CrossRef - Impact of the mother–nurse partnership programme on mother and infant outcomes in paediatric cardiac intensive care unit
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Hae Kyoung Son, Hyo Bin Song, Dong Hee Kim Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(1): 101. CrossRef - Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Families’ Importance in Nursing Care-Pediatric Nurses’ Attitudes Instrument
Jina Oh, Yae Young Kim, So Yeon Yoo, Haeryun Cho Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(3): 274. CrossRef - Effects of Clinical Decision-making on Job Satisfaction among Pediatric Nurses: The Mediating Effect of the Nurse-Parent Partnership
Kyoung-Suk Shin, Hye-Young Kim Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(1): 9. CrossRef - Associated Factors in Pediatric Nurse Parent Partnership.
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Development of a Mother-Preschool Child Interaction Scale
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Sung-Hee Park, Kyung-Sook Bang
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2013;43(1):59-68. Published online February 28, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.1.59
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Abstract
PDF
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Purpose
This study was done to develop the self-report Mother-Preschool Child Interaction Scale (MPIS) for mothers of preschool children.
Methods
The scale was based on items derived from literature review and in-depth interviews. A methodological study was used to check reliability and validity and participants were 334 mothers of preschool children enrolled in kindergarten or nursery. Data were analyzed using principal component factor analysis for construct validity, t-test for contrasted group validity, Pearson correlation for criterion related validity and test-retest reliability and Cronbach's α for reliability.
Results
In the final MPIS 34 items identified through factor analysis were included, 6 constructs were derived, and explanatory power was 64.2%. Items on the MPIS were verified through correlation with the interaction observation scale of Kim & Mahoney and MPIS. Results were significant as mothers in the normal group exhibited MPIS scores that were significantly higher than those of mothers in the depressed group. Reliability of MPIS was .96 and test-retest reliability was .92.
Conclusion
MPIS has the advantage of being easy to use, economical, and useful. Consequently, it is expected to be used as a screening tool for promptly and simply identifying the mother-preschool child interaction in diverse nursing practice and research.
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- Structural Equation Modeling of the Interaction between Mothers and Preschool-Age Children
Hyun-Yi Chai, Mi-Young Choi Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(5): 630. CrossRef - Cognitive Ability and Related Factors in Preschoolers Born Prematurely
Young Mee Ahn, Sangmi Lee Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(4): 468. CrossRef - Parenting Stress and Maternal–Child Interactions Among Preschool Mothers From the Philippines, Korea, and Vietnam: A Cross-Sectional, Comparative Study
Yong-Sook Eo, Ji-Soo Kim Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2018; 29(5): 449. CrossRef - A Model for Role Transition of Older Mothers with Preschool Children
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MinJung Lee, SungHee Park Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(4): 383. CrossRef - Relationship between Preschool Child-Mother Interaction, Child's Health Status, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Social Development.
Sunghee Park Child Health Nursing Research.2014; 20(4): 255. CrossRef
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Infants' Temperament and Health Problems according to Maternal Postpartum Depression
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Kyung-Sook Bang
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2011;41(4):444-450. Published online August 31, 2011
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.4.444
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Abstract
PDF
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Purpose
Mothers' postpartum depression is a worldwide health concern that produces compromising effects on their infants. This study was conducted to compare the infants' temperament and health problems according to the presence of maternal postpartum depression.
Methods
Data were collected from May to October in 2009. The sample was 137 mothers at one month postpartum. The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess depressive symptoms.
Results
At one month postpartum, 22.6% of mothers were classified as having postpartum depression. Infants of depressed mothers were more frequently classified as difficult temperament infants. They showed lower scores on the amenability, rhythmicity and persistency and higher scores on activity in temperament. Also, infants of depressed mothers reported more infant health problems at one months. Maternal depression showed significant negative correlations with family functioning, social support and marital satisfaction.
Conclusion
Study findings show that postpartum maternal depression is associated with infants' temperament and health, and thus screening and early interventions for postpartum depression would promote the health of both the mother and infant.
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Kyung-Sook Bang, Insook Lee, Sungjae Kim, Yunjeong Yi, Iksoo Huh, Sang-Youn Jang, Dasom Kim, Sujin Lee International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(20): 7691. CrossRef - Prenatal smoking and postpartum depression: a meta-analysis
Hong-Lin Chen, Ji-Yu Cai, Man-Li Zha, Wang-Qin Shen Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology.2019; 40(2): 97. CrossRef - Economic and Health Predictors of National Postpartum Depression Prevalence: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-Regression of 291 Studies from 56 Countries
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Hyosin Choi, Yeonghee Shin Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2017; 23(3): 191. CrossRef - Factors Influencing Maternal Depression: Secondary Data Analysis
Chul-Gyu Kim, Mi-Young Choi Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2016; 28(3): 288. CrossRef - Parenting process model during the transition to parenthood : Mediation effect of psychological adjustment
Young Eun Chang Family and Culture.2016; 28(1): 59. CrossRef - Relations of Postpartum Depression with Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Preterm Infants and Mothers.
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Relationship of Prenatal Stress and Depression to Maternal-Fetal Attachment and Fetal Growth
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Mi-Kyung Kwon, Kyung-Sook Bang
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2011;41(2):276-283. Published online April 30, 2011
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.2.276
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Abstract
PDF
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Purpose
Prenatal depression is associated with potential negative consequences for the mother and infant. The purpose of this study was to examine pregnant women's stress, and depression and their impact on maternal-fetal attachment and fetal growth.
Methods
Data were collected by means of a questionnaire and fetal sonogram from a convenience sample of 166 pregnant women.
Results
Women who have a low educational level, poor health and are dissatisfied with their marriage showed low maternal-fetal attachment. Prenatal depression had significant correlations with length of pregnancy and level of stress. Even though correlation between maternal stress and fetal weight (r=-.15, p=.099) and correlation between maternal depression and maternal-fetal attachment (r=-.13, p=.095) were not statistically significant, the impact of the prenatal psychological state of mothers can not be ignored as it relates to fetal health.
Conclusion
Maternal-fetal attachment and fetal growth can be affected by maternal emotional state, including stress or depression. These findings suggest that primary care nurses in hospitals and public health centers should provide prenatal depression screening and nursing intervention programs for management and prevention of prenatal stress and depression.
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Effects of an Early Nursing Intervention Program for Infants' Development and Mother's Child Rearing in Poverty
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Kyung-Sook Bang
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2009;39(6):796-804. Published online December 31, 2009
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.6.796
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Abstract
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Purpose
This quasi-experimental study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of an early nursing intervention program to support mothers of children aged 0-3 yr living in poverty.
Methods
In this study, mothers who received financial support from the government were recruited from one city and assigned to an intervention group (24) and comparison group (18). They completed a baseline questionnaire about depression, child rearing burden, agreement on physical punishment, and child temperament. Also, Denver II screening of the children was performed by the researcher. Mothers in the intervention group received a home visit intervention every two weeks for three months. At 3-months post-baseline, questionnaire and Denver II screening were reused to compare these two groups.
Results
Mother's depression, child rearing burden, agreement on physical punishment, and child temperament were not significantly different between the two groups. However, the percentage of depression declined only in the intervention group. Mothers in the intervention group showed higher Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) scores than mothers in the comparison group.
Conclusion
The findings of the study show that this nursing intervention is an effective parenting program. The early nursing program for mothers with infant and toddlers in poverty is effective in promoting HOME, the child rearing home environment.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by 
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