Kyung-Sook Bang; In-sook Lee; Sung-Jae Kim; Min Kyung Song; Se-Eun Park

doi:10.4040/jkan.2016.46.1.140

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Original Article
The Effects of Urban Forest-walking Program on Health Promotion Behavior, Physical Health, Depression, and Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Office-workers: Kyung-Sook Bang, In-sook Lee, Sung-Jae Kim, Min Kyung Song, Se-Eun Park; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2016;46(1):140-148.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.1.140
Published online: February 29, 2016

¹College of Nursing·The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.

²College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.

Address reprint requests to: Song, Min Kyung. College of Nursing·Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea. Tel: +82-2-740-8467, Fax: +82-2-765-4103, mk0408@snu.ac.kr

• Received: June 30, 2015 • Revised: July 23, 2015 • Accepted: November 11, 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.

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Abstract
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
This study was performed to determine the physical and psychological effects of an urban forest-walking program for office workers. For many workers, sedentary lifestyles can lead to low levels of physical activity causing various health problems despite an increased interest in health promotion.
Methods
Fifty four office workers participated in this study. They were assigned to two groups (experimental group and control group) in random order and the experimental group performed 5 weeks of walking exercise based on Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills Model. The data were collected from October to November 2014. SPSS 21.0 was used for the statistical analysis.
Results
The results showed that the urban forest walking program had positive effects on the physical activity level (U=65.00, p <.001), health promotion behavior (t= - 2.20, p =.033), and quality of life (t= - 2.42, p =.020). However, there were no statistical differences in depression, waist size, body mass index, blood pressure, or bone density between the groups.
Conclusion
The current findings of the study suggest the forest-walking program may have positive effects on improving physical activity, health promotion behavior, and quality of life. The program can be used as an effective and efficient strategy for physical and psychological health promotion for office workers.
Keywords: Forests; Walking; Health promotion; Depression; Quality of life

This work was supported by SNU Brain Fusion Program of the Seoul National University in 2014.

The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Figure 1

CONSORT flow diagram.

Figure 2

The conceptual model of the forest-walking program.

Table 1

Homogeneity Test of General Characteristics and Outcome Variables in Pre-test (N=45)

Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group; BMI=Body mass index; BP=Blood pressure.

Table 2

Comparison of Outcome Variables between Two Groups in Posttest (N=45)

^*Measured by ANCOVA with pre-test score as covariates; Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group; BP=Blood pressure; BMI=Body mass index.

REFERENCES

1. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 6th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
2. Shin WS, Yeoun PS, Lee JH, Kim SK, Joo JS. The relationships among forest experience, anxiety and depression. J Korean Ins For Recreation. 2007;11(1):27–32.
3. Lee HJ. Overwork-related mental illnesses, suicide and occupational accidents. Korean J Ind Relat. 2011;21(4):133–156.
4. Myatt G, Baxter R, Dougherty R, Williams G, Halle J, Stetts D, et al. The cardiopulmonary cost of backward walking at selected speeds. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1995;21(3):132–138. Article PubMed
5. Yoon JH, Lee HH, Kim YH. Analysis of energy expenditure and muscle fatigue during walking and running in obese women. J Sport Leis Stud. 2002;18(2):1257–1269.Article
6. Li Q, Kobayashi M, Inagaki H, Hirata Y, Li YJ, Hirata K, et al. A day trip to a forest park increases human natural killer activity and the expression of anti-cancer proteins in male subjects. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2010;24(2):157–165.PubMed
7. Park BJ, Miyazaki Y. Physiological effects of viewing forest landscapes: Results of field tests in Atsugi city, Japan. J Korean For Soc. 2008;97(6):634–640.
8. Ji GB, Kim KN, Han GS. Physiological and psychological effects of viewing and walking in forest and urban area. J Environ Sci. 2012;21(5):605–611. Article
9. Seo HM, Hah YS. A study of factors influencing on health promoting lifestyle in the elderly: Application of pender's health promotion model. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2004;34(7):1288–1297.Article PDF
10. Rhee MK, Lee YH, Park SH, Sohn CH, Chung YC, Hong SK, et al. A standardization study of Beck depression inventory I-Korean version (K-BDI): Reliability and factor analysis. Korean J Psychopathol. 1995;4(1):77–95.
11. Goldberg DP, Hillier VF. A scaled version of the general health questionnaire. Psychol Med. 1979;9(1):139–145.Article PubMed
12. Jang SJ. Stress. The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine. Standard study for data collection and survey of health statistical data. Seoul: Gyechuk Munwhasa; 2000. p. 92–143.
13. Ogilvie D, Foster CE, Rothnie H, Cavill N, Hamilton V, Fitzsimons CF, et al. Interventions to promote walking: Systematic review. BMJ. 2007;334(7605):1204Article PubMed PMC
14. Abraham C, Graham-Rowe E. Are worksite interventions effective in increasing physical activity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev. 2009;3(1):108–144. Article
15. Choi HY, Yang SJ. Effects of walking program based on social cognitive theory for office workers. Korean J Adult Nurs. 2013;25(6):712–724. Article PDF
16. Conn VS, Hafdahl AR, Mehr DR. Interventions to increase physical activity among healthy adults: Meta-analysis of outcomes. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(4):751–758. Article PubMed PMC
17. Hornbuckle LM, Bassett DR Jr, Thompson DL. Pedometer-determined walking and body composition variables in African-American women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(6):1069–1074.Article PubMed
18. Thompson DL, Rakow J, Perdue SM. Relationship between accumulated walking and body composition in middle-aged women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(5):911–914.Article PubMed
19. Lee MR, Kim WS. The effects of brisk walking versus brisk walking plus diet on triglycerides and apolipoprotein B levels in middleaged overweight/obese women with high triglyceride levels. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2006;36(8):1352–1358.Article PDF
20. Roussel M, Garnier S, Lemoine S, Gaubert I, Charbonnier L, Auneau G, et al. Influence of a walking program on the metabolic risk profile of obese postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2009;16(3):566–575. Article PubMed
21. Seo DI, Kim SK, Chang H. The effects of 12 weeks of walking exercise on body composition and physical fitness in middle aged women. J Korean Acad Public Health Nurs. 2009;23(1):61–68.
22. Sung KW, Lee JH. The effects of regular walking exercise on metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, and depressive symptoms in the elderly with diabetic mellitus. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2010;21(4):409–418. Article
23. Kim KM, Lim HJ, Kim SH, Choi YH, Shin WS, Park BJ. The dfference of psychological relaxation effects between natural recreation forest and urban forest. J Korean Ins For Recreation. 2012;16(1):53–58.
24. Teychenne M, Ball K, Salmon J. Physical activity and likelihood of depression in adults: A review. Prev Med. 2008;46(5):397–411. Article PubMed
25. Bize R, Johnson JA, Plotnikoff RC. Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in the general adult population: A systematic review. Prev Med. 2007;45(6):401–415. Article PubMed
26. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116(9):1081–1093. Article PubMed
27. Abell JE, Hootman JM, Zack MM, Moriarty D, Helmick CG. Physical activity and health related quality of life among people with arthritis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(5):380–385. Article PubMed PMC
28. Yamaguchi M, Deguchi M, Miyazaki Y. The effects of exercise in forest and urban environments on sympathetic nervous activity of normal young adults. J Int Med Res. 2006;34(2):152–159. Article PubMed PDF
29. Hartig T, Evans GW, Jamner LD, Davis DS, Gärling T. Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. J Environ Psychol. 2003;23(2):109–123. Article

Figure & Data

Figure 1

CONSORT flow diagram.

Figure 2

The conceptual model of the forest-walking program.

Table 1

Homogeneity Test of General Characteristics and Outcome Variables in Pre-test (N=45)

Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group; BMI=Body mass index; BP=Blood pressure.

Table 2

Comparison of Outcome Variables between Two Groups in Posttest (N=45)

^*Measured by ANCOVA with pre-test score as covariates; Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group; BP=Blood pressure; BMI=Body mass index.

REFERENCES

1. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 6th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
2. Shin WS, Yeoun PS, Lee JH, Kim SK, Joo JS. The relationships among forest experience, anxiety and depression. J Korean Ins For Recreation. 2007;11(1):27–32.
3. Lee HJ. Overwork-related mental illnesses, suicide and occupational accidents. Korean J Ind Relat. 2011;21(4):133–156.
4. Myatt G, Baxter R, Dougherty R, Williams G, Halle J, Stetts D, et al. The cardiopulmonary cost of backward walking at selected speeds. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1995;21(3):132–138. Article PubMed
5. Yoon JH, Lee HH, Kim YH. Analysis of energy expenditure and muscle fatigue during walking and running in obese women. J Sport Leis Stud. 2002;18(2):1257–1269.Article
6. Li Q, Kobayashi M, Inagaki H, Hirata Y, Li YJ, Hirata K, et al. A day trip to a forest park increases human natural killer activity and the expression of anti-cancer proteins in male subjects. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2010;24(2):157–165.PubMed
7. Park BJ, Miyazaki Y. Physiological effects of viewing forest landscapes: Results of field tests in Atsugi city, Japan. J Korean For Soc. 2008;97(6):634–640.
8. Ji GB, Kim KN, Han GS. Physiological and psychological effects of viewing and walking in forest and urban area. J Environ Sci. 2012;21(5):605–611. Article
9. Seo HM, Hah YS. A study of factors influencing on health promoting lifestyle in the elderly: Application of pender's health promotion model. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2004;34(7):1288–1297.Article PDF
10. Rhee MK, Lee YH, Park SH, Sohn CH, Chung YC, Hong SK, et al. A standardization study of Beck depression inventory I-Korean version (K-BDI): Reliability and factor analysis. Korean J Psychopathol. 1995;4(1):77–95.
11. Goldberg DP, Hillier VF. A scaled version of the general health questionnaire. Psychol Med. 1979;9(1):139–145.Article PubMed
12. Jang SJ. Stress. The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine. Standard study for data collection and survey of health statistical data. Seoul: Gyechuk Munwhasa; 2000. p. 92–143.
13. Ogilvie D, Foster CE, Rothnie H, Cavill N, Hamilton V, Fitzsimons CF, et al. Interventions to promote walking: Systematic review. BMJ. 2007;334(7605):1204Article PubMed PMC
14. Abraham C, Graham-Rowe E. Are worksite interventions effective in increasing physical activity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev. 2009;3(1):108–144. Article
15. Choi HY, Yang SJ. Effects of walking program based on social cognitive theory for office workers. Korean J Adult Nurs. 2013;25(6):712–724. Article PDF
16. Conn VS, Hafdahl AR, Mehr DR. Interventions to increase physical activity among healthy adults: Meta-analysis of outcomes. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(4):751–758. Article PubMed PMC
17. Hornbuckle LM, Bassett DR Jr, Thompson DL. Pedometer-determined walking and body composition variables in African-American women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(6):1069–1074.Article PubMed
18. Thompson DL, Rakow J, Perdue SM. Relationship between accumulated walking and body composition in middle-aged women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(5):911–914.Article PubMed
19. Lee MR, Kim WS. The effects of brisk walking versus brisk walking plus diet on triglycerides and apolipoprotein B levels in middleaged overweight/obese women with high triglyceride levels. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2006;36(8):1352–1358.Article PDF
20. Roussel M, Garnier S, Lemoine S, Gaubert I, Charbonnier L, Auneau G, et al. Influence of a walking program on the metabolic risk profile of obese postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2009;16(3):566–575. Article PubMed
21. Seo DI, Kim SK, Chang H. The effects of 12 weeks of walking exercise on body composition and physical fitness in middle aged women. J Korean Acad Public Health Nurs. 2009;23(1):61–68.
22. Sung KW, Lee JH. The effects of regular walking exercise on metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, and depressive symptoms in the elderly with diabetic mellitus. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2010;21(4):409–418. Article
23. Kim KM, Lim HJ, Kim SH, Choi YH, Shin WS, Park BJ. The dfference of psychological relaxation effects between natural recreation forest and urban forest. J Korean Ins For Recreation. 2012;16(1):53–58.
24. Teychenne M, Ball K, Salmon J. Physical activity and likelihood of depression in adults: A review. Prev Med. 2008;46(5):397–411. Article PubMed
25. Bize R, Johnson JA, Plotnikoff RC. Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in the general adult population: A systematic review. Prev Med. 2007;45(6):401–415. Article PubMed
26. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116(9):1081–1093. Article PubMed
27. Abell JE, Hootman JM, Zack MM, Moriarty D, Helmick CG. Physical activity and health related quality of life among people with arthritis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(5):380–385. Article PubMed PMC
28. Yamaguchi M, Deguchi M, Miyazaki Y. The effects of exercise in forest and urban environments on sympathetic nervous activity of normal young adults. J Int Med Res. 2006;34(2):152–159. Article PubMed PDF
29. Hartig T, Evans GW, Jamner LD, Davis DS, Gärling T. Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. J Environ Psychol. 2003;23(2):109–123. Article

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The Effects of Urban Forest-walking Program on Health Promotion Behavior, Physical Health, Depression, and Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Office-workers

J Korean Acad Nurs. 2016;46(1):140-148. Published online February 29, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.1.140

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The Effects of Urban Forest-walking Program on Health Promotion Behavior, Physical Health, Depression, and Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Office-workers

Figure 1 CONSORT flow diagram.

Figure 2 The conceptual model of the forest-walking program.

Figure 1

Figure 2

The Effects of Urban Forest-walking Program on Health Promotion Behavior, Physical Health, Depression, and Quality of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Office-workers

Table 1

Homogeneity Test of General Characteristics and Outcome Variables in Pre-test (N=45)

Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group; BMI=Body mass index; BP=Blood pressure.

Table 2

Comparison of Outcome Variables between Two Groups in Posttest (N=45)

^*Measured by ANCOVA with pre-test score as covariates; Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group; BP=Blood pressure; BMI=Body mass index.

Table 1 Homogeneity Test of General Characteristics and Outcome Variables in Pre-test (N=45)

Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group; BMI=Body mass index; BP=Blood pressure.

Table 2 Comparison of Outcome Variables between Two Groups in Posttest (N=45)

^*Measured by ANCOVA with pre-test score as covariates; Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group; BP=Blood pressure; BMI=Body mass index.