, 하이경2,3
, Yi Kyung Ha2,3
1마산대학교 간호학과
2동의대학교 간호학과
3동의대학교 동의간호과학연구소
1Department of Nursing, Masan University, Masan, South Korea
2Department of Nursing, Dong-eui University, Busan, South Korea
3Research Institute of Dong-eui Nursing Science, Dong-eui University, Busan, South Korea
© 2026 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Data Sharing Statement
Please contact the corresponding author for data availability.
Supplementary Data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.26039.
Supplementary Table 1.
jkan-26039-Supplementary-Table-1.pdf
Supplementary Table 2.
jkan-26039-Supplementary-Table-2.pdf
Supplementary Table 3.
jkan-26039-Supplementary-Table-3.pdf
Supplementary Material 1.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: HJK, YKH. Methodology: HJK, YKH. Software: HJK, YKH. Validation: HJK, YKH. Formal analysis: HJK, YKH. Investigation: HJK. Resources: HJK, YKH. Data curation: HJK, YKH. Visualization: YKH. Supervision: YKH. Project administration: YKH. Funding acquisition: none. Writing–original draft: HJK, YKH. Writing–review & editing: HJK, YKH. Final approval of the manuscript: all authors.
| Factors | SMC (φ2) | AVE | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1a) | 2b) | 3c) | ||
| 1a) | 1 | .66 | ||
| 2b) | .55 (<.001) | 1 | .68 | |
| 3c) | .79 (<.001) | .61 (<.001) | 1 | .67 |
| Factor | Correlation (φ) | SE | φ–2SE | φ+2SE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1a) ↔ 2b) | .74 (<.001) | 0.03 | 0.68 | 0.80 |
| 1a) ↔ 3c) | .89 (<.001) | 0.02 | 0.85 | 0.93 |
| 2b) ↔ 3c) | .78 (<.001) | 0.03 | 0.72 | 0.84 |
| Characteristic | Total (N=440) | EFA (n=220) | CFA (n=220) | t or χ² | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 2.66 | .103 | |||
| Men | 14 (3.2) | 4 (1.8) | 10 (4.5) | ||
| Women | 426 (96.8) | 216 (98.2) | 210 (95.5) | ||
| Age (yr) | 32.3±7.5 | 33.0±7.8 | 31.6±7.2 | –1.94 | .053 |
| Marital status | 3.16 | .206 | |||
| Married | 158 (35.9) | 86 (39.1) | 72 (32.7) | ||
| Single | 278 (63.2) | 131 (59.5) | 147 (66.8) | ||
| Others | 4 (0.9) | 3 (1.4) | 1 (0.5) | ||
| Education level | 3.69 | .297 | |||
| Diploma | 29 (6.6) | 11 (5.0) | 18 (8.2) | ||
| Bachelor’s | 341 (77.5) | 169 (76.8) | 172 (78.2) | ||
| Graduate program | 70 (15.9) | 40 (18.2) | 30 (13.6) | ||
| Type of hospital | 0.94 | .331 | |||
| Tertiary general hospital | 262 (59.5) | 136 (61.8) | 126 (57.3) | ||
| General hospital | 178 (40.5) | 84 (38.2) | 94 (42.7) | ||
| Type of ward | 2.15 | .542 | |||
| General ward | 238 (54.1) | 117 (53.2) | 121 (55.0) | ||
| Integrated nursing care ward | 200 (45.5) | 102 (46.3) | 98 (44.5) | ||
| Hospice care ward | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | ||
| Others | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Clinical department | 7.81 | .099 | |||
| Internal medicine | 199 (45.2) | 92 (41.8) | 107 (48.6) | ||
| Neurology | 83 (18.9) | 39 (17.7) | 44 (20.0) | ||
| Surgery | 136 (30.9) | 73 (33.2) | 63 (28.6) | ||
| Rehabilitation | 8 (1.8) | 7 (3.2) | 1 (0.5) | ||
| Others | 14 (3.2) | 9 (4.1) | 5 (2.3) | ||
| Position | 0.48 | .787 | |||
| Staff nurse | 333 (75.7) | 166 (75.4) | 167 (75.9) | ||
| Charge nurse | 86 (19.5) | 42 (19.1) | 44 (20.0) | ||
| Unit manager | 21 (4.8) | 12 (5.5) | 9 (4.1) | ||
| Current work schedule | 1.40 | .496 | |||
| Shift schedule | 397 (90.3) | 197 (89.5) | 200 (90.9) | ||
| Daytime schedule | 42 (9.5) | 23 (10.5) | 19 (8.6) | ||
| Others | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | ||
| Experience with clinical deterioration training | 0.00 | >.999 | |||
| Yes | 122 (27.7) | 61 (27.7) | 61 (27.7) | ||
| No | 318 (72.3) | 159 (72.3) | 159 (72.3) | ||
| Experience with clinical deterioration events (within the past year) | 0.17 | .679 | |||
| Yes | 379 (86.1) | 191 (86.8) | 188 (85.5) | ||
| No | 61 (13.9) | 29 (13.2) | 32 (14.5) |
| Items | Communality | Factor loading | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1a) | 2b) | 3c) | ||
| 27 | .73 | .95 | –.03 | .11 |
| 21 | .75 | .91 | –.05 | .02 |
| 29 | .80 | .82 | .16 | .05 |
| 19 | .72 | .78 | .10 | .01 |
| 30 | .76 | .77 | .21 | .07 |
| 24 | .77 | .75 | –.07 | –.20 |
| 22 | .76 | .75 | .01 | –.14 |
| 18 | .71 | .70 | .15 | –.04 |
| 20 | .68 | .69 | .01 | –.15 |
| 23 | .75 | .68 | .04 | –.19 |
| 26 | .70 | .65 | –.03 | –.25 |
| 3 | .80 | .02 | .86 | –.03 |
| 1 | .77 | .19 | .80 | .08 |
| 4 | .73 | .01 | .79 | –.08 |
| 2 | .81 | .04 | .77 | –.15 |
| 5 | .72 | .08 | .61 | –.24 |
| 10 | .79 | –.03 | .01 | –.90 |
| 11 | .71 | .01 | .07 | –.79 |
| 16 | .77 | .22 | –.13 | –.77 |
| 9 | .78 | –.03 | .22 | –.76 |
| 13 | .74 | –.02 | .19 | –.74 |
| 15 | .77 | .20 | .01 | –.70 |
| 12 | .74 | .06 | .23 | –.65 |
| 14 | .74 | .32 | –.03 | –.61 |
| Eigen value | 15.70 | 1.27 | 1.02 | |
| Explained variance (%) | 65.43 | 5.27 | 4.23 | |
| Cumulative (%) | 65.43 | 70.70 | 74.93 | |
| Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value | .96 | |||
| Bartlett’s test of sphericity | χ2=5,448.47, df=276, p<.001 | |||
| Factor | Items | Standardized estimates | Unstandardized estimates | SE | C.R. | AVE | CR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1a) | 18 | 0.81 | 1 | - | - | 0.66 | 0.96 |
| 29 | 0.81 | 1.02 | 0.07 | 13.96 | |||
| 21 | 0.82 | 1.00 | 0.07 | 14.33 | |||
| 27 | 0.78 | 1.00 | 0.08 | 13.20 | |||
| 26 | 0.83 | 0.97 | 0.07 | 14.52 | |||
| 24 | 0.83 | 0.96 | 0.07 | 14.56 | |||
| 19 | 0.82 | 0.93 | 0.07 | 14.28 | |||
| 30 | 0.80 | 0.93 | 0.07 | 13.71 | |||
| 22 | 0.82 | 0.89 | 0.06 | 14.14 | |||
| 23 | 0.82 | 0.88 | 0.06 | 14.18 | |||
| 20 | 0.80 | 0.86 | 0.06 | 13.87 | |||
| 2b) | 1 | 0.86 | 1 | - | - | 0.68 | 0.91 |
| 2 | 0.87 | 0.99 | 0.06 | 16.80 | |||
| 3 | 0.87 | 0.97 | 0.06 | 16.61 | |||
| 5 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 0.07 | 13.17 | |||
| 4 | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.06 | 13.90 | |||
| 3c) | 9 | 0.77 | 1 | - | - | 0.67 | 0.94 |
| 12 | 0.87 | 1.18 | 0.08 | 14.14 | |||
| 13 | 0.84 | 1.12 | 0.08 | 13.61 | |||
| 16 | 0.82 | 1.11 | 0.08 | 13.29 | |||
| 10 | 0.81 | 1.08 | 0.06 | 18.24 | |||
| 14 | 0.84 | 1.07 | 0.08 | 13.60 | |||
| 11 | 0.77 | 1.04 | 0.09 | 12.13 | |||
| 15 | 0.83 | 1.03 | 0.08 | 13.32 |
| Factors | SMC (φ2) | AVE | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1a) | 2b) | 3c) | ||
| 1a) | 1 | .66 | ||
| 2b) | .55 (<.001) | 1 | .68 | |
| 3c) | .79 (<.001) | .61 (<.001) | 1 | .67 |
| Factor | Correlation (φ) | SE | φ–2SE | φ+2SE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1a) ↔ 2b) | .74 (<.001) | 0.03 | 0.68 | 0.80 |
| 1a) ↔ 3c) | .89 (<.001) | 0.02 | 0.85 | 0.93 |
| 2b) ↔ 3c) | .78 (<.001) | 0.03 | 0.72 | 0.84 |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation. CFA, confirmatory factor analysis; EFA, exploratory factor analysis.
df, degrees of freedom. a)Factor 1: prediction and preparedness. b)Factor 2: cue capture. c)Factor 3: situation appraisal.
AVE, average variance extracted; C.R., critical ratio; CR, composite reliability; SE, standard error. a)Factor 1: prediction and preparedness. b)Factor 2: cue capture. c)Factor 3: situation appraisal.
AVE, average variance extracted; SMC, squared multiple correlations. a)Factor 1: prediction and preparedness. b)Factor 2: cue capture. c)Factor 3: situation appraisal.
SE, standard error. a)Factor 1: prediction and preparedness. b)Factor 2: cue capture. c)Factor 3: situation appraisal.
