고려대학교 간호대학
College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
© 2025 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
This study was supported by the Technology Innovation Program (or Industrial Strategic Technology Development Program) (No. 20023734, [Part 4] Development of multiexperience training practice service for developing experts in the field of group psychotherapy and physiotherapy) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Korea).
Supplementary Data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.24129.
Supplementary Table 1. Preliminary question of Communication self-efficacy scale for nurses (54items)
jkan-24129-Supplementary-Table-1.pdf
Supplementary Table 2. Final preliminary question of Communication self-efficacy scale for nurses (36items)
jkan-24129-Supplementary-Table-2.pdf
Supplementary Figure 1 . Result of confirmatory factor analysis. (A) Final-order confirmatory factor analysis model. (B) Final confirmatory factor analysis model.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization or/and Methodology: KSH, JS, SYL. Data curation or/and Analysis: JS, SYL. Funding acquisition: KSH. Investigation: JS, SYL. Project administration or/and Supervision: Han KS. Resources or/and Software: JS, SYL. Validation: KSH, JS, SYL. Visualization: KSH, JS, SYL. Writing: original draft or/and Review & Editing: KSH, JS, SYL. Final approval of the manuscript: all authors.
AVE, average variance extracted; CFI, comparative fit index; CN, critical N; CR, construct reliability; C.R., critical ratio; df, degrees of freedom; GFI, goodness of fit index; NFI, normed fit index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; SE, standard error; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual; TLI, Turker-Lewis index.
Characteristic | Total (N=469) | EFA (n=246) | CFA (n=223) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Men | 26 (5.5) | 16 (6.5) | 10 (4.5) |
Women | 443 (94.5) | 230 (93.5) | 213 (95.5) |
Age (yr) | |||
20–29 | 181±38.6 | 91±37.0 | 90±40.4 |
30–39 | 190±40.5 | 97±39.4 | 93±41.7 |
≥40 | 98±20.9 | 58±23.6 | 40±18.0 |
Mean age (yr) | 33.3±6.9 | 33.7±7.1 | 32.9±6.7 |
Total career (yr) | |||
<1 | 27 (5.8) | 12 (4.9) | 15 (6.7) |
1–<3 | 90 (19.2) | 51 (20.7) | 39 (17.5) |
3–<5 | 79 (16.8) | 37 (15.0) | 42 (18.8) |
5–<10 | 112 (23.9) | 59 (24.0) | 53 (23.8) |
≥10 | 161 (34.3) | 87 (35.4) | 74 (33.2) |
Mean total career (yr) | 8.71±7.43 | 8.86±7.49 | 8.54±7.37 |
Communication education experience | |||
Yes | 356 (75.9) | 179 (72.8) | 177 (79.4) |
No | 113 (24.1) | 67 (27.2) | 46 (20.6) |
Department | |||
Ward | 252 (53.7) | 143 (58.1) | 109 (48.9) |
Outpatient center | 27 (5.5) | 11 (4.5) | 15 (6.7) |
ICU, OR, ER | 167 (35.6) | 90 (36.6) | 77 (34.5) |
Others | 24 (5.1) | 2 (0.8) | 22 (9.9) |
Factors/items | Communality | Factor loading | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | ||
1. Ability to apply therapeutic communication skills | ||||
Q3. I can create a good conversation atmosphere by observing the individual’s reactions. | .53 | .69 | .13 | .19 |
Q5. I can look at a individual comfortably and sensitively notice changes in facial expression. | .50 | .69 | .13 | .10 |
Q1. I can appropriately adjust the volume and tone of my voice when talking to a individual. | .45 | .64 | -.03 | .18 |
Q16. I can recognize that a crisis situation has occurred during the communication process with the individual. | .46 | .61 | .30 | .09 |
Q7. I can express difficult medical terms in simple terms so that the patient can easily understand them. | .43 | .61 | .05 | .24 |
Q8. I can explain the individual’s health condition to the individual’s guardian so that they can understand it. | .46 | .60 | .10 | .31 |
Q4. I can effectively establish a counseling plan with the individual. | .44 | .59 | .26 | .16 |
Q2. I can convey the content of the conversation clearly to the individual without using ambiguous expressions. | .42 | .58 | .05 | .28 |
Q18. I can appropriately address the individual’s needs when the individual does not want to talk about an experience. | .53 | .54 | .48 | .07 |
Q6. I can help the individual express his or her feelings honestly. | .40 | .52 | .31 | .17 |
Q24. I can create an appropriate environment during counseling so that the individual can feel comfortable. | .51 | .51 | .49 | .11 |
Q17. I can remain calm with people who don’t quite understand my explanations. | .44 | .51 | .37 | .21 |
Q19. I can express my positive interest in the individual. | .41 | .50 | .40 | .06 |
Q28. I can communicate with people who display attitudes that make it difficult to make decisions. | .38 | .50 | .26 | .25 |
Q11. I can encourage patients to practice healthy behaviors. | .48 | .48 | .35 | .36 |
Q33. I can apologize if I hurt someone, even if I didn’t intend to. | .27 | .50 | .23 | .03 |
Q22. I can express myself using concrete rather than abstract terms when communicating with my audience. | .37 | .45 | .21 | .36 |
Q34. If I experience internal conflict while communicating with the individual, I can ask my superior for help. | .30 | .45 | .31 | .05 |
2. Crisis management capabilities | ||||
Q35. I know how to counsel people who are experiencing a crisis in their lives and I can do so confidently. | .59 | .30 | .70 | .08 |
Q27. I can communicate with people who are unaware of or in denial about their illness. | .58 | .10 | .69 | .32 |
Q23. I can also communicate with individual who have experienced psychological trauma. | .53 | .14 | .66 | .27 |
Q25. I can counsel people who are at risk for suicide attempts. | .46 | .01 | .66 | .16 |
Q13. I can have the heart to think of the individual as a valuable human being and respect him/her. | .55 | .12 | .61 | .40 |
Q20. I can continue to communicate with people who are resistant to counseling. | .48 | .11 | .60 | .34 |
Q26. I can appropriately adjust the spatial distance during counseling so that the individual can feel close to me. | .55 | .42 | .59 | .14 |
Q36. I can evaluate myself to see if I did a good job of counseling. | .43 | .30 | .59 | .00 |
Q31. I am usually able to take good care of my own emotional state so that I do not become exhausted. | .41 | .26 | .58 | .07 |
Q21. I can calmly deal with crisis situations that arise during communication. | .57 | .38 | .56 | .34 |
Q29. I can communicate well with patients in severe pain. | .47 | .15 | .54 | .39 |
Q32. I am confident that I will not arbitrarily interpret or judge what the individual expresses. | .43 | .16 | .50 | .40 |
Q14. Since I usually maintain a cooperative relationship with my clients, I am able to deal well with crisis situations that arise during counseling. | .44 | .38 | .40 | .36 |
Q15. I can respond calmly in front of angry patients or guardians. | .35 | .31 | .37 | .34 |
3. Communication competence | ||||
Q10. I can communicate well with people who are impatient with their words or actions. | .57 | .42 | .29 | .56 |
Q30. I can communicate well with fellow nurses who disagree with my opinions. | .52 | .21 | .41 | .55 |
Q12. I can accept the situation the individual is in as it is, without any preconceptions. | .50 | .36 | .30 | .54 |
Q9. I am confident in communicating with people from other professions, not just nurses, in the medical field. | .45 | .44 | .21 | .47 |
Eigen value | 13.38 | 2.41 | 0.99 | |
% of variance | 6.97 | 6.59 | 3.50 | |
Cumulative (%) | 19.37 | 37.67 | 46.14 | |
KMO values | .94 | |||
Bartlett’s sphere formation test | χ2=4,874.26, df=630, p<.001 |
Factors/items | Standardized estimate (β) | SE | C.R. | Factors (r) | AVE | CR | No. of items | Cronbach’s α | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | ||||||||
Factor 1 | 1 | .82 | .98 | 9 | .85 | |||||
Q1. I can appropriately adjust the volume and tone of my voice when talking to a individual. | .64 | - | - | |||||||
Q2. I can convey the content of the conversation clearly to the individual without using ambiguous expressions. | .71 | .14 | 7.96 | |||||||
Q3. I can create a good conversation atmosphere by observing the individual’s reactions. | .71 | .16 | 8.07 | |||||||
Q4. I can effectively establish a counseling plan with the individual. | .72 | .16 | 7.93 | |||||||
Q5. I can look at the individual comfortably and sensitively notice changes in facial expression. | .66 | .15 | 7.62 | |||||||
Q7. I can express difficult medical terms in simple terms so that the patient can easily understand them. | .56 | .14 | 6.29 | |||||||
Q19. I can express my positive interest in the individual. | .66 | .13 | 7.51 | |||||||
Q22. I can express myself using concrete rather than abstract terms when communicating with my audience. | .61 | .15 | 6.73 | |||||||
Q33. I can apologize if I hurt someone, even if I didn’t intend to. | .51 | .14 | 6.17 | |||||||
Factor 2 | .87 (.75) | 1 | .81 | .96 | 6 | .84 | ||||
Q18. I can appropriately address the individual’s needs when the individual does not want to talk about an experience. | .75 | - | - | |||||||
Q20. I can continue to communicate with people who are resistant to counseling. | .76 | .11 | 10.32 | |||||||
Q21. I can calmly deal with crisis situations that arise during communication. | .74 | .10 | 10.00 | |||||||
Q27. I can communicate with people who are unaware of or in denial about their illness. | .67 | .11 | 9.23 | |||||||
Q32. I am confident that I will not arbitrarily interpret or judge what the individual expresses. | .65 | .10 | 8.58 | |||||||
Q35. I know how to counsel people who are experiencing a crisis in their lives and I can do so confidently. | .70 | .11 | 9.55 | |||||||
Factor 3 | .82 (.68) | .89 (.80) | 1 | .80 | .92 | 3 | .69 | |||
Q9. I am confident in communicating with people from other professions, not just nurses, in the medical field. | .62 | - | - | |||||||
Q10. I can communicate well with people who are impatient with their words or actions. | .69 | .17 | 7.08 | |||||||
Q15. I can respond calmly in front of angry patients or guardians. | .68 | .20 | 7.16 | |||||||
Fitness index | χ2=164.87, χ2/df=1.25, SRMR=.04, RMSEA=.03, GFI=.92, TLI=.97, CFI=.98, NFI=.89, CN=216 |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation. CFA, confirmatory factor analysis; EFA, exploratory factor analysis; ER, emergency room; ICU, intensive care unit; OR, operation room.
KMO, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin; df, degrees of freedom.
AVE, average variance extracted; CFI, comparative fit index; CN, critical N; CR, construct reliability; C.R., critical ratio; df, degrees of freedom; GFI, goodness of fit index; NFI, normed fit index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; SE, standard error; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual; TLI, Turker-Lewis index.