1한림대학교 간호대학, 간호과학연구소
2서울대학교 간호대학, 간호과학연구소
1School of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
2College of Nursing, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
© 2025 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
This work was supported by Research Fund of the Korean Gerontological Nursing Society. The first author received a scholarship from the BK21 education program (Center for Human-Caring Nurse Leaders for the Future). The second and corresponding author was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2023R1A2C1006362).
Data Sharing Statement
Please contact the corresponding author for data availability.
Supplementary Data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.25036.
Supplementary Figure 1 . Process of the scale development.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization or/and Methodology: DL, ST. Data curation or/and Analysis: DL. Funding acquisition: DL, ST. Investigation: DL. Project administration or/and Supervision: ST. Resources or/and Software: none. Validation: DL, ST. Visualization: none. Writing: original draft or/and Review & Editing: DL, ST. Final approval of the manuscript: all authors.
AVE, average variance extracted; CFI, comparative fit index; CMIN/df, standardized chi-square/degrees of freedom; C.R., critical ratio; CR, construct reliability; Harm, concern about potential harm after fall events; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; SE, standard error; SRMR, standardized root mean residual; TLI, Tucker-Lewis index; Vigilance, high vigilance-related to the environment; Unpredictability, apprehension caused by the unpredictable nature of falls; Vulnerability, unease related to one’s vulnerability.
Factor | R (R2) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unpredictability | Vulnerability | Vigilance | Harm | |
Unpredictability | .66a) | |||
Vulnerability | .96 (.91) | .62a) | ||
Vigilance | .78 (.61) | .89 (.79) | .63a) | |
Harm | .67 (.45) | .81 (.65) | .84 (.70) | .72a) |
Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
Age (yr) | 78.9±6.34 |
Gender | |
Men | 96 (38.1) |
Women | 156 (61.9) |
Educational levela) | |
None | 12 (4.8) |
Elementary school | 56 (22.3) |
Middle school | 42 (16.7) |
High school | 93 (37.1) |
College or above | 48 (19.1) |
Religion | |
Yes | 191 (75.8) |
No | 61 (24.2) |
Fall experience | |
Yes | 76 (30.2) |
No | 176 (69.8) |
Injury experience after fall | |
Yes | 102 (40.5) |
No | 150 (59.5) |
Usage of mobility devices | |
Yes | 38 (15.1) |
No | 214 (84.9) |
Social activity | |
Yes | 236 (93.7) |
No | 16 (6.3) |
Perceived health status | |
Very bad | 10 (4.0) |
Bad | 59 (23.4) |
Normal | 114 (45.2) |
Good | 56 (22.2) |
Very good | 13 (5.2) |
Perceived depression status | |
Not at all | 93 (36.9) |
Little | 105 (41.7) |
Usually | 38 (15.1) |
Frequently | 12 (4.8) |
Strongly | 4 (1.6) |
No. of comorbidities | 2.03±1.43 |
No. of prescriptions | 1.46±1.09 |
Factor | Item | B | SE | C.R. | β | p | AVE | CR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unpredictability | .66 | .89 | ||||||
1 | 1.00 | .76 | ||||||
2 | 1.07 | .08 | 13.58 | .83 | <.001 | |||
3 | 1.13 | .08 | 13.53 | .83 | <.001 | |||
4 | 1.12 | .08 | 13.73 | .84 | <.001 | |||
Vulnerability | .63 | .84 | ||||||
5 | 1.00 | .74 | ||||||
6 | 1.14 | .09 | 13.49 | .83 | <.001 | |||
8 | 1.04 | .08 | 12.92 | .80 | <.001 | |||
Vigilance | .63 | .90 | ||||||
12 | 1.00 | .80 | ||||||
13 | 0.88 | .07 | 13.24 | .76 | <.001 | |||
14 | 1.01 | .07 | 15.00 | .83 | ||||
15 | 0.98 | .07 | 14.65 | .82 | <.001 | |||
18 | 1.01 | .08 | 13.27 | .76 | <.001 | |||
Harm | .72 | .96 | ||||||
19 | 1.00 | .82 | ||||||
20 | 1.08 | .06 | 17.24 | .87 | <.001 | |||
21 | 1.14 | .06 | 17.72 | .88 | <.001 | |||
22 | 1.13 | .07 | 17.3 | .87 | <.001 | |||
23 | 1.16 | .07 | 17.83 | .89 | <.001 | |||
24 | 1.16 | .07 | 16.23 | .84 | <.001 | |||
25 | 1.17 | .07 | 17.62 | .88 | <.001 | |||
26 | 1.08 | .07 | 15.61 | .82 | <.001 | |||
27 | 0.94 | .07 | 13.77 | .75 | <.001 | |||
CMRIN/df=3.30, TLI=.90, CFI=.91, SRMR=.047, RMSEA=.096 |
Factor | R (R2) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unpredictability | Vulnerability | Vigilance | Harm | |
Unpredictability | .66a) | |||
Vulnerability | .96 (.91) | .62a) | ||
Vigilance | .78 (.61) | .89 (.79) | .63a) | |
Harm | .67 (.45) | .81 (.65) | .84 (.70) | .72a) |
Model/constrained factor | χ2 | df | ∆χ2a) |
---|---|---|---|
Unconstrained model | 603.60 | 183 | |
Constrained model | 184 | ||
Unpredictability–Vulnerability | 609.92 | 6.32 | |
Unpredictability–Vigilance | 754.08 | 150.48 | |
Unpredictability–Harm | 900.97 | 297.37 | |
Vulnerability–Vigilance | 635.85 | 32.25 | |
Vulnerability–Harm | 691.94 | 88.34 | |
Vigilance–Harm | 766.16 | 162.56 |
No. | 문항 | 전혀 그렇지 않다 | 약간 그렇다 | 보통 그렇다 | 자주 그렇다 | 매우 그렇다 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 나는 내가 언제든지 넘어지거나 미끄러져 낙상할 수 있다는 생각 때문에 불안하다. | |||||
2 | 나는 내가 익숙한 환경에서도 낙상할 수 있다고 생각한다. | |||||
3 | 나는 다른 사람과 부딪히거나 예상하지 못한 신체 접촉이 발생했을 때 낙상할까 봐 불안하다. | |||||
4 | 나는 스스로의 행동을 조심하거나 주변 환경을 개선해도 낙상이 발생할 수 있다고 생각하여 불안하다. | |||||
5 | 나는 낙상이 두려워서 가능한 천천히 조심해서 움직이는 편이다. | |||||
6 | 나는 나의 균형 능력이 떨어져 있어서 쉽게 낙상할 것 같아 걱정된다. | |||||
7 | 나는 나이가 점점 들수록 낙상하게 될까 봐 우려된다. | |||||
8 | 나는 걸려 넘어질까 봐 주변이나 바닥을 자주 확인한다. | |||||
9 | 나는 바닥이 미끄러운 지 주의해서 살핀다. | |||||
10 | 나는 내가 익숙하지 않은 장소에 있다고 생각하면 낙상하게 될까 봐 긴장된다. | |||||
11 | 나는 딱딱한 바닥에서 낙상하게 되면 크게 다칠까 봐 더 경계한다. | |||||
12 | 나는 낙상할까 봐 계단이 많이 있는 장소에 방문하는 것을 꺼린다. | |||||
13 | 나는 낙상하여 다치거나 골절될까 봐 두렵다. | |||||
14 | 나는 낙상하게 되면 심한 통증으로 아플까 봐 우려된다. | |||||
15 | 나는 낙상하면 신체적 장애가 생길까 봐 걱정된다. | |||||
16 | 나는 낙상하면 가족에게 짐이 될 것 같아 우려된다. | |||||
17 | 나는 낙상하면 혼자 힘으로 일상생활을 수행하지 못할 것 같아 걱정된다. | |||||
18 | 나는 낙상하면 내 집이 아닌 요양원에서 살게 될까 봐 두렵다. | |||||
19 | 나는 낙상하면 혼자 힘으로 걸을 수 없게 되어, 휠체어를 타고 다니게 될까 봐 두렵다. | |||||
20 | 나는 낙상하게 된다면 주변 사람의 도움을 받지 못하고 방치될까 봐 두렵다. | |||||
21 | 나는 내가 낙상했을 때 다른 사람이 웃거나 이상하게 생각할까 봐 걱정된다. |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). a)N=251.
AVE, average variance extracted; CFI, comparative fit index; CMIN/df, standardized chi-square/degrees of freedom; C.R., critical ratio; CR, construct reliability; Harm, concern about potential harm after fall events; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; SE, standard error; SRMR, standardized root mean residual; TLI, Tucker-Lewis index; Vigilance, high vigilance-related to the environment; Unpredictability, apprehension caused by the unpredictable nature of falls; Vulnerability, unease related to one’s vulnerability.
AVE, average variance extracted. a)The diagonal figures refer to the AVE value of each factor.
df, degrees of freedom. a)χ2 of constrained model–χ2 of unconstrained model.