Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Research Papers

Perceptual Factors Associated with Gestational Weight Gain: A Cross-Sectional Survey: Sehee Kim, Sukhee Ahn; J Korean Acad Nurs 2024;54(4):495-508. Published online November 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.24052

Abstract PDF ePub: Purpose
Recent years have seen an increase in the number of pregnant women whose weight gain during pregnancy exceeds the recommended range. This study was intended to determine the relationships among demographic attributes, key perceptual factors, and gestational weight gain (GWG).
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted between April and July 2022. First-time pregnant women beyond 36 weeks of gestation who were recruited via social media completed an online survey. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, chi-square test, and logistic regression, all performed using SPSS software.
Results
Of the 369 participants, 63 (17.1%) exceeded the recommended GWG guidelines, while 148 (40.1%) fell within the recommended range, and the remaining 158 (42.8%) had inadequate GWG. Being overweight or obese before pregnancy significantly increased the risk of excessive GWG (p < .001). This risk was also significantly greater for women with low internal weight locus of control (OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.41~0.82), high external weight locus of control (OR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.31~2.34), and negative body image (OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.51~0.75).
Conclusion
The growing trend of excessive GWG among pregnant women is influenced by a combination of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and perceptual factors, including weight locus of control and body image. These findings underscore the need to implement weight management intervention strategies before pregnancy, taking into consideration BMI, and to enhance positive body image and internal locus of control.

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Impact of Obesity on Urinary Tract Infections in Korean Adults: Secondary Data Analysis Using Community-Based Cohort Study: Seo, Seung Hee , Jeong, Ihn Sook , Lee, Eun Joo; J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(2):150-161. Published online April 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20228

Purpose
This study investigated the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in community-dwelling adults and identified the association between obesity and UTI.
Methods
The participants were 4,926 adults aged over 40 years who had no UTIs at the baseline survey of the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study. Obesity was defined according to the cirtieria of Korean Society for the Study of Obesity using body mass index (BMI) data. UTI was defined as those who had self-reported UTI or had either nitrite, or both leukocytes and blood in the urine dipstick test. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to identify the association between the obesity and UTI.
Results
The incidence proportion of UTI was 5.1%, and the incidence density per 1,000 person-years was 25.5. After controlling general characteristics, people with BMI ≥30.0 kg/m² remained 1.66 times (HR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.06~2.60; p < .05) more likely to have UTI than those with normal weight. This trend was also present in men or people aged ≥ 60 years. Among women aged ≥ 60 years, people with BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m² were 1.98 times (HR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.01~3.86; p < .05) more likely to have UTI than those with normal weight.
Conclusion
The BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m² is a risk factor of UTIs in Korean adult men over 40 years and women aged ≥ 60 years. It is necessary to emphasize the importance of obesity management to men or women aged ≥ 60 years, specifically.

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Letter to the editor: “Microbiology and risk factors for bacteremic urinary tract infection: insights from the largest urological center in Pakistan”
Syeda Samia Fatima, Kainat Mehmood, Areeba Abid, Hiba Abid
International Urology and Nephrology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiology of urinary tract infection among community-living seniors aged 50 plus: Population estimates and risk factors
Betsy Foxman, Marie Bangura, Neil Kamdar, Daniel M. Morgan
Annals of Epidemiology.2025; 104: 21. CrossRef
Summer temperature and emergency room visits due to urinary tract infection in South Korea: a national time-stratified case-crossover study
Jiwoo Park, Whanhee Lee, Dukhee Kang, Jieun Min, Hyemin Jang, Cinoo Kang, Dohoon Kwon, Youngrin Kwag, Eunhee Ha
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Review Article

Prevalence of Menstrual Disorders according to Body Mass Index and Lifestyle Factors: The National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort in Korea, 2009~2016: Park, SoMi , Yoon, Tae Woong , Kang, Dae Ryong , Chung, ChaeWeon; J Korean Acad Nurs 2020;50(3):401-410. Published online June 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20054

Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study was performed to identify the prevalence of menstrual disorders in Korean women based on body mass index (BMI)and lifestyle factors, by utilizing the Korean National Health Insurance Database.
Methods
A retrospective observational study designwas used for the secondary data analysis. Data of women aged 15 to 49 years who were diagnosed with menstrual disorders were extractedfrom The National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort in Korea from 2009 to 2016. The age-standardizedprevalence rate of menstrual disorders was calculated using SAS version 9.4, and a Chi-square test and Cochran-Armitage test were performed.
Results
In total, 2,219,445 cases were extracted from the database. The prevalence of menstrual disorders significantly increasedfrom 8.6% to 11.6% (Z=135.16, p for trend <.001) over the past eight years. In particular, it was higher in underweight womenthan in women with normal weight across all years (Z=-4.18~-14.72, p <.001). Moreover, statistically significant differences in the prevalenceof menstrual disorders were found to be associated with drinking and smoking in all years and with physical activity levels in part(p <.05~.001).
Conclusion
These findings present compelling evidence on the prevalence of menstrual disorders based on a national database.Since the prevalence of menstrual disorders has steadily increased and differs based on BMI and lifestyle factors, educational andclinical interventions are necessary to promote risk awareness and appropriate behavioral changes among Korean women.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Menstrual Disorders in Korean Women
Ye-Lin Kim, Jun Young Chang, Suejin Kim, Mira Yoon, Jae-Na Ha, Kang Hyun Um, Boeun Lee, Kyoung Sook Jeong
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Menstrual Disorders Are Associated With Depressive Symptoms Among Women of Reproductive Age: Findings From the Korean Women’s Health Survey for Sexual and Reproductive Health
Kyunghee Han, Sihan Song, Bo Mi Song, Eunja Park, Joong-Yeon Lim, Hyun-Young Park
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors associated with regularity and length of menstrual cycle: Korea Nurses’ Health Study
Sihan Song, Hansol Choi, Yanghee Pang, Oksoo Kim, Hyun-Young Park
BMC Women's Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Body mass index, menstruation, acne, and hirsutism of polycystic ovary syndrome in women: A cross-sectional study
Jung-Hee Kim, Oksoo Kim, Heeja Jung, Yanghee Pang, Hyunju Dan
Health Care for Women International.2022; 43(1-3): 85. CrossRef

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Original Articles

The Effects of Utilizing Smartphone Application Peer Support on Health Behavior and Body Mass Index among Breast Cancer Survivors: Gaeun Park, Haejung Lee, Hyun Yul Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(5):550-561. Published online January 15, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.5.550

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

This study aimed to identify the effects of utilizing Smartphone Application Peer Support (SAPS) on health behavior and body mass index (BMI) among overweight or obese breast cancer survivors (BCS).

Methods

A nonequivalent control group with a non-synchronized design was utilized and 36 participants (experimental group 14, control group 22) were recruited from August 2017 to September 2018. Participants were 40~65 years old, overweight or obese, had completed primary cancer treatment within the 12 months prior to the study, and had not done regular exercise during the last 6 months. The 3-month SAPS consisted of exercise and diet education (once p/2 weeks), peer support (once p/week), and self-monitoring using smartphone applications (5 times p/week). All participants underwent assessments at baseline, right after SAPS, and at 3 months after SAPS. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA.

Results

At the completion of SAPS significant differences were found between groups in motivation for exercise (t=-3.24, p=.005), physical activity (t=-4.15, p<.001), total calorie intake (t=3.42, p=.002), calories from fat (t=-3.01, p=.005), intake of vegetables (t=-2.83, p=.008), and BMI (t=5.21, p<.001). Significant differences in BMI (t=4.13, p<.001) remained up to 3 months after SAPS completion. No significant differences was shown between groups in self-efficacy for exercise, either immediately after or 3 months after SAPS.

Conclusion

The SAPS has the potential to improve motivation for exercise, health behavior, and BMI of BCS. However, special efforts are required to encourage participants to complete the intervention and maintain long-term effects for future trials.

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Suyoun Maeng, Jungok Yu
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Su Jin Seo, Ju-Hee Nho
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Ji-Su Kim, Minhae Kim, Yeji Seo
European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2023; 63: 102276. CrossRef
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Siew Lim, Wai Kit Lee, Andy Tan, Mingling Chen, Chau Thien Tay, Surbhi Sood, Stephanie Pirotta, Lisa J. Moran, Meena Daivadanam, Ljoudmila Busija, Helen Skouteris, Mamaru A. Awoke, Briony Hill
Obesity Reviews.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Ji Hee Choi, Seon-Joo Park, Hee Kwon, Hae-Jeung Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(1): 83. CrossRef

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The Age at Menopause and Related Factors in Korean Women: Young Joo Park, Hesook Suzie Kim, Hyun Choel Kang; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2002;32(7):1024-1031. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2002.32.7.1024

Abstract PDF

This cross-sectional design was to identify the age at menopause of Korean women using a national sample, and to examine relationships between age at menopause and the anthropometric, sociodemographic, biological and life style behavioral factors. Two thousand eight hundred seven naturally postmenopausal women aged between 41-65 years were recruited by self-selection from 7 metropolitans and 6 provinces in Korea from Dec. 20, 1998 to April 30, 1999. The age at menopause of Korean women was 49.2 years (mean) and 50.0 years (median). The range of age at menopause was 33.0 to 61.0 years. The significant influencing factors on age at menopause were body mass index, mother's and sister's age at menopause, alcohol use, physical activity, coffee preference, and residential area. The menopausal age of Korean women has slightly increased compared to a previous study.

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Correlation Among Waist to Hip Ratio, Body Fat, BMI, Weight and Serum Lipids in Obese College Women: HeaSook Kim, RanHee Hwang; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2000;30(7):1768-1777. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2000.30.7.1768

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the waist to hip ratio, body fat, BMI(Body Mass Index), weight, serum lipids and to examine the correlation between waist to hip ratio, body fat, BMI(Body Mass Index), weight and serum lipids in obese college women. The subject were 52 college women with a score above 25 on the BMI, between March and May of 2000 at G Women's University. Data has been analyzed by SPSS/PC using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The result of this study are as follows : 1. The mean of body weight and height of the subjects were 72.38kg, 160.23cm. 2. The mean of waist to hip ratio was 0.88, body fat was 38.88%, BMI(Body Mass Index) was 28.15, the level of total cholesterol was 174.88mg/dl, triglyceride was 104.29mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol was 50.83mg/dl, LDL-cholesterol was 104.23mg/dl. 3.Waist to hip ratio was more significantly correlated to triglyceride(r=.34, P<.05) and BMI(Body Mass Index) was more significantly correlated to triglyceride(r=.30, P<.05).

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Difference of the Obesity Index, Blood Pressure and Serum Lipids in Abdominal and Non Abdominal in Men and Women: Hee Seung Kim, Nam Cho Kim; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2000;30(4):948-955. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2000.30.4.948

Abstract PDF

This study was done to compare the difference of obesity index(waist-hip ratio, body fat, body mass index, relative body weight), blood pressure and serum lipids in abdominal obesity and non abdominal in both men and women. Abdominal and non abdominal obesity was divided into waist-hip ratio above 0.85 in women and 0.95 in men. The subjects were 412 adults (age range 40-59), who had regular health examinations between 1996 to 1997 at the S-Hospital in Seoul. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA (for adjusted for age) and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results were as follows: 1. 39.9% of men and 42.5% of women had abdominal obesity. The average age group of abdominal obesity was 50.8 which is older than the non abdominal obesity group(48.0). 2. After they were adjusted for age, the group of men who have abdominal obesity had higher levels in body fat, body mass index, relative body weight, blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol and triglyceride than the group of non abdominal obesity group. The group of women with abdominal obesity had higer levels in body fat, body mass index, relative body weight , blood pressure and triglyceride than the group of non abdominal obesity. 3. In the group of non abdominal obesity, the waist-hip ratio was significantly correlated to body fat, body mass index, relative body weight, blood pressure and serum lipids the group of abdominal obesity in men and women.

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Association between Obesity and the Prevalence of Disc Herniation Diseases Based on Cohort Data
Jieun Kim, Hoseok Kim, Kyungsik Jeong, Seungwon Paik, Sukyung Lee
Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation.2024; 34(4): 143. CrossRef

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The Predictive Model of Adolescent Women's Depression: Young Joo Park, Hee Kyung Kim, Jung Nam Sohn, Suk Hee Cheon, Hyun Jung Shin, Young Nam Chung; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1999;29(4):829-840. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1999.29.4.829

Abstract PDF: This study was condicted to construct a hypothetical model of depression in Korean adolescent women and validate the fit of the model to the empiricla data. The data were collected from 345 high school girls in Seoul, from May 1 to June 30, 1998. The instruments were the Body Mass Index, Physical Satisfaction Scale, Family Adaptatibility and Cohesion Evaluation Scale III, Family Satisfaction Scale, CES-D and School Adaptation Scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with the pc-SAS program. The Linear Structural Relationship(LISREL) modeling process was used to find the best fit model which would predict the causal relationships among the variables. The overall fit of the hypothetical model to the data was moderate [X2=69.6(df=17, p=.000), GFI=0.95, AGFI=0.90, RMR=0.087, NNFI=0.86, NFI=0.90]. The predictable variables, especially menstrual symptoms, physical symptoms and family function, had a significant direct effect on depression, but school life adaptation did not have a significant direct effect. These variables explained 18.1% of the total variance.

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Relation of the Blood Pressure, Lipids and Body Mass Index by Smoking Status Among Adolescents: Young Soon Byeon, Hea Shoon Lee; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2007;37(6):1020-1026. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2007.37.6.1020

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the relationship between blood pressure, lipids and body mass index by smoking status among adolescents. METHODS: This study was designed as a descriptive correlational study. General and smoking characteristics were collected using a questionnaire. The smoking group consisted of 42 (33%) students and the non smoking group 85 (67%) students. Blood pressure, lipids, height and weight were measured, and body mass index was calculated to kg/m2. The collected data was analyzed by the n(%), chi-square-test, t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient (SPSS 12.0). RESULTS: 1. The smoking level was different between grade, smoking status among the family, the contentment of their relationship with their parents, school life and teachers. 2. The smoking group's systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and body mass index were higher than those of the non smoking group. 3. The smoking amount had a significant positive correlation between total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSION: The result of this study offered basic data to develop intervention programs to prevent hypertension and hyperlipidemia in smoking adolescents.

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Sexuality and Related Factors of Postmenopausal Korean Women: Young Joo Park, Hesook Suzie Kim, Sung Ok Chang, Hyun Choel Kang, Sook Hee Chun; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2003;33(4):457-463. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2003.33.4.457

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This cross-sectional survey was conducted to describe the sexuality of Korean women after menopause using a national sample, and to examine relationships between the sexuality and demographic, body mass index, and life style factors including smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity.

Method

From Dec. 20, 1998 to April 30, 1999, 2196 naturally postmenopausal women aged between 41 and 65 years were recruited by a disproportional stratified random sampling method from 7 metropolitans and 6 provinces in Korea. The questionnaire was used to obtain information on the demographic characteristics, life style factors, body mass index, and sexual activities.

Result

The findings show that the frequency of intercourse after menopause decreased among most of postmenopausal Korean women (64.5%). The frequency of women reported their sexual activity as satisfactory was higher among women doing physical activity, not smoking, with higher educational status, with middle socioeconomic status, without sleep disturbance, with lower body mass index, and with good subjective health status.

Conclusion

Further studies need to be designed as the longitudinal studies with larger random samples and better measures of sexuality.

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Sexual satisfaction of postmenopausal women: An integrative review
Nasim Shahrahmani, Raheleh Babazadeh, Abbas Ebadi, Luiz F. Baccaro
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(7): e0306207. CrossRef
Association of Combined Tobacco Smoking and Oral Contraceptive Use With Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 2 or 3 in Korean Women
Hea Young Oh, Mi Kyung Kim, Sang-Soo Seo, Jae-Kwan Lee
Journal of Epidemiology.2016; 26(1): 22. CrossRef

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Factors Affecting Dementia Prevalence in People Aged 60 or Over: A Community based Cross-sectional Study: Seong Min Kim, Hyun-Ju Seo, Mi Ra Sung; J Korean Acad Nurs 2014;44(4):391-397. Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.4.391

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was done to examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and any type of clinical dementia.

Methods

Participants were 60,321 people over 60 years of age enrolled in the Seoul Dementia Management Project in 2011. K-MMSE was used to classify participants as having a cognitive impairment and the Clinical Dementia Rating or DSM-IV by psychiatrists or neurologists to determine whether participants were in the dementia group or the non-dementia group. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression analysis were performed.

Results

In the univariate analysis, age, education level, living with spouse, BMI, alcohol consumption, and exercise were significantly associated with dementia. In multivariable analysis, increasing age was positively associated with dementia, and educational level was negatively associated with dementia. The exercise group had a lower prevalence of dementia than the non-exercise group. The odds ratio of dementia in the over-weight and obese groups compared to the normal group was 0.85 (95% CI 0.60, 0.98) and 0.64 (95%CI 0.46, 0.75), respectively.

Conclusion

Results indicate that dementia is negatively associated with increasing BMI in people aged 60 years or older, but a prospective cohort study is needed to elucidate the causal effect relationship between BMI and dementia.

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Body Image Dissatisfaction as a Mediator of the Association between BMI, Self-esteem and Mental Health in Early Adolescents: A Multiple-group Path Analysis across Gender: Mi Heui Jang, Gyungjoo Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2013;43(2):165-175. Published online April 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.2.165

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was done to examine not only the relationships between body mass index (BMI), self-esteem, body image dissatisfaction (BID) and mental health, according to gender, but the mediating role of BID on mental health in relation to BMI and self-esteem among early adolescents.

Methods

Data from 576 (296 boys and 280 girls) elementary school students in grades 5 to 6 were collected. A multiple-group path analysis was utilized to examine the relationships between BMI, self-esteem, BID and mental health by gender.

Results

In the path analysis for all students, poor mental health was related directly to BID, while it was indirectly related to BMI and self-esteem. In the multiple-group path analysis of both genders, BID was found to have a significant direct and indirect effect on mental health for girls alone.

Conclusion

The findings suggested that BID should be examined early to prevent poor mental health in early adolescent girls. This study helps to elucidate the role of early adolescent BID on mental health and provides insight for further prevention and intervention programs in school and community mental health settings.

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Jihyun Seo, Hyesun Ma, Sunghee Kim, Jiyoung Kim, Minseo Shin, Yoon Jung Yang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(3): 153. CrossRef
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Impact of Prepregnancy Body Mass Index on Pregnancy Outcome in Women with a Singleton Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Technology and Spontaneously Conceived Pregnancy: A Case-Control Study: Ju Hee Kim, Hye Sook Shin, Bo Kyung Park, Kwang Moon Yang, Young Ho Lee, Hyun Mee Ryu; J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42(4):517-524. Published online August 12, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.4.517

Abstract PDF: Abstract Purpose
To compare and confirm the impact of prepregnancy body mass index on pregnancy outcome in women with a singleton conceived by assisted reproductive technology and spontaneously conceived pregnancy.
Methods
A sample of 165 and 247 pregnant women with and without assisted reproductive technology were retrospectively recruited from electronic medical charts of C hospital.
Results
There were significant differences between the two groups for maternal age, paternal age, length of marriage, prepregnancy body mass index, parity, spontaneous abortion experience, and preterm delivery. A prepregnancy body mass index of ≥25 was associated with higher risk for maternal and neonatal complication in the assisted reproductive technology group.
Conclusion
The results indicate that a higher prepregnancy body mass index is associated with increased risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes for women using assisted reproductive technology. So these women need appropriate care to compensate for the risk.

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Comparison in Weight, Height, Degree of Obesity and Body Mass Index Among Different Methods for Body Shape Classification in School-Age Children: Young-mee Ahn, Min Sohn, Sun-Ha Choi; J Korean Acad Nurs 2010;40(6):775-784. Published online December 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2010.40.6.775

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The study was conducted to describe body shapes of school age children using the degree of obesity index (DOI) and body mass index obesity index classified by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (M-BOI) and Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education (S-BOI).

Methods

In this cross sectional descriptive study health screening data for school children collected in 2007 was used.

Results

Data were analyzed for 2,193 4th-6th grade boys (52%) and girls who attended 4 schools in rural areas. DOI determined that only 44.3% of students had average weight. This proportion was much lower than the results of other methods (74.3-77.6%). All three methods defined girls (51.3-61.8%) as skinnier than boys. Skinny and average body shaped children classified by DOI and obese children classified by S-BOI were heavier and taller and presented higher degrees of obesity (DO) and BMI scores than by other methods. M-BOI and S-BOI presented statistically significant positive correlations with weight, height, DO and BMI, while DOI was not correlated with height.

Conclusion

BMI based body shape classifications provide a more rigorous classification of body shape which are favorable for school health professionals with limited resources and policy makers for internationally comparable references.

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Effects of Breast-feeding Education and Support Services on Breast-feeding Rates and Infant's Growth: Gun-Ja Jang, Sun-Hee Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2010;40(2):277-286. Published online April 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2010.40.2.277

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was done to investigate the effects of breast-feeding education and support services on rate of breast-feeding three and six months after birth, and the effect on infant's growth (weight, height, body mass index [BMI]). The experimental group which had both education and support services was compared with the control group which had only breast-feeding education.

Methods

This study was a quasi-experimental study with a time-series design. The participants were 39 mothers who were hospitalized for childbirth. Twenty mother were assigned to the experimental group and 19 mothers, to the control group. The breast feeding education was done during hospitalization, and support services were provided once a week after discharge for a month (a total 4 times) by a maternity ward nurse. Data regarding breastfeeding rate at one month after childbirth was collected by phone call; the breast-feeding rates at three and six months after childbirth were collected in a visit to the families. The child's weight and height were also measured during the visit.

Results

The experimental group had a statistically significant higher rate for frequency of breast-feeding at one, three and six months after childbirth than the control group. However, there was no meaningful difference between the two groups for infant growth.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that breast-feeding education is helpful for a start, but support services are also necessary to sustain breast-feeding.

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Women's Cancer Screening According to Body Mass Index in a Cohort of Rural Korean Women: Bo Hwan Kim, Sang Baek Koh, Hea Kung Hur, Jong-Ku Park, So Mi Park; J Korean Acad Nurs 2009;39(5):641-650. Published online October 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.5.641

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was done to examine the difference in cancer screening with mammography and Papanicolaou smear according to Body Mass Index (BMI).

Methods

The participants in this study were 5,912 women ages 40 to 69 yr, selected from the Korean Genomic Regional Cohort in Kangwon province. Mammography and Papanicolaou smear were assessed by questionnaire and body weight (kg) and height (m) measured to calculate BMI.

Results

The distribution of BMI was as follows: low weight (1.5%), normal weight (31.1%), over weight (24.6%), mildly obese (36.4%) and severely obese (6.3%). After adjusting for age, education and monthly income, compared with normal weight women, overweight women (odds ratio [OR]=1.283, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.089-1.513) and mildly obese women (OR=1.214, 95% CI=1.048-1.406) were less likely to have had mammography. In contrast to mammography, cancer screening with Papanicolaou smear was not significantly different by BMI.

Conclusion

Obese women in rural areas are less likely to screen for breast cancer by using mammography than non obese women. To ensure regular screening for breast cancer, health care providers need to give scrupulous care to obese women and remove barriers originated from obesity. Also, educational and clinical implications are considered to increase the Papanicolaou smear rate.

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