Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Research Paper

Diabetes Self-Management Experience of Patients with Diabetes: Focused on the Visually Impaired: Chang, Sun Ju , Lee, Kyoung-eun , Yang, Eunjin , Kim, Hee Jung; J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(1):92-104. Published online February 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20231

Purpose
This study aimed to understand and describe the diabetes self-management experience of visually impaired people with diabetes.
Methods
Ten participants were recruited through a website used by the visually impaired from February to March 2020. Data were collected through two focus group interviews conducted in June 2020; each group consisted of five participants. All interviews were recorded with the consent of the participants and transcribed verbatim. The transcribed data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
Results
Seven categories were as follows; a two-faced, lifelong companion, an unprepared encounter, struggle to live, love-hate relationship with family, strategies to adapt, lessening attention to self-management, the desire to learn properly.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that the visually impaired have fewer opportunities for receiving diabetes self-management education than general diabetic patients. Consequently, plans to improve the education available to such patients are required. Additionally, psychological counseling and diabetes education for patients’ families are necessary, and improving the perception of medical workers regarding the visually impaired will be prove useful.

Citations

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Widening disparities in the national prevalence of diabetes mellitus for people with disabilities in South Korea
I. Hwang, S.Y. Kim, Y.Y. Kim, J.H. Park
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A Tailored Intervention for Improving Diabetes Self-care Among Adults With Visual Impairment: A Pilot Study
Hee Jung Kim, Kyoung-eun Lee, Eunjin Yang, Sun Ju Chang
Canadian Journal of Diabetes.2024; 48(6): 394. CrossRef
The Impact of Visual Impairment on Healthcare Use among Four Medical Institution Types: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study in Korea
Boyoung Jeon, Heejo Koo, Hee Kyoung Choi, Euna Han
Yonsei Medical Journal.2023; 64(7): 455. CrossRef
Association between Visual Impairment and Nutritional Risk among Older Adults with Diabetes: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Eunjin Yang, Kyung Hee Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2023; 53(2): 167. CrossRef
Who are the most vulnerable populations for primary care? Avoidable hospitalizations across individuals with different types of disabilities in South Korea
S. Kim, B. Jeon
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Factors Associated With Diabetes Self-Care Behaviors of People With Visual Impairment: A Cross-Sectional Study
Sun Ju Chang, Hee Jung Kim, Kyoung-eun Lee, Eunjin Yang
The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care.2022; 48(5): 324. CrossRef

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Original Articles

The Effect of Intracuff Pressure Adjustment on Postoperative Sore Throat and Hoarseness after Nitrous Oxide and Air Anesthesia: An Na Gu, Mi Yu; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(2):215-224. Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.2.215

Abstract PDF

Purpose

To investigate the differences in postoperative sore throat and hoarseness by adjustment of endotracheal tube cuff pressure (CP) during nitrous oxide (N₂O) and air anesthesia.

Methods

A one-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. Data were collected from August 8 to October 19, 2017 and analyzed using the independent t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Eighty-four participants were enrolled and divided into three groups: 28 in the Control Group (CP adjusted every 30 minutes using N₂O), 28 in Experimental Group 1 (CP adjusted every 10 minutes using N₂O), and 28 in Experimental Group 2 (non-adjusted CP using air), all of whom underwent urologic, gynecologic, and orthopedic surgeries at the G University hospital. Sore throat was assessed using a numeric rating scale; hoarseness was evaluate using the Stout classification at 1, 6, and 24 hours after surgery.

Results

Scores for sore throat and hoarseness were significantly different between the groups at each measurement time, and scores were consistently higher in the control group. During subsequent measurements, sore throat and hoarseness scores were significantly lower at 6 hours. Cuff pressure changed significantly using air anesthesia (χ²=10.41, p=.015) up to 2 hours after induction. Severe sore throat and hoarseness was observed for up to 6 hours after surgery.

Conclusion

Cuff pressure adjustment at short time intervals would be helpful in reducing postoperative sore throat and hoarseness. Nursing intervention focused on prevention of sore throat and hoarseness should be required up to 6 hours postoperatively in patients undergoing endotracheal intubation.

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Young Uk Kim, Byong Hyon Cho, Hyung Rae Cho
Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing.2022; 37(1): 6. CrossRef

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Development and Validation of the Communication Behavior Scale for Nurses Caring for People with Dementia: Jihye Lee, Moonhee Gang; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(1):1-13. Published online January 15, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.1.1

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Communication Behavior Scale for nurses caring for people with Dementia (CBS-D).

Methods

Based on communication accommodation theory, the initial items were generated through a literature review and interviews with 20 experts. Content and face validity of the initial items were assessed. Data from 486 nurses caring for people with dementia were analyzed using item analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-related validity, and internal consistency.

Results

The final scale consisted of 18 items and four factors (discourse response management, interpersonal control, emotional expression, and interpretability) that explained 57.6% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the theoretical model with 18 items satisfied all goodness-of-fit parameters. Criterion-related validity was shown by the Global Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale (r=.506, p<.001). Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was .88.

Conclusion

The CBS-D can be used to measure the communication behavior of nurses caring for people with dementia.

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Hyun Ju Bong, Mikyoung Lee
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Da Eun Kim, Min Jung Kim
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Nursing students' experiences as dementia partners in volunteer activities: An inductive content analysis
Dooree Kim, Yunhee Park
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Development of an Instrument to Assess the Quality of Childbirth Care from the Mother's Perspective: Geum Hee Jeong, Hyun Kyoung Kim, Young Hee Kim, Sun-Hee Kim, Sun Hee Lee, Kyung Won Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2018;48(1):38-49. Published online January 15, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.1.38

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

This study aimed to develop an instrument to assess the quality of childbirth care from the perspective of a mother after delivery.

Methods

The instrument was developed from a literature review, interviews, and item validation. Thirty-eight items were compiled for the instrument. The data for validity and reliability testing were collected using a questionnaire survey conducted on 270 women who had undergone normal vaginal delivery in Korea and analyzed with descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability coefficients.

Results

The exploratory factor analysis reduced the number of items in the instrument to 28 items that were factored into four subscales: family-centered care, personal care, emotional empowerment, and information provision. With respect to convergence validation, there was positive correlation between this instrument and birth satisfaction scale (r=.34, p<.001). The internal consistency reliability was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha =.96).

Conclusion

This instrument could be used as a measure of the quality of nursing care for women who have a normal vaginal delivery.

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Maternal Health Effects of Internet-Based Education Interventions during the Postpartum Period: A Systematic Review
Jung Mi Chae, Hyun Kyoung Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2021; 32(1): 116. CrossRef
Internet-based prenatal interventions for maternal health among pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis
JungMi Chae, Hyun Kyoung Kim
Children and Youth Services Review.2021; 127: 106079. CrossRef
Development and Evaluation of Prenatal Education for Environmental Health Behavior Using Cartoon Comics
Hyun Kyoung Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Mirim Kim, Seohwa Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(4): 478. CrossRef
Development and Effect of Nurse-Centered Doula Support Program for Mothers with Natural Childbirth: PILOT TEST
Jimi Park, Ho Ran Park
Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health.2019; 23(4): 269. CrossRef
Comparison of the Quality of Nursing Care as Perceived by Pediatric Nurses and Mothers of Hospitalized Children
So Yeon Yoo, Yae Young Kim, Haeryun Cho
Child Health Nursing Research.2018; 24(4): 373. CrossRef

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Development of Job Satisfaction Scale for Clinical Nurses: Byoung-Sook Lee, Yong-Sook Eo, Mi-Aie Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2018;48(1):12-25. Published online January 15, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.1.12

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

This study was performed to develop the Job Satisfaction Scale for Clinical Nurses (JSS-CN) and verify its validity and reliability.

Methods

A preliminary 42-item version of the JSS-CN was developed through literature reviews and in-depth interviews. The draft scale was developed using thirty-seven items selected following content validity evaluation. Finally, thirty-three items with response options on a 5-point Likert scale were selected based on internal consistency reliability and construct validity. Subsequently, the test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the JSS-CN were verified.

Results

Six factors, namely, recognition from the organization and professional achievement, personal maturation through the nursing profession, interpersonal interaction with respect and recognition, accomplishment of accountability as a nurse, display of professional competency, and stability and job worth, were identified, which explained 59.7% of the total variance. The JSS-CN's Cronbach's a for the total scale was .95, and the intra-class correlation coefficient was .90. The correlation coefficient between the scores of the JSS-CN and Slavitt's scale was .75, and that between the JSS-CN and job performance was .53.

Conclusion

Results showed that the JSS-CN has good reliability and validity. Therefore, it is concluded that the JSS-CN could be a useful tool for the measurement of the job satisfaction of clinical nurses in Korea.

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A Survey on Functional Status among Low-Income Older Adults Living at Home: Kyung Ja June, Yoon Mi Cho; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2001;31(5):749-758. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2001.31.5.749

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to analyze the functional status of low income elderly living at home according to their socio-economic factors, sensory function, health status, medical service utilization, commodity and types of chronic disease.
METHOD
Functional status was defined by the level of mobility, ADL and IADL categorized as independently functional, mildly impaired, moderately disabled, and severely disabled. The data was collected by home-visit interviews with 567 community dwelling adults who were 65 years of age or more with low a income status subsidized by government in ChonAn.
RESULTS
9.9% of community dwelling older adults were severely disabled, and 44.4% were moderately disabled in their functional status. There were significant differences in the functional status by age, education, religion, and types of family structure. The older adults with hearing impairment or dental problems had a significantly higher rate of severe disability. Self-rated health status and medical service utilization were also significant factors to the differences in functional status. The functional status of older adults was also significantly related to the presence of chronic health problems such as chronic back pain, stroke, and Alzheimer-dementia.
CONCLUSION
The results confirmed that community dwelling older adults with low income status were more functionally disabled in comparison to general older adults at national level, while the relating factors to their functional status seemed similar to other studies on older adults. Further studies were suggested to look into functional status longitudinally and focus on the changes of functional status by managing modifiable influencing factors.

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Effects of Case Management using Resident Assessment Instrument-Home Care (RAI-HC) in Home Health Services for Older People
Kyung Ja June, Ji Yun Lee, Jong Lull Yoon
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2009; 39(3): 366. CrossRef

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The Effects of Artificial Dead Space on the Pulmonary Ventilation of Intubated Children with Mechanical Ventilation: Cheong Suk Yoo, Sun Hee Yun, Gei Hee Song, Yul Ha Min; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2001;31(1):31-42. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2001.31.1.31

Abstract PDF: This study was done to evaluate the effect reducing artificial dead space on intubated children. Data were collected from July 1st, 1998 to August 31st, 1999. The subjects were selected from a pediatric intensive care unit of 'S' hospital and intubated with 3.5 mm or 4.5 mm endotracheal tube after open heart surgery. They were composed of 34 patients : 17 patients were assigned to the experimental group and the rest of them were placed in the control group. The artificial airway volume was minimized in the experimental group, and the control group maintained the artificial airway volume. ETCO2, PaCO2, SPO2 were measured as indicators of pulmonary ventilation. The tools of this study were GEM-Premier and Space-Lab patient monitors. The data were analyzed using the SPSS/PC+ program. The Chi2 -test was used to find general characteristics. The t-test was used to test the homogenety of the pulmonary ventilation status and mechanical ventilation setting before intervention between the two groups. Also, the paired t-test was used to examine the hypothesis. The results can be summerized as : 1. CO2 can be expelled effectively from the body in case artificial dead space was decreased. 2. As the artificial dead space was reduced, the difference between ETCO2 and PaCO2 was decreased, in other words pulmonary ventilation was improved. 3. If the artificial dead space occupied above 15 percent of tidal volume, the effect of CO2 was retention revealed in the body. 4. If the artificial dead space occupied below 1.5 percent of tidal volume, there was no dead space effect. Based on the results, the following is suggested to be applied practically : 1. A kind of the ventilator circuit acting artificial dead space should be removed from the intubated children with mechanical ventilaion. 2. The endotracheal tube should not be cut because extra-body space of the endotracheal tube did not have an effect on the dead space of the intubated children. Since the researcher could not cover this aspect in the study, they recommend the following. 1. The study should be extended to the other pulmonary disease patients for the effect of improving pulmonary ventilation. 2. Also, further studying with a more narrow interval in the extra-body space of the artificial airway will be able to explain the point of artificial dead space with proper ventilation.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Fasting Glucose of Adults: Hee Seung Kim, You Ja Ro, Nam Cho Kim, Yang Sook Yoo, Jin Sun Young, Jeong Ah Oh; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2000;30(6):1479-1487. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2000.30.6.1479

Abstract PDF

This study was conducted to draw out prevalence and the risk factors of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose for adults,(age 30-69). The subjects were 2096 adults, who had regular health examinations between January and December of 1999 at K Hospital in Seoul. The data was analyzed using chi-square test, unpaired t-test and logistic regression. Diabetes Mellitus and impaired fasting glucose were diagnosed by ADA (American Diabetes Association, 1997) criteria. The results were as follows: 1. Mens' prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus was 7.9% and womens' prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus was 3.8%. Mens' prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was 10.4% and womens' prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was 6.5%. Prevalences of Diabetes Mellitus and impaired fasting glucose increased with age. 2. Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and impaired fasting glucose of obese subjects (relative body weight>=162) was higher than that of overweight subjects (110<=relative body weight<=119) in men and women. 3. The diagnoses of Diabetes Mellitus and impaired fasting glucose increased with systolic blood pressure and triglyceride. 4. Significant factors associated with diabetes in the logistic regression best gut model were age, relative body weight, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride in men, and systolic blood pressure in women. In conclusion, as age, weight, systolic blood pressure and triglyceride get higher, Diabetes Mellitus and impaired fasting glucose prevalence also increases, porportionally.

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Soo-Hee Jin
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Jae Woong Sull, Soriul Kim, Sun Ha Jee
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Health Status of Women Caregivers and Negative and Positive Impacts of Family Caregiving: Jin Sun Kim; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2000;30(3):632-646. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2000.30.3.632

Abstract PDF

The purpose of this study was to examine the health status of the daughter and daughter- in-law caregivers who care for a cognitively and/or functionally impaired elderly, individual to identify factors that were related to reported health outcomes, and to investigate the negative and positive impacts of family caregiving. Data was collected from 120 daughter and daughter-in-law caregivers and care-recipients using face to face interviews. Most caregivers were daughters- in-law (77.5%) and most care-recipients were female (88.3%). Sixty-eight percent (n=81) of caregivers reported depressive symptomatology. General health also deteriorated by caregiving. Caregivers reported several negative impacts (difficulties): care-recipients' problematic behaviors, deterioration of their own health, pressure from social norms related to family caregiving in Korea, intrafamily conflict, and economic problems. Contrary to the popular belief, caregivers reported diverse positive impacts of family caregiving (68.3%): a sense of filial responsibilities, recognition from elderly, family members, relatives, and society, education for the children, and familial harmony. Higher depression score was predicted by lower family income, the presence of cognitive impairment of care-recipients, and higher level of social conflict of caregivers. Poor general health of caregivers was predicted by older caregivers' age, lower competing roles of caregivers, and poor emotional health. While not seeking to deny the negative aspects of family caregiving, it is also necessary to understand positive aspects of family caregiving to see complete picture of caring for an elderly family member.

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“When I hear my language, I travel back in time and I feel at home”: Intersections of culture with social inclusion and exclusion of persons with dementia and their caregivers
Rossio Motta-Ochoa, Paola Bresba, Jason Da Silva Castanheira, Chelsey Lai Kwan, Shaindl Shaffer, Omega Julien, Meghan William, Stefanie Blain-Moraes
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Factors Associated with Family Caregiver Burden for Patients with Dementia: A Literature Review
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Effect of Cancer Symptoms and Fatigue on Chemotherapy-related Cognitive Impairment and Depression in People with Gastrointestinal Cancer: Pok Ja Oh, Jung Ran Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(3):420-430. Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.3.420

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to test a hypothetical model of chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) and depression in people with gastrointestinal cancer.

Methods

A purposive sample of 198 patients undergoing chemotherapy was recruited from November 2014 to July 2015. The instruments were Everyday Cognition (ECog), Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F), and M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory-Gastrointestinal Cancer Module. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and path analysis.

Results

CRCI was directly affected by cancer symptoms (β=.19, p=.004) and fatigue (β=.56, p<.001)(R²=47.2%). Depression was directly affected by fatigue (β=.48, p<.001) and CRCI (β=.27, p<.001). However, The impact of cancer symptoms on depression was confirmed through the mediating effect of CRCI.

Conclusion

Results indicate that in patients with gastrointestinal cancer undergoing chemotherapy along with the direct physiologic effects (fatigue, symptoms) of cancer treatment may have altered cognitive function leading to depression.

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A Validation Study of the Korean Version of the Jefferson Empathy Scale for Health Professionals for Korean Nurses: Hye-Ran Ryu, Kyung-Sook Bang; J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(2):207-214. Published online April 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.2.207

Abstract PDF

Purpose

To validate the Korean Version of the Jefferson Empathy Scale for Health professionals (K-JSE-HP) in a sample of Korean nurses.

Methods

Internal consistency reliability, construct and criterion validity were calculated using SPSS (22.0) and AMOS (22.0). Data were collected from 253 nurses (230 women, 23 men) working at one university hospital in Seoul, South Korea.

Results

The Korean version of JSE-HP showed reliable internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha for the total scale of .89, and .74~.84 for subscales. The model of three subscales for the K-JSE-HP was validated by confirmatory factor analysis (χ²=864.60, Q=6.55, p<.001, CFI=.94, NNFI=.92). Criterion validity compared to the Interpersonal Reaction Index (IRI) showed significant correlation.

Conclusion

The findings of this study demonstrate that the Korean JSE-HP shows satisfactory construct and criterion validity and reliability. It is a useful tool to measure Korean nurses' empathy.

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Chemotherapy-related Cognitive Impairment and Quality of Life in People with Colon Cancer: The Mediating Effect of Psychological Distress: Pok Ja Oh, Jeong Hye Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(1):19-28. Published online February 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.1.19

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to test the mediating effect of psychological distress in the relationship between chemotherapy related cognitive impairment (CRCI) and quality of life (QOL) in people with cancer.

Methods

A purposive sample of 130 patients undergoing chemotherapy was recruited for the cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected from November 2014 to June 2015. The instruments were K-MMSE (Korean Mini-Mental State Examination), Everyday Cognition (ECog), Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression using Baron and Kenny steps for mediation.

Results

The mean score for objective cognitive function was 27.95 and 69.32 for perceived cognitive decline. Overall quality of life was 91.74. The mean score was 17.52 for psychological distress. The prevalence was 56.2% for anxiety and 63.1% for depression, and 20.0% for CRCI. There were significant correlations among the variables, objective cognitive function and self-reported cognitive decline, psychological distress, and quality of life. Psychological distress was directly affected by CRCI. (R²=29%). QOL was directly affected by CRCI. Psychological distress and CRCI effected QOL (R²=43%). Psychological distress had a partial mediating effect (β= -.56, p <.001) in the relationship between self-reported cognitive decline and quality of life (Sobel test: Z= -5.08, p <.001).

Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, nursing intervention programs focusing on managing cognitive decline, and decreasing psychological distress are highly recommended to improve quality of life in cancer patients.

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Eun-Hee Lee, Dongwon Choi
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Senbang Yao, Wen Li, Shaochun Liu, Yinlian Cai, Qianqian Zhang, Lingxue Tang, Sheng Yu, Yanyan Jing, Xiangxiang Yin, Huaidong Cheng
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Bok Yae Chung, Eun Hee Choi, Gyung Duck Kim, Kyung Hae Kim, Hye Sun Byun
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Psychometric Properties and Item Evaluation of Korean Version of Night Eating Questionnaire (KNEQ): Beomjong Kim, Inja Kim, Heejung Choi; J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(1):109-117. Published online February 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.1.109

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The aim of this study was to develop a Korean version of Night Eating Questionnaire (KNEQ) and test its psychometric properties and evaluate items according to item response theory.

Methods

The 14-item NEQ as a measure of severity of the night eating syndrome was translated into Korean, and then this KNEQ was evaluated. A total of 1171 participants aged 20 to 50 completed the KNEQ on the Internet. To test reliability and validity, Cronbach's alpha, correlation, simple regression, and factor analysis were used. Each item was analyzed according to Rasch-Andrich rating scale model and item difficulty, discrimination, infit/outfit, and point measure correlation were evaluated.

Results

Construct validity was evident. Cronbach's alpha was .78. The items of evening hyperphagia and nocturnal ingestion showed high ability in discriminating people with night eating syndrome, while items of morning anorexia and mood/sleep provided relatively little information. The results of item analysis showed that item2 and item7 needed to be revised to improve the reliability of KNEQ.

Conclusion

KNEQ is an appropriate instrument to measure severity of night eating syndrome with good validity and reliability. However, further studies are needed to find cut-off scores to screen persons with night eating syndrome.

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Vojkan Aleksic, Marija Milic, Jelena Dotlic, Biljana Jeremic, Branislav Djerkovic, Ivan Radic, Ana Karanovic, Ljiljana Kulic, Milivoje Galjak, Tatjana Gazibara
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Methodological Issues in Questionnaire Design: Youngshin Song, Youn-Jung Son, Doonam Oh; J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(3):323-328. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.3.323

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The process of designing a questionnaire is complicated. Many questionnaires on nursing phenomena have been developed and used by nursing researchers. The purpose of this paper was to discuss questionnaire design and factors that should be considered when using existing scales.

Methods

Methodological issues were discussed, such as factors in the design of questions, steps in developing questionnaires, wording and formatting methods for items, and administrations methods. How to use existing scales, how to facilitate cultural adaptation, and how to prevent socially desirable responding were discussed. Moreover, the triangulation method in questionnaire development was introduced.

Results

Steps were recommended for designing questions such as appropriately operationalizing key concepts for the target population, clearly formatting response options, generating items and confirming final items through face or content validity, sufficiently piloting the questionnaire using item analysis, demonstrating reliability and validity, finalizing the scale, and training the administrator. Psychometric properties and cultural equivalence should be evaluated prior to administration when using an existing questionnaire and performing cultural adaptation.

Conclusion

In the context of well-defined nursing phenomena, logical and systematic methods will contribute to the development of simple and precise questionnaires.

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Model for Unplanned Self Extubation of ICU Patients Using System Dynamics Approach: Yu Gil Song, Eun Kyoung Yun; J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(2):280-292. Published online April 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.2.280

Abstract PDF

Purpose

In this study a system dynamics methodology was used to identify correlation and nonlinear feedback structure among factors affecting unplanned extubation (UE) of ICU patients and to construct and verify a simulation model.

Methods

Factors affecting UE were identified through a theoretical background established by reviewing literature and preceding studies and referencing various statistical data. Related variables were decided through verification of content validity by an expert group. A causal loop diagram (CLD) was made based on the variables. Stock & Flow modeling using Vensim PLE Plus Version 6.0b was performed to establish a model for UE.

Results

Based on the literature review and expert verification, 18 variables associated with UE were identified and CLD was prepared. From the prepared CLD, a model was developed by converting to the Stock & Flow Diagram. Results of the simulation showed that patient stress, patient in an agitated state, restraint application, patient movability, and individual intensive nursing were variables giving the greatest effect to UE probability. To verify agreement of the UE model with real situations, simulation with 5 cases was performed. Equation check and sensitivity analysis on TIME STEP were executed to validate model integrity.

Conclusion

Results show that identification of a proper model enables prediction of UE probability. This prediction allows for adjustment of related factors, and provides basic data do develop nursing interventions to decrease UE.

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Hee Moon Lim, Hyejung Lee, Mi Jung Park, Jeong Eun Shin
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A Validation Study of the Modified Korean Version of Ethical Leadership at Work Questionnaire (K-ELW): Jeong-Eon Kim, Eun-Jun Park; J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(2):240-250. Published online April 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.2.240

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to validate the Korean version of the Ethical Leadership at Work questionnaire (K-ELW) that measures RNs' perceived ethical leadership of their nurse managers.

Methods

The strong validation process suggested by Benson (1998), including translation and cultural adaptation stage, structural stage, and external stage, was used. Participants were 241 RNs who reported their perceived ethical leadership using both the pre-version of K-ELW and a previously known Ethical Leadership Scale, and interactional justice of their managers, as well as their own demographics, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, reliability coefficients, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. SPSS 19.0 and Amos 18.0 versions were used.

Results

A modified K-ELW was developed from construct validity evidence and included 31 items in 7 domains: People orientation, task responsibility fairness, relationship fairness, power sharing, concern for sustainability, ethical guidance, and integrity. Convergent validity, discriminant validity, and concurrent validity were supported according to the correlation coefficients of the 7 domains with other measures.

Conclusion

The results of this study provide preliminary evidence that the modified K-ELW can be adopted in Korean nursing organizations, and reliable and valid ethical leadership scores can be expected.

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Influence of Ethical Leadership of Nursing Unit Managers on Job Embeddedness of Staff Nurses: Focusing on Mediating Effect of Trust in Supervisor
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Influence of Head Nurses' Ethical Leadership on Job Satisfaction among Staff Nurses: Mediating Effect of Affective Commitment
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Risk Factors for Deliberate Self-extubation: Young Shin Cho, Jung Hee Yeo; J Korean Acad Nurs 2014;44(5):573-580. Published online October 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.5.573

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was conducted to analyze intubation survival rates according to characteristics and to identify the risk factors affecting deliberate self-extubation.

Methods

Data were collected from patients' electronic medical reports from one hospital in B city. Participants were 450 patients with endotracheal intubation being treated in intensive care units. The collected data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimation, Log rank test, and Cox's proportional hazards model.

Results

Over 15 months thirty-two (7.1%) of the 450 intubation patients intentionally extubated themselves. The patients who had experienced high level of consciousness, agitation. use of sedative, application of restraints, and day and night shift had significantly lower intubation survival rates. Risk factors for deliberate self-extubation were age (60 years and over), unit (neurological intensive care), level of consciousness (higher), agitation, application of restraints, shift (night), and nurse-to-patient ratio (one nurse caring for two or more patients).

Conclusion

Appropriate use of sedative drugs, effective treatment to reduce agitation, sufficient nurse-to-patient ratio, and no restraints for patients should be the focus to diminish the number of deliberate self-extubations.

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YoungJu Eim, Su Jung Choi
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Jaejin Kang, Yang-Sook Yoo
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2022; 34(2): 158. CrossRef
Incidence of Unplanned Extubation and Related Factors of Reintubation in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Hee Moon Lim, Hyejung Lee, Mi Jung Park, Jeong Eun Shin
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Takeshi Unoki, Hideaki Sakuramoto, Shunsuke Taito, Yuki Kataoka
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Comparison of Demographic Characteristics, Comorbidity, and Health Habits of Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Older Adults with Normal Cognitive Function: Myonghwa Park, Mi Ra Sung, Sun Kyung Kim, Dong Young Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2014;44(4):351-360. Published online August 15, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.4.351

Abstract PDF

Abstract Purpose

This study was done to compare demographic characteristics, comorbidity, and health habits of elders with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and elders with cognitively normal function (CNF).

Methods

Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the Database of the Seoul Dementia Management Project for 5,773 adults age 60 and above.

Results

The MCI group showed an older age distribution, but there was no significant education difference between the two groups. Elders with MCI had more diabetes and stroke than elders with CNF. In subgroups, the same findings were observed in women, but not in men. While more men with MCI had hypertension compared to men with CNF, there was no significant difference in hypertension between the two groups for women. Elders with MCI, men in particular, had a lower prevalence of obesity than men with CNF. MCI individuals did less exercise compared to individuals with CNF. While there were no significant differences in alcohol consumption and smoking between MCI and CNF groups, the over 80's subgroup with MCI reported more alcohol consumption.

Conclusion

Findings from this study could be helpful in designing community-based dementia prevention programs and health policies to reduce the prevalence of dementia or related cognitive impairments.

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Manchmal trink ich auch Wasser… – Alkoholkonsum von Menschen mit leichter kognitiver Beeinträchtigung
Carolin Donath, Elmar Gräßel, Julia-Sophia Scheuermann, Sophia Bösl, Petra Scheerbaum
Psychiatrische Praxis.2024; 51(01): 39. CrossRef
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Jinhee Shin, Eunhee Cho, Gwang Suk Kim, Heejung Kim, Byoung Seok Ye, Chang-Gi Park
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2023; 25(3): 217. CrossRef
Characteristics and Factors Associated with Cognitive Decline of Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Eul Hee Roh
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Potential genetic biomarkers are found to be associated with both cognitive function and blood pressure: A bivariate genome-wide association analysis
Liming Zhang, Weijing Wang, Chunsheng Xu, Haiping Duan, Xiaocao Tian, Dongfeng Zhang
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Examining the effects of multiple chronic conditions on cognitive decline and potential moderators among older Koreans: Findings from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing 2006–2016
Yura Lee, Chi C. Cho
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Sujin Choi, Jee Eun Sung, Jee Hyang Jeong
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HyunSoo Oh, JinA Mo, WhaSook Seo
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Factors Influencing Participation in National Health Screening Program among Korean Older Adults by Cognitive Function Level
Song Yi Han, Young Ko
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Causal Relationships Between Modifiable Risk Factors of Cognitive Impairment, Cognitive Function, Self-Management, and Quality of Life in Patients With Rheumatic Diseases
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Younhee Kang, Sun A Whang, Kuemju Park
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Effects of Open or Closed Suctioning on Lung Dynamics and Hypoxemia in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: Eun Young Lee, Su Hyun Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2014;44(2):149-158. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.2.149

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study was conducted to compare effects of open and closed suctioning methods on lung dynamics (dynamic compliance, tidal volume, and airway resistance) and hypoxemia (oxygen saturation and heart rate) in mechanically ventilated patients.
Methods
This study was a cross-over repeated design. Participants were 21 adult patients being treated with endotracheal intubation using a pressure-controlled ventilator below Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO₂) 60% and PEEP 8 cmH₂O. Data were collected at baseline and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 minutes after suctioning. Data were analyzed using two-factor ANOVA with repeated measures on time and suctioning type.
Results
Effects of the interaction between suction type and time were significant for oxygen saturation and heart rate but not significant for dynamic compliance, tidal volume, or airway resistance. Prior to performance of suctioning, tidal volume and oxygen saturation were significantly lower, but airway pressure and heart rate were significantly higher using the closed suctioning method as compared with the open suctioning method.
Conclusion
For patients on ventilator therapy below FiO₂ 60% and PEEP 8cmH₂O, open suctioning performed after delivery of 100% FiO₂ using a mechanical ventilator may not have as much negative impact on lung dynamics and hypoxemia as closed suctioning.

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Measurement Properties of Self-report Questionnaires Published in Korean Nursing Journals: Eun-Hyun Lee, Chun-Ja Kim, Eun Jung Kim, Hyun-Ju Chae, Soo-Yeon Cho; J Korean Acad Nurs 2013;43(1):50-58. Published online February 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.1.50

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate measurement properties of self-report questionnaires for studies published in Korean nursing journals.

Methods

Of 424 Korean nursing articles initially identified, 168 articles met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the measurements used in the studies and interpretability were assessed using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. It consists of items on internal consistency, reliability, measurement error, content validity, construct validity including structural validity, hypothesis testing, cross-cultural validity, and criterion validity, and responsiveness. For each item of the COSMIN checklist, measurement properties are rated on a four-point scale: excellent, good, fair, and poor. Each measurement property is scored with worst score counts.

Results

All articles used the classical test theory for measurement properties. Internal consistency (72.6%), construct validity (56.5%), and content validity (38.2%) were most frequently reported properties being rated as 'excellent' by COSMIN checklist, whereas other measurement properties were rarely reported.

Conclusion

A systematic review of measurement properties including interpretability of most instruments warrants further research and nursing-focused checklists assessing measurement properties should be developed to facilitate intervention outcomes across Korean studies.

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A Psychometric Validation of the Korean Version of Disaster Response Self-Efficacy Scale for Nursing Students
Sung Hae Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(4): 2804. CrossRef
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Ki-Eun Kim, Hyejung Lee, Na-Young Jeon
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Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of Assessment of Health Literacy in Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening
Hye Sook Shin, Eunlim Chi, Hae-Ra Han
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A Systematic Review of Measurement Properties of Spirituality related Assessment Tools Published in Korean Journals
Il-Sun Ko, Jin Sook Kim, Soyoung Choi
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Systematic Review of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index used for Measuring Sleep Quality among Adults with Trauma Experiences
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Reliability and validation of the Korean Compassionate Communication Scale
Hae-Kyung Jo, Sook Kyoung Park, EunJu Song
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Kyung-Sook Bang, Sungjae Kim, Yeseul Jeong, Min Kyung Song, Gumhee Lee, Jihee Lim
STRESS.2019; 27(4): 287. CrossRef
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Sang Hui Chu, Yoon Ju Lee, Young Joo Lee, Charles S. Cleeland
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Psychometric Properties of Korean Minimal Insomnia Screening Scale: Inja Kim, Sungjae Kim, Beomjong Kim, Heejung Choi; J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42(6):853-860. Published online December 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.6.853

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purposes of this study were to develop a Minimal Insomnia Screening Scale for Korean adults (KMISS) and to evaluate psychometric properties and discriminant ability of the developed scale.

Methods

Data from a cross-sectional survey of 959 Korean adults were analyzed to develop the summated insomnia scale, which was evaluated in terms of reliability, validity, and discriminant ability by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis.

Results

Item-total correlations ranged between .71-.79 and Cronbach's α was .87. Adequate validity was also evident. ROC-curve analysis showed area under ROC was .87 (95% CI: .84-.90) and identified the optimal cut-off score as ≤ 20 (sensitivity, .83; specificity, .75; positive/negative predictive values, .40/.95). Using this cut-off score, the prevalence of insomnia in the study sample was 26.3% and most frequent among women and the oldest group.

Conclusion

Data supports the psychometric properties of KMISS as a possible insomnia screening instrument. KMISS also shows promise as a convenient ultra-short screening measure of insomnia for adults and epidemiological studies in community health care settings.

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Assessing Sleep Quality Using Mobile EMAs: Opportunities, Practical Consideration, and Challenges
Jiyoun Lim, Chi Yoon Jeong, Jeong Muk Lim, Seungeun Chung, Gague Kim, Kyoung Ju Noh, Hyuntae Jeong
IEEE Access.2022; 10: 2063. CrossRef
Factors that Influence Sleep among Residents in Long-Term Care Facilities
Da Eun Kim, Ju Young Yoon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(6): 1889. CrossRef
Psychometric Properties of the Korean Versions of Three Sleep Evaluation Questionnaires
Heejung Choi, Sungjae Kim, Beomjong Kim, Inja Kim
Clinical Nursing Research.2015; 24(5): 526. CrossRef
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sleep Disturbance in Community Dwelling Adults in Korea
Heejung Choi, Beomjong Kim, Inja Kim
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2013; 25(2): 183. CrossRef

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A Meta-analysis of Chemotherapy related Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Breast Cancer: Jin-Hee Park, Sun Hyoung Bae; J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42(5):644-658. Published online October 12, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.5.644

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cognitive effects of chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer.

Methods

Using several databases, prospective studies were collected up to August 2011. Of 2,106 publications identified, 12 met the inclusion criteria, and 8 studies were used to estimate the effect size of chemotherapy on cognitive impairment.

Results

Twelve studies were done since 2005 and most of the research was performed in Europe or North America. Eight studies were used to generate effect size across the cognitive domains of attention/concentration, verbal and visual memory, executive function, visuospatial skill, language, and subjective cognitive function. Each of the cognitive domains showed small effect sizes (-0.02 ~ -0.26), indicating diminished cognitive function for the chemotherapy group compared with non-chemotherapy groups.

Conclusion

Finding suggests that breast cancer patients who undergo chemotherapy may experience mild cognitive decline. Further study is needed to generate knowledge and guideline for interventions to address chemotherapy related cognitive impairment in these patients.

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The Experience of Chemotherapy Related Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Cancer
Pok Ja Oh, Ji Hyun Kim
Asian Oncology Nursing.2022; 22(1): 1. CrossRef
Effects of smart-care services program for breast cancer survivors
Bok Yae Chung, Sung Jung Hong
The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2021; 27(2): 95. CrossRef
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Pok-Ja Oh, Sun Mi Moon
Asian Oncology Nursing.2019; 19(3): 126. CrossRef
Effects of compensatory cognitive training intervention for breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a pilot study
Jin-Hee Park, Yong Sik Jung, Ku Sang Kim, Sun Hyoung Bae
Supportive Care in Cancer.2017; 25(6): 1887. CrossRef
Impact of Cognitive Function and Cancer Coping on Quality of Life among Women with Post-chemotherapy Breast Cancer
Yoon Jung Kim, Sook Jung Kang
Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2016; 22(3): 182. CrossRef
Chemotherapy-related Cognitive Impairment and Quality of Life in People with Colon Cancer: The Mediating Effect of Psychological Distress
Pok Ja Oh, Jeong Hye Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2016; 46(1): 19. CrossRef
QLU-C10D: a health state classification system for a multi-attribute utility measure based on the EORTC QLQ-C30
M. T. King, D. S. J. Costa, N. K. Aaronson, J. E. Brazier, D. F. Cella, P. M. Fayers, P. Grimison, M. Janda, G. Kemmler, R. Norman, A. S. Pickard, D. Rowen, G. Velikova, T. A. Young, R. Viney
Quality of Life Research.2016; 25(3): 625. CrossRef
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Daniel Sj Costa, Rebecca Mercieca‐bebber, Claudia Rutherford, Liam Gabb, Madeleine T King
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Prevalence and Characteristics of Chemotherapy-related Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Breast Cancer
Jin-Hee Park, Sun Hyoung Bae, Yong-Sik Jung, Young-Mi Jung
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2015; 45(1): 118. CrossRef

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Monitoring the Use of Health-Related Quality of Life Measurements in Korean Studies of Patients with Diabetes: Eun-Hyun Lee, Chun-Ja Kim, Soo-Yeon Cho, Hyun-Ju Chae, Sunhee Lee, Eun Jung Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2011;41(4):558-567. Published online August 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.4.558

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to monitor the use of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) instruments in Korean studies of patients with diabetes.

Methods

Of 86 Korean studies initially identified, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. For each study, a description of the instrument and its psychometric properties were monitored by the Instrument Review Criteria of the Scientific Advisory Committee. These criteria include conceptual definition, attributes, taxonomy, reliability, validity, responsiveness, administrative mode, and language adaptations.

Results

Five generic and one diabetes specific type questionnaires were identified from the 17 studies. Of those studies, conceptual definitions with the attributes of multi-dimension and subjectiveness were provided for 11 studies (71%). In the analysis of conceptual taxonomy, only 6 studies were classified as HRQOL, while other studies were done as QOL or health status. In monitoring of psychometric properties, reliability, validity, and responsiveness were reported for 88.2%, 64.7%, and 29.4%, respectively. One generic instrument was developed with a Korean population, while the other instruments were developed for Western countries. However, language adaptations were performed for only a few of the instruments.

Conclusion

The psychometric properties including responsiveness of most instruments warrants further research, and the development of diabetes-specific HRQOL measurements should be sought to facilitate intervention outcomes across Korean studies of patients with diabetes.

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Mihyun Jeong
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Hye-Sook Lee, Eunok Park
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Ang Li Won, Seung Hyun Yoo, Myoung Soon You
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Chul-Hyun Cho, Young Jae Lim
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Eun-Hyun Lee, Young Whee Lee, Kwan-Woo Lee, Dae Jung Kim, Soo-Kyung Kim
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2012; 95(1): 76. CrossRef

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Development of a Questionnaire to Measure Resilience in Children with Chronic Diseases: Dong Hee Kim, Il Young Yoo; J Korean Acad Nurs 2010;40(2):236-246. Published online April 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2010.40.2.236

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a Korean questionnaire to measure resilience in children with chronic illness.

Methods

Item construction was drawn from an extensive review of the literature, existing questionnaires and interviews with parents. Content validity was tested by experts. To further refine the questionnaire and test its reliability and validity, data were collected from the 202 children with asthma, diabetes mellitus or nephrotic syndrome. Corrected items were used to total correlation coefficient and test-retest reliability. Questionnaire testing was conducted using factor analysis, Cronbach's α, and correlation coefficients. Validity of the questionnaire was tested using internal consistency, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

Results

Components of the questionnaire were in three domains; interpersonal characteristics, characteristics of coping, and intrapersonal characteristics. Factor analysis is showed five factors; positive self-understanding, self-reliance, resourcefulness, perception of positive family relationships, and intimacy. The questionnaire showed a high internal consistency. A significant positive correlation with the Numerical Rating Score and negative correlation with the Child Depression Inventory support the validity of the questionnaire.

Conclusion

This instrument demonstrated high reliability and validity. Therefore, this instrument can contribute to the evaluation of resilience of chronically ill children and to any subsequent intervention as well as to develop a theory for resilience.

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Sabine E. I. van der Laan, Emma E. Berkelbach van der Sprenkel, Virissa C. Lenters, Catrin Finkenauer, Cornelis K. van der Ent, Sanne L. Nijhof
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Nihon Shoni Arerugi Gakkaishi. The Japanese Journal of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology.2022; 36(5): 499. CrossRef
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Hae Kyoung Son, Hyo Bin Song, Dong Hee Kim
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Youngrye Park, Eun Hee Jang, Ji Ok Kim
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2018; 30(5): 555. CrossRef
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Mi Mi Park, Jee-Won Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2016; 23(1): 32. CrossRef
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Hyun Jung Yun
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Sung Sil Hong, Ho Ran Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2015; 45(4): 595. CrossRef
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Dong Hee Kim, Yeo Jin Im
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Young Ok Park, Gwi Ryung Son Hong, Young Ran Tak
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Cognitive Impairment, Behavioral Problems, and Mental Health in Institutionalized Korean Elders -An Eligibility Issue for Care Settings-: Hyun-Sil Kim, Young-Mi Jung, Hung-Sa Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2009;39(5):741-750. Published online October 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.5.741

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of cognitive impairment, behavioral problems, and the state of mental health for elderly Korean people who have been institutionalized.

Methods

A cross-sectional, nation-wide survey was performed using an anonymous questionnaire. The participants in this study were 2,521 institutionalized elderly Korean people. A proportional stratified random sampling method was employed.

Results

1) Elders admitted to subacute hospitals and long term care (LTC) facilities showed a higher level of cognitive impairment compared to elders admitted to acute care hospitals. 2) Elders confined in LTC facilities showed a higher level of behavioral problems compared to elders in acute or subacute hospitals. 3) Elders admitted to subacute hospitals and LTC facilities showed more serious mental health problems, such as depression or suicidal ideation, compared to elders in acute care hospitals.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that the severity of cognitive-behavioral or mental health problems do not match well with type of care setting. Therefore, health personnel working with elderly people should be provided guidance on detection and management of cognitive-behavioral and mental health problems. The necessity of a decision support system for eligibility and placement in long-term care is also discussed.

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Maria Cecília de Souza Minayo, Ana Elisa Bastos Figueiredo, Raimunda Matilde do Nascimento Mangas
Ciência & Saúde Coletiva.2019; 24(4): 1393. CrossRef
Life experiences of elderly people with suicide ideation at the long‐term care hospitals in South Korea
Ok Sun Kim, Sohyune R. Sok
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Kiwol Sung
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Ji-Young Baek, Keun-Bae Oh
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Boyoung Jeon, Soonman Kwon, Hongsoo Kim
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Hyun-Sook Chang, Hung Sa Lee
Korean Journal of Health Policy and Administration.2012; 22(4): 522. CrossRef

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