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Original Article
- Comparison of Demographic Characteristics, Comorbidity, and Health Habits of Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Older Adults with Normal Cognitive Function
- Myonghwa Park1, Mi Ra Sung2, Sun Kyung Kim3, Dong Young Lee4
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2014;44(4):351-360.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.4.351
Published online: August 15, 2014
1College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daejeon
2Department of Nursing, Yong-In Songdam College, Yong-In
3Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon
4Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital · Seoul Metropolitan Center for Dementia, Seoul, Korea
1College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daejeon
2Department of Nursing, Yong-In Songdam College, Yong-In
3Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon
4Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital · Seoul Metropolitan Center for Dementia, Seoul, Korea
- Address reprint requests to : Park, Myonghwa College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, 55 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 301-747, Korea Tel: +82-42-580-8328 Fax: +82-42-580-8309 E-mail: mhpark@cnu.ac.kr
• Received: March 24, 2014 • Revised: April 16, 2014 • Accepted: June 17, 2014
Copyright © 2014 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
Abstract
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Purpose
- This study was done to compare demographic characteristics, comorbidity, and health habits of elders with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and elders with cognitively normal function (CNF).
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Methods
- Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the Database of the Seoul Dementia Management Project for 5,773 adults age 60 and above.
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Results
- The MCI group showed an older age distribution, but there was no significant education difference between the two groups. Elders with MCI had more diabetes and stroke than elders with CNF. In subgroups, the same findings were observed in women, but not in men. While more men with MCI had hypertension compared to men with CNF, there was no significant difference in hypertension between the two groups for women. Elders with MCI, men in particular, had a lower prevalence of obesity than men with CNF. MCI individuals did less exercise compared to individuals with CNF. While there were no significant differences in alcohol consumption and smoking between MCI and CNF groups, the over 80's subgroup with MCI reported more alcohol consumption.
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Conclusion
- Findings from this study could be helpful in designing community-based dementia prevention programs and health policies to reduce the prevalence of dementia or related cognitive impairments.
Table 1.Demographic Characteristics of MCI and Cognitively Normal Group by Gender (N=5,773)
Table 2.Demographic Characteristics of MCI and Cognitively Normal Group by Age (N=5,773)
Table 3.Comorbidity and Health Habits of MCI and Cognitively Normal Group by Gender (N=5,773)
Table 4.Comorbidity and Health Habits of Normal and MCI Group by Age (N=5,773)
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XML DownloadComparison of Demographic Characteristics, Comorbidity, and Health Habits of Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Older Adults with Normal Cognitive Function
Comparison of Demographic Characteristics, Comorbidity, and Health Habits of Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Older Adults with Normal Cognitive Function
Demographic Characteristics of MCI and Cognitively Normal Group by Gender (N=5,773)
| Characteristics | Categories | Male (n=2,050) | Female (n=3,723) | Total (n=5,773) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (n=994) | MCI (n=1,056) | χ2 or t | p | Normal (n=2,017) | MCI (n=1,706) | χ2 or t | p | Normal (n=3,011) | MCI (n=2,762) | χ2 or t | p | ||
| n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | ||||||||
| Age (year) | 60-69 | 386 (38.8) | 310 (29.4) | 26.99 | <.001 | 721 (35.8) | 553 (32.4) | 8.66 | .013 | 1,107 (36.8) | 863 (31.2) | 26.49 | <.001 |
| 70-79 ≥80 | 508 (51.1) 100 (10.1) | 582 (55.1) 164 (15.5) | 958 (47.5) 338 (16.7) | 810 (47.5) 343 (20.1) | 1,466 (48.7) 438 (14.5) | 1,392 (50.4) 507 (18.4) | |||||||
| 71.66±6.01 | 72.94±7.02 | 4.47 | <.001 | 72.54±6.73 | 72.98±7.43 | 1.86 | .058 | 72.25±6.51 | 72.96±7.28 | 3.95 | <.001 | ||
| Education | 0 | 51 (5.1) | 49 (4.6) | 14.36 | .002 | 583 (28.8) | 513 (30.0) | 7.95 | .047 | 633 (21.0) | 642 (23.2) | 23.40 | <.001 |
| (year) | 1-6 | 284 (28.6) | 322 (30.5) | 820 (40.7) | 695 (40.8) | 1,104 (36.7) | 1,051 (38.1) | ||||||
| 7-12 ≥13 | 447 (45.0) 212 (21.3) | 526 (49.8) 159 (15.1) | 528 (26.2) 86 (4.3) | 432 (25.3) 66 (3.9) | 975 (32.4) 298 (9.9) | 842 (30.5) 227 (8.2) | |||||||
| 9.59±4.56 | 9.18±5.01 | −1.92 | .055 | 5.52±4.32 | 5.29±4.58 | −1.60 | .109 | 6.91±4.93 | 6.71±5.00 | −1.59 | .112 | ||
| Health insurance | NHI Medical aid | 923 (92.8) 71 (7.2) | 950 (89.8) 106 (10.2) | 5.45 | .142 | 1,769 (87.7) 248 (12.3) | 1,493 (87.5) 213 (12.5) | 3.39 | .335 | 2,691 (89.4) 320 (10.6) | 2,441 (88.4) 321 (11.6) | 4.09 | .252 |
| Living | Spouse | 512 (51.5) | 505 (48.5) | 11.09 | .028 | 493 (24.4) | 390 (23.2) | 14.81 | .005 | 1,005 (33.4) | 908 (32.9) | 21.84 | <.001 |
| arrangement | Spouse & other family | 327 (32.9) | 331 (31.8) | 330 (16.4) | 287 (17.0) | 657 (21.8) | 627 (22.7) | ||||||
| Other family | 51 (5.1) | 70 (6.8) | 611 (30.3) | 527 (31.3) | 661 (22.0) | 606 (21.9) | |||||||
| Alone | 104 (10.5) | 134 (12.9) | 583 (28.9) | 479 (28.5) | 687 (22.8) | 621 (22.5) | |||||||
MCI=Mild cognitive impairment; NHI=National Health Insurance.
Demographic Characteristics of MCI and Cognitively Normal Group by Age (N=5,773)
| Characteristics | Categories | 60-69 | 70-79 | ≥80 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (n=1,107) | MCI (n=855) | χ2 or t | p | Normal (n=1,466) | MCI (n=1,400) | χ2 or t | p | Normal (n=438) | MCI (n=507) | χ2 or t | p | ||
| n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | ||||||||
| Gender | Male | 386 (34.9) | 310 (35.9) | 0.24 | .628 | 508 (34.7) | 585 (41.8) | 15.51 | <.001 | 100 (22.8) | 164 (32.3) | 10.57 | <.001 |
| Female | 721 (65.1) | 553 (64.1) | 958 (65.3) | 815 (58.2) | 338 (77.2) | 343 (67.7) | |||||||
| Age | 66.20±2.33 | 65.91±2.48 | −2.58 | .010 | 73.87±2.78 | 74.18±2.71 | 2.98 | .003 | 83.16±3.04 | 83.63±3.35 | 2.22 | .026 | |
| Education | 0 | 118 (10.7) | 73 (8.5) | 11.89 | .008 | 313 (21.4) | 238 (17.0) | 18.36 | <.001 | 202 (46.1) | 167 (32.9) | 27.78 | <.001 |
| 1-6 | 392 (35.4) | 335 (39.2) | 558 (38.1) | 543 (38.8) | 153 (34.9) | 174 (34.3) | |||||||
| 7-12 | 468 (42.3) | 380 (44.5) | 445 (30.3) | 506 (36.2) | 63 (14.4) | 120 (23.7) | |||||||
| ≥13 | 129 (11.6) | 67 (7.8) | 150 (10.2) | 113 (8.1) | 20 (4.6) | 46 (9.1) | |||||||
| 7.94±4.66 | 7.75±4.55 | −0.95 | .344 | 6.57±5.05 | 6.80±4.99 | 1.20 | .231 | 3.89±4.50 | 5.57±5.13 | 5.35 | <.001 | ||
| Health | NHI | 1,028 (92.9) | 764 (89.4) | 7.19 | .007 | 1,304 (88.9) | 1,234 (88.2) | 0.40 | .525 | 359 (82.0) | 442 (87.2) | 4.95 | .026 |
| insurance | Medical aid | 79 (7.1) | 91 (10.6) | 162 (11.1) | 166 (11.8) | 79 (18.0) | 65 (12.8) | ||||||
| Living | Spouse | 413 (37.4) | 278 (32.5) | 7.92 | .095 | 511 (34.9) | 516 (36.9) | 12.95 | .012 | 81 (18.5) | 115 (22.6) | 22.79 | <.001 |
| arrangement | Spouse & other family | 362 (32.6) | 291 (34.0) | 269 (18.3) | 282 (20.1) | 29 (6.7) | 58 (11.6) | ||||||
| Other family | 142 (12.8) | 123 (14.4) | 332 (22.7) | 279 (19.1) | 185 (42.2) | 195 (38.3) | |||||||
| Alone | 190 (17.2) | 163 (19.1) | 354 (24.1) | 323 (23.1) | 143 (32.6) | 139 (27.5) | |||||||
MCI=Mild cognitive impairment; NHI=National Health Insurance.
Comorbidity and Health Habits of MCI and Cognitively Normal Group by Gender (N=5,773)
| Variables | Categories | Male | Female | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (n=994) | MCI (n=1,056) | OR (95% CI) | Normal (n=2,017) | MCI (n=1,706) | OR (95% CI) | Normal (n=3,011) | MCI (n=2,762) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Comorbidity HTN* | No | 496 (49.9) | 428 (44.4) | 1.20 | 828 (41.1) | 673 (42.3) | 0.93 | 1,324 (44.0) | 1,101 (43.1) | 0.90 |
| Yes | 498 (50.1) | 535 (55.6) | (1.09-1.31) | 1,188 (58.9) | 918 (57.7) | (0.73-1.11) | 1,686 (56.0) | 1,453 (56.9) | (0.79-1.01) | |
| DM* | No | 755 (76.0) | 698 (74.4) | 0.94 | 1,636 (81.1) | 1,151 (75.2) | 1.36 | 2,391 (79.4) | 1,849 (74.9) | 1.20 |
| Yes | 239 (24.0) | 240 (25.6) | (0.75-1.17) | 381 (18.9) | 380 (24.8) | (1.15-1.60) | 620 (20.6) | 620 (25.1) | (1.04-1.39) | |
| HC* | No | 908 (91.3) | 833 (90.6) | 0.91 | 1,630 (80.8) | 1,259 (83.0) | 0.88 | 2,538 (84.3) | 2,092 (85.9) | 0.83 |
| Yes | 86 (8.7) | 86 (9.4) | (0.65-1.27) | 387 (19.2) | 257 (17.0) | (0.61-1.01) | 473 (15.7) | 343 (14.1) | (0.66-1.00) | |
| Heart | No | 910 (91.5) | 818 (89.1) | 1.10 | 1,818 (90.1) | 1,348 (89.7) | 0.98 | 2,728 (90.6) | 2,166 (89.5) | 0.98 |
| disease* | Yes | 84 (8.5) | 100 (10.9) | (0.80-1.52) | 199 (9.9) | 154 (10.3) | (0.76-1.23) | 283 (9.4) | 254 (10.5) | (0.84-1.22) |
| Stroke* | No | 933 (93.9) | 794 (86.9) | 2.13 | 1,926 (95.5) | 1,379 (93.4) | 1.45 | 2,859 (95.0) | 2,173 (90.9) | 1.95 |
| Yes | 61 (6.1) | 120 (13.1) | (1.53-2.97) | 90 (4.5) | 98 (6.6) | (1.11-2.03) | 151 (5.0) | 218 (9.1) | (1.55-2.46) | |
| Obesity* | <20.0 | 91 (7.0) | 97 (8.9) | 0.75 | 179 (9.1) | 145 (11.9) | 0.94 | 270 (9.1) | 242 (12.0) | 0.87 |
| (BMI) | 20.0-25.0 | 896 (69.4) | 794 (72.7) | (0.64-0.89) | 1,170 (59.3) | 685 (56.2) | (0.83-1.06) | 1,753 (59.4) | 1,179 (58.7) | (0.79-0.96) |
| ≥25.1 | 304 (23.6) | 202 (18.4) | 626 (31.6) | 387 (31.9) | 930 (31.5) | 589 (29.3) | ||||
| Health habits Alcohol consumption* | No Yes | 321 (32.3) 673 (67.7) | 363 (36.2) 639 (63.8) | 0.97 (0.78-1.19) | 1,793 (88.9) 224 (11.1) | 1,460 (89.0) 180 (11.0) | 1.00 (0.81-1.25) | 2,114 (70.2) 897 (29.8) | 1,823 (69.0) 819 (31.0) | 1.09 (0.95-1.26) |
| Smoking* | No | 366 (36.8) | 439 (43.6) | 0.80 | 1,935 (95.9) | 1,571 (95.2) | 1.19 | 2,301 (76.4) | 2,010 (75.6) | 1.03 |
| Yes | 628 (63.2) | 568 (56.4) | (0.65-0.98) | 82 (4.1) | 80 (4.8) | (0.85-1.66) | 710 (23.6) | 648 (24.4) | (0.88-1.20) | |
| Exercise* | No | 332 (33.4) | 469 (48.5) | 0.54 | 927 (46.0) | 841 (52.8) | 0.77 | 1,259 (41.9) | 1,310 (51.2) | 0.68 |
| Yes | 662 (66.6) | 498 (51.5) | (0.45-0.65) | 1,087 (54.0) | 752 (47.2) | (0.67-0.87) | 1,749 (58.1) | 1,250 (48.8) | (0.61-0.76) | |
*Missing data excluded; HTN=Hypertension; DM=Diabetes mellitus; HC=Hypercholesterolemia; BMI=Body mass index; OR=Odds ratio; CI=Confidence interval.
Comorbidity and Health Habits of Normal and MCI Group by Age (N=5,773)
| Variables | Categories | 60-69 | 70-79 | ≥80 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (n=1,107) | MCI (n=855) | OR (95% CI) | Normal (n=1,466) | MCI (n=1,400) | OR (95% CI) | Normal (n=438) | MCI (n=507) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Comorbidity HTN* | No Yes | 560 (50.6) 547 (49.4) | 392 (49.7) 396 (50.3) | 0.91 (0.75-1.11) | 604 (41.2) 862 (58.8) | 531 (41.0) 764 (59.0) | 0.88 (0.75-1.03) | 160 (36.5) 278 (63.5) | 178 (37.8) 293 (62.2) | 0.75 (0.55-1.03) |
| DM* | No | 905 (81.8) | 596 (77.1) | 1.21 | 1,128 (76.9) | 907 (72.9) | 1.16 | 358 (81.7) | 346 (76.7) | 1.29 |
| Yes | 202 (18.2) | 177 (22.9) | (0.95-1.55) | 338 (23.1) | 338 (27.1) | (0.97-1.39) | 80 (18.3) | 105 (23.3) | (0.89-1.87) | |
| HC* | No Yes | 901 (81.4) 206 (18.6) | 633 (82.9) 131 (17.1) | 0.80 (0.62-1.03) | 1,234 (84.2) 232 (15.8) | 1,050 (85.7) 175 (14.3) | 0.88 (0.62-1.02) | 403 (92.0) 35 (8.0) | 409 (91.7) 37 (8.3) | 1.08 (0.63-1.87) |
| Heart | No | 1,026 (92.7) | 700 (93.2) | 0.80 | 1,301 (88.7) | 1,074 (87.6) | 1.00 | 401 (91.6) | 392 (88.5) | 1.23 |
| disease* | Yes | 81 (7.3) | 51 (6.8) | (0.54-1.18) | 165 (11.3) | 152 (12.4) | (0.78-1.28) | 37 (8.4) | 51 (11.5) | (0.74-2.05) |
| Stroke* | No Yes | 1,055 (95.3) 52 (4.7) | 673 (90.2) 73 (9.8) | 2.07 (1.42-3.04) | 1,392 (95.0) 74 (5.0) | 1,092 (90.5) 115 (9.5) | 2.00 (1.46-2.72) | 412 (94.1) 26 (5.9) | 408 (93.2) 30 (6.8) | 1.35 (0.75-2.41) |
| Obesity* | <20.0 | 74 (6.7) | 59 (8.8) | 0.97 | 118 (8.1) | 128 (12.4) | 0.80 | 79 (18.1) | 55 (16.3) | 1.01 |
| (BMI) | 20.0-25.0 | 699 (60.5) | 391 (58.3) | (0.81-1.16) | 860 (58.7) | 601 (58.2) | (0.69-0.92) | 269 (61.4) | 216 (63.9) | (0.79-1.29) |
| ≥25.1 | 361 (32.7) | 220 (32.9) | 488 (33.2) | 304 (29.4) | 90 (20.5) | 67 (19.8) | ||||
| Health Alcohol | No | 727 (65.7) | 553 (66.9) | 0.96 | 1,031 (70.3) | 909 (68.3) | 1.15 | 356 (81.3) | 361 (74.4) | 1.57 |
| habits consumption* | Yes | 380 (34.3) | 274 (33.1) | (0.76-1.22) | 435 (29.7) | 421 (31.7) | (0.93-1.41) | 82 (18.7) | 124 (25.6) | (1.07-2.32) |
| Smoking* | No Yes | 846 (76.4) 261 (23.6) | 637 (76.7) 193 (23.3) | 1.03 (0.79-1.34) | 1,095 (74.7) 371 (25.3) | 986 (73.7) 351 (26.3) | 1.02 (0.82-1.26) | 360 (82.2) 78 (17.8) | 387 (78.8) 104 (21.2) | 0.97 (0.65-1.45) |
| Exercise* | No | 423 (38.2) | 358 (44.8) | 0.76 | 592 (40.5) | 654 (50.9) | 0.65 | 244 (55.7) | 298 (62.9) | 0.71 |
| Yes | 684 (61.8) | 442 (55.3) | (0.63-0.91) | 871 (59.5) | 632 (49.1) | (0.56-0.76) | 194 (44.3) | 176 (37.1) | (0.54-0.93) | |
*Missing data excluded; HTN=Hypertension; DM=Diabetes mellitus; HC=Hypercholesterolemia; BMI=Body mass Index; OR=Odds ratio; CI=Confidence interval.
Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of MCI and Cognitively Normal Group by Gender (N=5,773)
MCI=Mild cognitive impairment; NHI=National Health Insurance.
Table 2. Demographic Characteristics of MCI and Cognitively Normal Group by Age (N=5,773)
MCI=Mild cognitive impairment; NHI=National Health Insurance.
Table 3. Comorbidity and Health Habits of MCI and Cognitively Normal Group by Gender (N=5,773)
*Missing data excluded; HTN=Hypertension; DM=Diabetes mellitus; HC=Hypercholesterolemia; BMI=Body mass index; OR=Odds ratio; CI=Confidence interval.
Table 4. Comorbidity and Health Habits of Normal and MCI Group by Age (N=5,773)
*Missing data excluded; HTN=Hypertension; DM=Diabetes mellitus; HC=Hypercholesterolemia; BMI=Body mass Index; OR=Odds ratio; CI=Confidence interval.
