Kae-Hwa Jo

doi:10.4040/jkan.2011.41.3.313

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Original Article
Development and Evaluation of a Dignified Dying Scale for Korean Adults: Kae-Hwa Jo; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2011;41(3):313-324.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.3.313
Published online: June 13, 2011

Professor, College of Nursing, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea.

Address reprint requests to: Jo, Kae-Hwa. College of Nursing, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6 Daemyeong 4-dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, Korea. Tel: +82-53-650-4825, Fax: +82-53-621-4106, jokw@cu.ac.kr

• Received: August 20, 2010 • Accepted: June 7, 2011

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Abstract
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
The study was done to develop a dignified dying scale for Korean adults.
Methods
The process included construction of a conceptual framework, generation of initial items, verification of content validity, selection of secondary items, preliminary study, and extraction of final items. The participants were 428 adults who lived in one of 3 Korean metropolitan cities: Seoul, Daegu, and Busan. Item analysis, factor analysis, criterion related validity, and internal consistency were used to analyze the data. Data collection was done from March to June 2010.
Results
Thirty items were selected for the final scale, and categorized into 5 factors explaining 54.5% of the total variance. The factors were labeled as maintaining emotional comfort (10 items), arranging social relationship (9 items), avoiding suffering (3 items), maintaining autonomous decision making (4 items), and role preservation (4 items). The scores for the scale were significantly correlated with personal meanings of death scale. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the 30 items was .92.
Conclusion
The above findings indicate that the dignified dying scale has a good validity and reliability when used with Korean adults.
Keywords: Dignity; Death; Scale; Adult

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2010-0007170).

Figure 1

Conceptual framework of dignified dying of Korean adults.

Table 1

Demographic Characteristics of Participants (N=428)

Table 2

Item Analysis (N=428)

^*Item deleted by item analysis.

Table 3

Factor Analysis and Reliability (N=428)

Table 4

Correlation between Dignified Dying Scale and Personal Me-aning of Death Scale (N=428)

REFERENCES

1. Abdel-Khalek AM. Why do we fear death? The construction and validation of the reasons for death fear scale. Death Studies. 2002;26:669–680. doi:10.1080/07481180290088365.Article PubMed
2. Anderberg P, Lepp M, Berglund AL, Segesten K. Preserving dignity in caring for older adults: A concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2007;59:635–643. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04375.x.Article PubMed
3. Chochinov HM. Dying, dignity, and new horizons in palliative end-of-life care. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2006;56:84–103. doi:10.3322/canjclin.56.2.84.Article PubMed
4. Cicirelli VG. Personal meanings of death in relation to fear of death. Death Studies. 1998;22:713–733. doi:10.1080/074811898201236.Article PubMed
5. Collett LJ, Lester D. The fear of death and dying. Journal of Psychology. 1969;72:179–181.PubMed
6. Corless IB, Nicholas PK, Nokes KM. Issues in cross-cultural quality of life research. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2001;33:15–20. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00015.x.Article PubMed
7. Curtis JR, Patrick DL, Engelberg RA, Norris K, Asp C, Byock I. A measure of the quality of dying and death: Initial validation using after-death interviews with family members. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2002;24:17–31. doi:10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00419-0.Article PubMed
8. Doorenbos AZ, Wilson SA, Coenen A, Borse NN. Dignifi-ed dying: A phenomenon and actions among nurses in India. International Nursing Review. 2006;53:28–33. doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2006.00458.x.Article PubMed
9. Gauthier DM, Froman RD. Preference for care near the end of life: scale development and validation. Research in Nursing and Health. 2001;24:298–306. doi:10.1002/nur.1031.PubMed
10. Greyson B. Cardena E, Lynn SJ. Near-death experiences. In: Varieties of anomalous experience: Examining the scientific evidence. 2001;Washington, DC, American Psychological Association. 315–352.
11. Harville M, Stokes SJ, Templer DI, Rienzi B. Relation of existential and religious variables to the death depression scale-revised. Omega. 2004;48:165–184.Article PDF
12. Holcomb LE, Neimeyer RA, Moore MK. Personal meanings of death: A content analysis of free response narratives. Death Studies. 1993;17:299–318. doi:10.1080/07481189308252627.Article
13. Jacelon CS, Connelly TW, Brown R, Proulx K, Vo T. A concept analysis of dignity for older adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2004;48:76–83. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03170.x.Article PubMed
14. Jacobson N. Dignity and health: A review. Social Science and Medicine. 2007;64:292–302. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.039.Article PubMed
15. Jo KH. The meaning of dignified dying perceived by nursing students. Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education. 2010;16:72–82.Article
16. Jo KH, Lee HJ, Lee YJ. Types of students' death attitudes majoring in human service area: Q methodological approach. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2005;35:829–841.Article PubMed PDF
17. Kei HY. Constitutional law. 2005;Seoul, Pakyoungsa.
18. Kim CS. Constitutional law. 2008;18th ed. Seoul, Pakyoungsa.
19. Kwon BG, Kim HC. Bioethics & law. 2009;Seoul, Ewha Womans University Press.
20. Kwon YS. Constitutional law. 2008;Paju, Bobmunsa.
21. Lee EO, Im RY, Park HA, Lee IS, Kim JI, Bae JI, Lee SM. Nursing Research and Statistical Analysis. 2009;Seoul, Soomoonsa.
22. Lee HK, Jo KH. A pathmodel for death anxiety to suicidal ideation of the elderly. Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society. 2006;26:717–731.
23. Lee HS. Korean dictionary. 2008;Paju, Minjungsearim.
24. Lee YJ, Kim SM. Validating the Korean version of the preferences for care near the end-of-life (PCEOL-K) scale. Korean Journal of Medical Ethics. 2009;12:29–42.Article PDF
25. Leung D. Granting death with dignity: Patient, family and professional perspectives. International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 2007;13:170–174.PubMed
26. Lynn MR. Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research. 1986;35:382–385.PubMed
27. Proulx K, Jacelon C. Dying with dignity: The good patient versus the good death. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care. 2004;21:116–120. doi:10.1177/104990910402100209.Article PubMed PDF
28. Pullman D. Death, dignity and moral nonsense. Journal of Palliative Care. 2004;20:171–178.Article PubMed PDF
29. Ryu CS. SPSS 14.0 for Windows. 2006;5th ed. Seoul, Elite.
30. Skevington SM, Bradshaw J, Saxena S. Selecting national items for the WHOQOL: Conceptual and psychometric considerations. Social Science and Medicine. 1999;48:473–487. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00355-4.Article PubMed

Figure & Data

Figure 1

Conceptual framework of dignified dying of Korean adults.

Table 1

Demographic Characteristics of Participants (N=428)

Table 2

Item Analysis (N=428)

^*Item deleted by item analysis.

Table 3

Factor Analysis and Reliability (N=428)

Table 4

Correlation between Dignified Dying Scale and Personal Me-aning of Death Scale (N=428)

REFERENCES

1. Abdel-Khalek AM. Why do we fear death? The construction and validation of the reasons for death fear scale. Death Studies. 2002;26:669–680. doi:10.1080/07481180290088365.Article PubMed
2. Anderberg P, Lepp M, Berglund AL, Segesten K. Preserving dignity in caring for older adults: A concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2007;59:635–643. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04375.x.Article PubMed
3. Chochinov HM. Dying, dignity, and new horizons in palliative end-of-life care. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2006;56:84–103. doi:10.3322/canjclin.56.2.84.Article PubMed
4. Cicirelli VG. Personal meanings of death in relation to fear of death. Death Studies. 1998;22:713–733. doi:10.1080/074811898201236.Article PubMed
5. Collett LJ, Lester D. The fear of death and dying. Journal of Psychology. 1969;72:179–181.PubMed
6. Corless IB, Nicholas PK, Nokes KM. Issues in cross-cultural quality of life research. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2001;33:15–20. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00015.x.Article PubMed
7. Curtis JR, Patrick DL, Engelberg RA, Norris K, Asp C, Byock I. A measure of the quality of dying and death: Initial validation using after-death interviews with family members. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2002;24:17–31. doi:10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00419-0.Article PubMed
8. Doorenbos AZ, Wilson SA, Coenen A, Borse NN. Dignifi-ed dying: A phenomenon and actions among nurses in India. International Nursing Review. 2006;53:28–33. doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2006.00458.x.Article PubMed
9. Gauthier DM, Froman RD. Preference for care near the end of life: scale development and validation. Research in Nursing and Health. 2001;24:298–306. doi:10.1002/nur.1031.PubMed
10. Greyson B. Cardena E, Lynn SJ. Near-death experiences. In: Varieties of anomalous experience: Examining the scientific evidence. 2001;Washington, DC, American Psychological Association. 315–352.
11. Harville M, Stokes SJ, Templer DI, Rienzi B. Relation of existential and religious variables to the death depression scale-revised. Omega. 2004;48:165–184.Article PDF
12. Holcomb LE, Neimeyer RA, Moore MK. Personal meanings of death: A content analysis of free response narratives. Death Studies. 1993;17:299–318. doi:10.1080/07481189308252627.Article
13. Jacelon CS, Connelly TW, Brown R, Proulx K, Vo T. A concept analysis of dignity for older adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2004;48:76–83. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03170.x.Article PubMed
14. Jacobson N. Dignity and health: A review. Social Science and Medicine. 2007;64:292–302. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.039.Article PubMed
15. Jo KH. The meaning of dignified dying perceived by nursing students. Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education. 2010;16:72–82.Article
16. Jo KH, Lee HJ, Lee YJ. Types of students' death attitudes majoring in human service area: Q methodological approach. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2005;35:829–841.Article PubMed PDF
17. Kei HY. Constitutional law. 2005;Seoul, Pakyoungsa.
18. Kim CS. Constitutional law. 2008;18th ed. Seoul, Pakyoungsa.
19. Kwon BG, Kim HC. Bioethics & law. 2009;Seoul, Ewha Womans University Press.
20. Kwon YS. Constitutional law. 2008;Paju, Bobmunsa.
21. Lee EO, Im RY, Park HA, Lee IS, Kim JI, Bae JI, Lee SM. Nursing Research and Statistical Analysis. 2009;Seoul, Soomoonsa.
22. Lee HK, Jo KH. A pathmodel for death anxiety to suicidal ideation of the elderly. Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society. 2006;26:717–731.
23. Lee HS. Korean dictionary. 2008;Paju, Minjungsearim.
24. Lee YJ, Kim SM. Validating the Korean version of the preferences for care near the end-of-life (PCEOL-K) scale. Korean Journal of Medical Ethics. 2009;12:29–42.Article PDF
25. Leung D. Granting death with dignity: Patient, family and professional perspectives. International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 2007;13:170–174.PubMed
26. Lynn MR. Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research. 1986;35:382–385.PubMed
27. Proulx K, Jacelon C. Dying with dignity: The good patient versus the good death. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care. 2004;21:116–120. doi:10.1177/104990910402100209.Article PubMed PDF
28. Pullman D. Death, dignity and moral nonsense. Journal of Palliative Care. 2004;20:171–178.Article PubMed PDF
29. Ryu CS. SPSS 14.0 for Windows. 2006;5th ed. Seoul, Elite.
30. Skevington SM, Bradshaw J, Saxena S. Selecting national items for the WHOQOL: Conceptual and psychometric considerations. Social Science and Medicine. 1999;48:473–487. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00355-4.Article PubMed

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