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Research Paper
Development and Evaluation of Health Empowerment Scale for North Korean Women Defectors
Lim, Semi , Kang, Younhee
J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(1):80-91.   Published online February 28, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21174
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study developed an instrument to evaluate the health empowerment of North Korean women refugees and examined its validity and reliability.
Methods
Through literature review and focused group interviews, 66 preliminary items with three constructs, including perceived control, perceived competence, and goal internalization were selected based on Menon’s psychological health empowerment model. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 239 North Korean women refugees in the community from August 31 to September 4, 2020. Content, construct, convergent, and discriminative validity were evaluated. Cronbach’s α was used to evaluate the reli-ability of scale.
Results
The final instrument consisted of 31 items with three factors that were identified through confirmatory factor analysis. The convergent validity showed that the correlation coefficient was .52 (p < .001), which confirmed the validity of the developed measurement tool. Cronbach’s α for all the items was .94, and Cronbach's α for the factors was .76~.91.
Conclusion
This health empowerment scale has been developed to include aspects of health empowerment, provide a conceptual framework, and offer objective indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of a health education program.
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Original Articles
The Effects of an Empowerment Education Program for Kidney Transplantation Patients
Sung Hee Kim, Hye Sook You
J Korean Acad Nurs 2017;47(4):445-455.   Published online August 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2017.47.4.445
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This study was conducted to develop an Empowerment Education Program (EEP) for kidney transplant patients and to test the program's effects on uncertainty, self-care ability, and compliance.

Methods

The research was conducted using a nonequivalent control group with a pretest-posttest design. The participants were 53 outpatients (experimental group: 25, control group: 28) who were receiving hospital treatment after kidney transplants. After the pre-test, patients in the experimental group underwent a weekly EEP for six weeks. The post-test was conducted immediately after, and four weeks after the program's completion in the same manner as the pre-test. For the control group, we conducted a post-test six and ten weeks after the pre-test, without and program intervention. A repeated measure ANOVA was performed to compare the change scores on main outcomes.

Results

Uncertainty was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group, both immediately after (t=-3.84, p=<.001) and 4 weeks after (t=-4.51 p=<.001) the program, whereas self-care ability (t=5.81, p=<.001), (t=5.84, p=<.001) and compliance (t=5.07, p=<.001), (t=5.45, p=<.001) were significantly higher.

Conclusion

Kidney transplant patients who underwent an EEP showed a decrease in uncertainty and an improvement in self-care ability and compliance. Thus, our findings confirmed that an EEP can be an independent intervention method for improving and maintaining the health of kidney transplant patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The effectiveness of nurse-led interventions on quality of life, medication adherence, anxiety, and depression in kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Seung Yeon Park, Lee Hwa Kwak
    The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2024; 30(3): 263.     CrossRef
  • An integrative literature review of kidney transplantation knowledge tools
    Chan Mi Kang, Hyejin Lee, Justyna Gołębiewska
    PLOS ONE.2023; 18(1): e0281073.     CrossRef
  • Empowering patients to self-control and self-management of anticoagulant therapy
    Andreja Hrovat Bukovšek, Bojana Filej
    Pielegniarstwo XXI wieku / Nursing in the 21st Century.2023; 22(2): 79.     CrossRef
  • The Effect of Empowering Education Combined With Mindfulness Meditation Training on Negative Emotion and Quality of Life in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    Wei-Zhen Xi, Chong-Wu Xu, Ling-Ling Wang
    Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Clinical outcomes of a nurse-led post-discharge education program for heart-transplant recipients: A retrospective cohort study
    Ji Hyeon Lee, Seok-Min Kang, Young Ah. Kim, Sang Hui Chu
    Applied Nursing Research.2021; 59: 151427.     CrossRef
  • Development and evaluation of the Coronary Artery Disease Empowerment Scale (CADES) in Korea
    Jiyoung Kim, Nayeon Shin, Kyungmi Lee
    Clinical Nursing Research.2021; 30(8): 1241.     CrossRef
  • Development of a Mobile App-Based Self-care Health Diary for Heart Transplant Recipients
    Hye Jin Yoo, Eunyoung E. Suh
    CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing.2021; 39(11): 804.     CrossRef
  • Structural Equation Modeling of Self-Care Behaviors in Kidney Transplant Patients Based on Self-Determination Theory
    Hye Won Jeong, Hyang Sook So
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2018; 48(6): 731.     CrossRef
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Effects of a Relapse Prevention Program on Insight, Empowerment and Treatment Adherence in Patients with Schizophrenia
Jaewon Joung, Sungjae Kim
J Korean Acad Nurs 2017;47(2):188-198.   Published online April 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2017.47.2.188
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop a relapse prevention program (RPP) and examine the effects of the RPP on insight, empowerment, and treatment adherence in patients with schizophrenia.

Methods

A non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. Participants were 54 inpatients who had a diagnosis of schizophrenia (experimental group: 26, control group: 28). The study was carried out from February 7, 2012 to February 6, 2013. Over a 10-day period prior to discharge each participant in the experimental group received three one-hour sessions of RPP a one-to-one patient-nurse interaction. Data were collected using Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD), Empowerment Scale, and Insight and Treatment Attitude Questionnaire (ITAQ) and analyzed using PASW 18.0 with chi-square test, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and ANCOVA.

Results

The experimental group had a significant increase in insight and treatment adherence compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference in empowerment between the two groups.

Conclusion

Findings indicate that the RPP for patients with schizophrenia was effective in improving insight and treatment adherence. A longitudinal study is needed to confirm the persistence of these effects of RPP in patients with schizophrenia.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Effects of a nonviolent communication-based anger management program on psychiatric inpatients
    Jiyeon Kim, Sungjae Kim
    Archives of Psychiatric Nursing.2022; 41: 87.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Adherence to Pharmacological Treatment on the Recovery of Patients with Schizophrenia
    Alejandra Caqueo-Urízar, Alfonso Urzúa, Patricio Mena-Chamorro, Josefa Bravo de la Fuente
    Healthcare.2021; 9(9): 1230.     CrossRef
  • Development and Effects of an Acceptance Commitment-based Cognitive Behavioral Program for Patients with Schizophrenia
    Jae Woon Lee, Hyun Sook Park
    Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2018; 27(4): 342.     CrossRef
  • Effects of an Empowerment Program for Patients with Schizophrenia
    Ju Hyun Woo, Ji Hye Jang, Jeong Hee Cho
    Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2018; 27(2): 123.     CrossRef
  • The Effects of Group Motivational Interviewing Compliance Therapy on Drug Attitude, Medicine Application Self-efficacy and Medicine Application in Psychiatric Patients
    Dawoon Lee, Sungjae Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2017; 26(4): 391.     CrossRef
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A Study on the Relationship between Nurses' Relative Power and Interpersonal Conflicts
Myung Ok Lee
Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1997;27(1):169-177.   Published online March 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1997.27.1.169
AbstractAbstract PDF

This study aims at empirically clarifying the relationship between power and the interpersonal conflict, including nurses' understanding of their relative power, the causes of interpersonal conflicts with the nurses, and strategies to resolve conflicts in order to understand how nurses' relative power affect their conflicts. For the empirical survey, the population was defined as all the nurses working at a medical organization in Seoul, Korea. 1083 nurses were selected as the sample for the questionnaire survey and statistical analyses. For the sampling, 32 medical organizations were selected by a stratified random method and sub-samples were arbitrarily drawn from each organization to obtain the final sample of 1083 nurses who responded to the questionnaire designed by the researcher. According to the result of the study, most nurses experience conflict more than once a month, and 70.4% of the respondents answered that interpersonal conflicts were directly or indirectly caused by power relations, which indicates that they perceive power relations as the main cause of interpersonal conflicts. Nurses experienced the most conflicts with interns and residents(29.7%), then patients and their families(24.3%), higher-positioned nurses(12.3%), nurse colleagues(7.7%), lower-positioned nurses(6.5%), and staff doctors(5.1%). If we classify these into three groups, the frequency of the conflicts, from most frequent to least, is in the order of doctors, nurses, and patients. In terms of relative power, nurses perceive that they have greater power than patients than patients and their families, lower-positioned nurses, and nurse colleagues. In contrast, nurses perceive that they have less power than interns and residents, higher-positioned nurses, and staff doctors. Among these groups, nurses perceive that they have the most power over patients and the least over staff doctors. These results indicate that nurses tend to experience more conflicts with members of groups that are stronger than themselves in terms of relative power. Nurses use positive strategies such as the compromise strategy(32.3%) or the collaboration strategy(20.3%) to manage conflicts, more than other strategies. However, they use avoidance or competition strategy more at the earlier stage, compromise strategy more in the mid stage, and collaboration strategy more at the later stage of the interpersonal conflict. In relation to power, nurses use the collaboration strategy or the compromise strategy more when their perceived power is greater than or equal to their counterpart's and they use the avoidance strategy or the accommodation strategy if their power is less. In terms of source of power, nurses' perceived relative power is greater in the order of referent power, expert power, reward power, legitimate power, and coercive power, where referent power is perceived as having the greatest power and coercive power is least. Most nurses(69.3%) used their power to resolve a conflict, with positive outcomes. Expert power was used most frequently. Overall, this study strongly indicates that the enhancement of power of nurses to have equal power relations with doctors would heighten the success of conflict resolution, since power is the main cause of conflicts. Specifically, nurses experience most conflicts with doctors against whom they perceive the greatest gap in power, and the choice of a conflict management strategy depend upon their power relations.

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A Phenomenological Study for Hospitalized Elderly's Powerlessness
Young Hee Choi, Kyung Eun Kim
Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1996;26(1):223-247.   Published online March 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1996.26.1.223
AbstractAbstract PDF

This study was done to provide information which would lead to nursing care of the elderly being more holistically through an understanding of the phenomena of powerlessness based on the lived experience of powernessless by the elderly, the meaning the elderly give to such phenomena, and what essence of powerlessness is. The methodology used in this study was Max Van Manen's phenomenological method based on the philosophy of Merleu-Ponty and a concerete approach was realized through the 11 steps suggested in the Van Manen's method. Data collection was done from March 2, 1995 to December 30, 1995. The subjects for this study were four elderly persons who lived with their families and who were over 60 years of age. Data were collected about the lived experience of the elderly, this researcher's experience of powerlessness, the linguistic meaning of powerlessness, idioms of the word or a feeling of powerlessness, and descriptions of powerlessness in the elderly as they appeared in the literature, are works, and phenomenological literature. All data were used to provide insights into the phenomena of powerlessness. Data about the experience of powerlessness by the elderly were collected through open interviews, participation, and observation. In the anlaysis of the theme of this study, the aspects of the theme, powerlessness in the elderly were clarified, thereby abstracting and finding meaningful statements by the elderly about their feeling of powerlessness, and then those significant statements were expressed as lingnistic transformations. The summarized findings from the study are as follows: 1. Five meanings of powerlessness in the elderly were defined, (weakness), (dependence), (frustration), (worthlessness) and (giving up). 2. (Weakness) means that the elderly experience, not only their aging but also, their becoming weak and the loss of physical function frequently caused by diseases. (Dependence) means that the elderly experience dependence without any influence from the surroundings and that elderly patients who are hospitalized lose their autonomy, follow entirely their doctor's prescriptions, use aid equipment and directions, and depend only on those things. (Frustration) means that the elderly experience the loss of their roles from the past, there by feeling that there is no work for them to do anymore and therefore feel unable to do anything. (Worthlessness) means that the elderly experience the feeling of losing their social roles from the past, having no financial ability, thereby being a burden to their children or the people around them, and therefore regarding themselves useless. (Giving up) means that the elderly experience the feeling of closeness to death in the final stage of their lifetime, lose hope to be bealed from their disease, and recognize the incontrollability of their own body. 3. From a general view of the meaning of the theme the powerlessness in the elderly -the most essential meaning of the theme is the (sense of loss). For the elderly are experiencing a sense of loss in the situation of being elderly and therefore being often hospitalized. Brief definitions of the five phenomena could be (weakness) meaning the loss of physical strength, (dependence) the loss of mentality caused by disease and hospitalization, (frustration) and (worthlessness) the loss of social performance caused by the loss of social functions from the past, and lastly (giving up) the loss of the controllability of such situations of aging and suffering disease. In light of the discussion above, it is understandable that the hospitalized elderly experience powerlessness not only as it related to their diseases but also to their normal aging, and this related to other characteristics of being elderly means that the (sense of loss) is the very essence of their powerlessness. 4. While most cases are of the normal elderly experiencing powerlessness in relation to their social network, cases of elderly who are hospitalized are of those experiencing powerlessness in relation to the loss of their physical desire. 5. The findings discussed above can serve as guidelines for nurses who take care of the ill elderly who are hospitalized and that can provide cues to appropriate nursing service, recognizing that the subjective experience of the objective age of the elderly is so important. Nurses can provide highly qualitative nursing service, based on their deep understanding of the suffering of the elderly due to feelings of powerlssness.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Hospitalization experience of elderly surgical patients: A phenomenological study
    Yujeong Shin, Dukyoo Jung, Hyunjoo Oh
    Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2025; 27(1): 84.     CrossRef
  • Korean Older Adults' Perceptions of the Aging Process
    Yeon-Gang Chung, Kyung-Hee Kim, Kyung-Sook Choi, Hye-Jin Kwon, Kyung-Sook Park, Mi-Hye Choi, Young-Hee Yom
    Journal of Gerontological Nursing.2008; 34(5): 36.     CrossRef
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Study of Nurses Manpower Planning in Korea: Its Implication for Policy Making
Hyeoun Ae Park, Eunyoung Choi
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2001;31(7):1160-1165.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2001.31.7.1160
AbstractAbstract PDF

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to project supply and demand for registered nurses to the year 2015 and to make recommendations regarding nurse manpower planning for the 21st century in Korea.
METHODS
The supply of nurses was predicted using a baseline projection and demographic methods. The demand for nurses was forecasted by the derivative method.
RESULTS
Projections indicate there will be an oversupply of nurses based on the current productivity. However, there will be under-supply if predictions are based on the standard for nursing staff established by the medical law and the optimal productivity derived by the patient classification system.
CONCLUSION
Korea needs more practicing nurses. One way to increase the number of practicing nurses is to increase the number of graduates. However, considering the low retention rate of nurses, a better way to solve the nurse shortage problem is to develop strategies to recruit and retain nurses.

Citations

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  • A Critical Review of Nurse Demand Forecasting Methods in Empirical Studies 1991~2014
    Suyong Jeong, Jinhyun Kim
    Perspectives in Nursing Science.2016; 13(2): 81.     CrossRef
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Effects of Biofeedback Exercise Training in Hemiplegic Patients after Stroke
Keum Soon Kim, So Woo Lee, Myung Ae Choe, Myung Sun Yi, Eun Jung Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2001;31(3):432-442.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2001.31.3.432
AbstractAbstract PDF

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of biofeedback exercise training on muscle activity and activities of daily livings (ADL) in hemiplegic patients. An experimental group consisting of 17 people, was given biofeedback exercise training for 30- 60 minutes per week for 5 weeks, while a control group consisting of 18 people, was given normal exercise with quasi-experimental design. RESULT: The results of the study show that biofeedback exercise is effective for improving muscle activity in hemiplegic patients, especially in the hemiplegic limbs. However, this study found no significant differences in ADL and IADL between the experimental and the control groups. It implies that ADL and IADL may not be improved for a short period of time, such as 5 weeks, for people with more than five years of hemiplegia. The study suggests that the effect of biofeedback exercise on ADL and IADL should be determined in hemiplegic patients in acute stage.

Citations

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  • The effects of training using EMG biofeedback on stroke patients upper extremity functions
    Ju-Hong Kim
    Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2017; 29(6): 1085.     CrossRef
  • IT based EMG biofeedback training on the effects of upper extremity function in chronic stroke patients
    Ju-Hong Kim, Myung-Hwa Oh
    The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences.2014; 9(1): 41.     CrossRef
  • Effects of family caregivers on the use of formal long‐term care in South Korea
    E.‐Y. Kim, E. Cho, N.‐J. Lee
    International Nursing Review.2013; 60(4): 520.     CrossRef
  • Effects of wheelchair-based rehabilitation on the physical functions and health perception of stroke patients
    Hye Jung Choi, Yeon Soo Kim, Doo Soon Park, Hyun Joo Kang
    Personal and Ubiquitous Computing.2013; 17(7): 1365.     CrossRef
  • Factors associated with Health-related Quality of Life among Family Caregivers of Elders Receiving Home Care Services
    Eun-Young Kim, Jung Hee Yeo
    Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2012; 23(2): 117.     CrossRef
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A Study of Tool Development for Powerlessness of Elderly and the Degree of Elderly's Powerlessness
Seung Eun Chung
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1999;29(6):1294-1303.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1999.29.6.1294
AbstractAbstract PDF

The purpose of this study was to develop a tool to assess the powerlessness and to measure the powerlessness of elderly. From the result of pre-test, twenty seven items were finally selected to survey the elderly's powerlessness. The questionnaires on the elderly's powerlessness were drafted so that such tool may be evaluated in accordance with the four point Likert Scale. The number of subjects is 1,150 with ages of 60 years or more and who live in a large city, a small and middle-sized city and a rural area. The subjects of the test and retest were 85 elderlies. Collected data were analyzed by utilizing SAS program with Cronbach's alpa and Pearson's correlation, factor analysis method and known group techniques, descriptive statics, t-test and ANOVA. The results from this study were summarized below: 1. When the factor analysis method was applied for validity, the tool for powerlessness of elderly was separated into 5 factors: loss of self-confidence to deal with physical, emotional, social aspects of life; expulsion by others from meaningful human relate; perception that life is meaningless and time passes quickly; falling behind young people; being rejected by other people, having no influence on others. An application of the known group technique showed a significant difference with the result of the degree of elderly's powerlessness tools developed by the two groups, with illness and without. 2. In testing reliability, it was found that coefficient of test-retest was .9435(P<.0001) when the test-retest method was used as a test of stability, and that the alpha coefficient of internal consistency was .9141 over all items within the tool of elderly's powerlessness. 3. In powerlessness of elderly, total mean is 2.8493. And in factor of powerlessness, the highest factor is falling behind young people (M=3.1713), the lowest factor is loss of self- confidence to deal with physical, emotional, social aspects of life(M=2.6080). 4. The results from the test for the degree of powerlessness, according to the subject's demographic variables, showed that there were significant differences between age, sex, marital status, educational level, religion, possession of house, job, monthly pocket money, health status, illness and a place of residence.

Citations

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  • Powerlessness, Family Support and Health Promoting Behavior in Elders Using Home Service under Korean Long-term Care Insurance
    Yanghee Pang, Oksoo Kim
    Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2017; 19(3): 184.     CrossRef
  • Health Status Assessment Tool Development based on Dietary Patterns in Middle-Aged Women
    Hye-Jin Lee, Kyung-Hea Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(1): 37.     CrossRef
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An Analysis of the Concept 'Empowerment'
Ok Hee Koo
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1998;28(1):37-46.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1998.28.1.37
AbstractAbstract PDF

Recently the concept of 'empowerment' not only attracts attention in the area of management but also is considered as an useful concept in the areas of nursing theory, practice, education, and research. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the meaning of the concept 'empowerment'. More concretely, it is to find the concept that can be applied appropriately to the area of nursing management. This study uses Walker and Avant's(1983) process of concept analysis. The attributes of empowerment based on the concept can be defined concisely as follows: 1. a dynamic and interaction process. 2. a partnership which values self and others : power shaving. 3. mutual decision-making using resources, opportunities, and authority 4. accept autonomy and responsibility Antecedents of empowerment consist of 1) mutual trust and respect, 2) education and support, 3) participation and commitment. In regard to the consequences of empowerment, it is expected to 1) positive self-esteem, 2) ability to sex and reach goals, 3) the promotion of organization's effectiveness and productivity, 4) provide effective and high quality health-care, 5) a sense of hope for the future. The concept of empowerment is certainly believed that it will help future nurses since they needs an integrated technique that can treat acute and chronic patients' nursing, individuals, families, and communities. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the instrument including the defining attributes identified in this study. Also, it is need follow up study of this concept.

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Impact of Clinical Nurses' Power and Empowerment on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment
Hyeon Hui Park, Kyung Sook Park, Young Hee Yom, Kyung Hee Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2006;36(2):244-254.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2006.36.2.244
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This study was performed to analyze effects of the power and empowerment on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. This study was based on the Kanter's theory of organizational empowerment.

Method

A predictive, non-experimental design was used to test the model in a sample of 688 nurses working in 7 university hospitals that have over 500 beds in Seoul, Kyunggi and Kangwon provinces. The data were collected from December, 2003 to January, 2004. It was analyzed with descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation of SPSS and with path analysis of LISREL.

Result

The formal and informal power had direct effects on empowerment. Formal power also had direct effects on informal power. Empowerment had direct effects on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Organizational commitment had direct effects on job satisfaction. There was positive effects in all of the variables.

Conclusion

The positive changes show on personal behaviors and attitudes when the nurses who have formal and informal power are empowered. These findings would be important resource to nurse administrators for clinical implication.

Citations

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  • The cultural difference between empowerment and job satisfaction among nurses: An umbrella review
    Shih-Yu Chang, Shu-Zhuan Wang, Huan-Fang Lee
    Applied Nursing Research.2025; 82: 151912.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between a University Hospital Nurses’ Structural Empowerment and Quality of Nursing Work Life: Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment
    Eun Bee Baek, Sun Hyoung Bae
    Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2022; 47(2): 159.     CrossRef
  • Physical Therapy Status and Job Satisfaction of Physical Therapist in Residential Facilities for the Disabled
    Hyo-Lyun Roh
    Journal of The Korean Society of Physical Medicine.2022; 17(2): 63.     CrossRef
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    Mi-Jeong Kim, Ji-Young Han
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2019; 25(1): 25.     CrossRef
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    Eunhee Hwang
    Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2019; 16(3): 263.     CrossRef
  • Influence of Nurse Managers' Authentic Leadership on Nurses' Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: Focused on the Mediating Effects of Empowerment
    Han-Gyo Choi, Sung Hee Ahn
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2016; 46(1): 100.     CrossRef
  • Structural equation modeling on nurses' emotional labor including antecedents and consequences
    Miyeon Kim, Heejung Choi
    Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society.2016; 27(1): 143.     CrossRef
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    Soon-gu Kim, Young-sook Seo
    Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(2): 282.     CrossRef
  • Relationships of Nursing Professionalism, Self-Leadership and Empowerment of Nursing Students
    Eun-Hee Kim
    Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science.2016; 4(1): 532.     CrossRef
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    Myoungjin Kwon, Younghee Kim
    Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(3): 2038.     CrossRef
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    Sin-Hayng Kim, Yoon-Seo Yang
    Journal of Digital Convergence.2015; 13(8): 387.     CrossRef
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    Young-Sook Seo, Yu-Lim Son, Chu-Young Jung
    Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science.2015; 3(3): 419.     CrossRef
  • The Effects of Positive Psychological Capital, Organizational Commitment, Customer Orientation in Clinical Nurses
    In Suk Kim, Ryu Bin Seo, Bok Nam Kim, A Ri Min
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2015; 21(1): 10.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Empowerment and Job Satisfaction on Nursing Performance of Clinical Nurses
    Ji-Yeon Choi, Eun-Kyung Kim, Se Young Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2014; 20(4): 426.     CrossRef
  • Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment according to Life Organization (LIFO) Behavior Type of Novice Nurses
    Hye Jin Yang, Sun Im Im, Eun Young Choi
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2013; 19(5): 636.     CrossRef
  • The Relationship between Role Conflict, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment among Community Healthcare Workers of the Seoul Preventive Project for Metabolic Syndrome
    Hosihn Ryu, Jeonghyun Cho
    Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2013; 27(1): 16.     CrossRef
  • Empowerment and Job Satisfaction among Clinical Nurses in South Korea: Systematic Review
    Eun-Young Jeong
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2013; 19(5): 599.     CrossRef
  • Path Analysis for Workplace Incivility, Empowerment, Burnout, and Organizational Commitment of Hospital Nurses
    Se Young Kim, Jong Kyung Kim, Kwang-Ok Park
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2013; 19(5): 555.     CrossRef
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    Yun-Su Joo, Sang-Sook Han
    The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2013; 19(2): 194.     CrossRef
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    Hyo Jin Choi, Eunjoo Lee
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    Eun Hee Oh, Bok Yae Chung
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2011; 17(4): 391.     CrossRef
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    Suk-Hee Oh, Seung-Tae Moon, Hee-Sun Kang
    Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2011; 20(1): 65.     CrossRef
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    Byoung Sook Lee, Jeong Sook Park, Jeong Hee Lee, Sun Nam Hong
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2010; 16(1): 48.     CrossRef
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    Young Hee Sung, Moon Sook Hwang, Kyeong Sug Kim, Na Mi Chun
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2010; 16(3): 259.     CrossRef
  • The Mediator Effect of Empowerment in Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment
    Yun-Mi Lee, Bok-Mi Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(4): 603.     CrossRef
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Effects of an Empowerment Program on the Burden of Mothers Having a Child with Cerebral Palsy
Yong Sook Eo
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(1):154-164.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.1.154
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop an empowerment program as a nursing intervention for mothers who care for a child with cerebral palsy at home and to determine the effects of the program on those mothers' self efficacy, coping behavior and burden.

Method

An non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. An Empowerment program was developed based on Dunst & Trivette's model. Using the program, the study was carried out from Dec. 13, 2003 to Jan. 17, 2004, mothers whose children, aged 1 to 6, were outpatients of the Dept. of Rehabilitation Medicine, at P University Hospital or registered at educational institutions for early disabled children. The experimental group of subjects were included in the new empowerment program which was held for two and half hours every week for 6 times.

Results

After treatment with the Empowerment Program, the experimental group was found to be significantly increased in score for self efficacy(t=4.55, p<.01), coping behavior(t=5.54, p<.001), objective burden(t=-3.96, p<.01) and subjective burden(t=-5.05, p<.01), in comparison to the control group.

Conclusion

The Empowerment Program is very effective in increasing self efficacy and coping behavior of mothers having a child with cerebral palsy and decreasing their burden. Finally, this study would recommend that an empowerment program should be extended to community facilities such as public health offices and welfare centers.

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    Ju‐Yeon Uhm, Myoung Soo Kim
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    Sunjoo Boo
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    Nam-Hee Park
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    Yunmi Kim
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    Jung Sun Kang, So Young Choi, Eun Jung Ryu
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Effects of Breastfeeding Empowerment Program on Breastfeeding Self-efficacy, Adaptation and Continuation in Primiparous Women
Seon Mi Song, Mi Kyung Park
J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(3):409-419.   Published online June 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.3.409
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop a breastfeeding empowerment program and to investigate the effects of the breastfeeding empowerment program on self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding for primiparous women.

Methods

The 5 session breastfeeding empowerment program was developed and a non-equivalent control group non-synchronized quasi-experiment design was used. Fifty-five participants were assigned to either the experimental group (n=27) or the control group (n=28). Effects were tested using repeated measures ANOVA and χ2-test.

Results

Scores for self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding of in the experimental group after program were significantly higher than 1week, 4weeks, 8weeks scores in control group.

Conclusion

The effects of the breastfeeding empowerment program for elevating self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding in primiparous women were validated. Therefore, this program can be recommended for vigorous use in clinical practice.

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    Eunju Kwak, Seungmi Park
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    Zeynab Taheri, Fatemeh Bakouei, Mouloud Agajani Delavar, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Afsaneh Bakhtiari, Fatemeh Nasiri Amiri
    Journal of Education and Health Promotion.2022; 11(1): 420.     CrossRef
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    Jung Hee Yeo, Eun-Young Kim
    Midwifery.2022; 107: 103282.     CrossRef
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    Seol Hui Park, Seang Ryu
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    Sun Hwa Park, Kyung Ja June
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    Sun-Hee Kim
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Influence of Nurse Managers' Authentic Leadership on Nurses' Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: Focused on the Mediating Effects of Empowerment
Han-Gyo Choi, Sung Hee Ahn
J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(1):100-108.   Published online February 29, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.1.100
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine the mediating effect of empowerment in the relationship of nurse managers' authentic leadership, with nurses' organizational commitment and job satisfaction.

Methods

The participants in this study were 273 registered nurses working in five University hospitals located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The measurements included the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, Condition of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire-II, Organizational Commitment Questionnaire and Korea-Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, simple and multiple regression techniques with the SPSS 18.0 program. Mediation analysis was performed according to the Baron and Kenny method and Sobel test.

Results

There were significant correlations among authentic leadership, empowerment, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Empowerment showed perfect mediating effects in the relationship between authentic leadership and organizational commitment. It had partial mediating effects in the relationship between authentic leadership and job satisfaction.

Conclusion

In this study, nurse managers' authentic leadership had significant influences on nurses organizational commitment and job satisfaction via empowerment. Therefore, to enhance nurses' organizational commitment and job satisfaction, it is necessary to build effective strategies to enhance nurse manager's authentic leadership and to develop empowering education programs for nurses.

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Development of Empowerment Program for Persons with Chronic Mental Illness and Evaluation of Impact
Mijung Kim, Kyunghee Lee
J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(6):834-845.   Published online December 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.6.834
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This study was done to develop an empowerment program for people with chronic mental illness and to analyze effects of the program on level of empowerment.

Methods

The research was conducted using a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Participants were 37 people with chronic mental illness (experimental group: 18, control group: 19). The empowerment program was provided for 8 weeks (15 sessions). Data were collected between July 21 and October 17, 2014. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, Sapiro-wilk test, and Repeated measure ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 18.0.

Results

Quantitative results show that self-efficacy, interpersonal relationships, attitudes in the workplace, occupational performance capacity, and levels of empowered execute were significantly better in the experimental group compared to the control group.

Conclusion

Study findings indicate that this empowerment program for persons with chronic mental illness is effective for improving self efficacy, interpersonal skills, attitudes in the workplace, occupational performance capacity, levels of empowered execute.

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    Yeun-Joo Hur, KyuMan Han, MinKyu Rhee
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    Myung-Sun Hyun, Hyunlye Kim, Kyoung A Nam
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    Ju Hyun Woo, Ji Hye Jang, Jeong Hee Cho
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Review Article
A Review on the Use of Effect Size in Nursing Research
Hyuncheol Kang, Kyupil Yeon, Sang-Tae Han
J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(5):641-649.   Published online October 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.5.641
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to introduce the main concepts of statistical testing and effect size and to provide researchers in nursing science with guidance on how to calculate the effect size for the statistical analysis methods mainly used in nursing.

Methods

For t-test, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, regression analysis which are used frequently in nursing research, the generally accepted definitions of the effect size were explained.

Results

Some formulae for calculating the effect size are described with several examples in nursing research. Furthermore, the authors present the required minimum sample size for each example utilizing G*Power 3 software that is the most widely used program for calculating sample size.

Conclusion

It is noted that statistical significance testing and effect size measurement serve different purposes, and the reliance on only one side may be misleading. Some practical guidelines are recommended for combining statistical significance testing and effect size measure in order to make more balanced decisions in quantitative analyses.

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Original Articles
Development and Validation of the Empowerment Scale for Woman with Breast Cancer
Sun Hwa Shin, Hyojung Park
J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(4):613-624.   Published online August 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.4.613
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to evaluate empowerment in woman with breast cancer and to examine the validity and reliability of the scale.

Methods

The development process for the initial items included a literature review, interviews, and construction of a conceptual framework. The identified items were evaluated for content validity by experts, resulting in 3 factors and 48 preliminary items. Participants were 319 women with breast cancer recruited to test reliability and validity of the preliminary scale. Data were analyzed using item analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, criterion related validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability.

Results

The final scale consisted of 30 items and 3 factors. Factors, including 'intrapersonal factor' (14 items), 'interactional factor' (8 items), and 'behavioral factor' (8 items), were drawn up after confirmatory factor analysis. Goodness of fit of the final research model was very appropriate as shown by χ2/df=1.86, TLI=.90, CFI=.92, SRMR=.06, and RMSEA=.05. Criterion validity was evaluated by total correlation with the Cancer Empowerment Questionnaire .78. Cronbach's alpha for total items was .93 and test-retest reliability was .69.

Conclusion

Findings from this study indicate that the scale can be used in the development of nursing interventions to promote the empowerment of women having breast cancer.

Citations

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    Sookyung Jeong, Eun Jeong Kim
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    Semi Lim, Younhee Kang
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    Semi Lim, Kyungmi Lee
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    Yan PENG, Lin HAN, Fang-Fang AN, Li LI, Yue-Li HOU
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    Jiyoung Kim, Nayeon Shin, Kyungmi Lee
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Effects of a Multi-disciplinary Approached, Empowerment Theory Based Self-management Intervention in Older Adults with Chronic Illness
Chorong Park, Misoon Song, Belong Cho, Jaeyoung Lim, Wook Song, HeeKyung Chang, Yeon-Hwan Park
J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(2):192-201.   Published online April 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.2.192
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop a multi-disciplinary self-management intervention based on empowerment theory and to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention for older adults with chronic illness.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial design was used with 43 Korean older adults with chronic illness (Experimental group=22, Control group=21). The intervention consisted of two phases: (1) 8-week multi-disciplinary, team guided, group-based health education, exercise session, and individual empowerment counseling, (2) 16-week self-help group activities including weekly exercise and group discussion to maintain acquired self-management skills and problem-solving skills. Baseline, 8-week, and 24-week assessments measured health empowerment, exercise self-efficacy, physical activity, and physical function.

Results

Health empowerment, physical activity, and physical function in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group over time. Exercise self-efficacy significantly increased in experimental group over time but there was no significant difference between the two groups.

Conclusion

The self-management program based on empowerment theory improved health empowerment, physical activity, and physical function in older adults. The study finding suggests that a health empowerment strategy may be an effective approach for older adults with multiple chronic illnesses in terms of achieving a sense of control over their chronic illness and actively engaging self-management.

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    Keumok Park, Youngshin Song
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Review Article
Evidence Based Practice in Long Term Care Settings
Janet K. Specht
J Korean Acad Nurs 2013;43(2):145-153.   Published online April 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.2.145
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this manuscript is to discuss the need for use of evidence based practice (EBP) in LTC, the current use of evidence in long term care facilities and what we know about adoption of the use of EBP in LTC.

Methods

Literature review and reporting of findings from the M-TRAIN study that was a quasi-experimental design to test the effectiveness of an intervention to increase the use of EBPs for urinary incontinence and pain in 48 LTC facilities.

Results

Barriers to adopting EBPs include lack of available time, lack of access to current research literature, limited critical appraisal skills, excessive literature to review, non-receptive organizational culture, limited resources, and limited decision-making authority of staff to implement change. Strategies to promote adoption of EBP include the commitment of management; the culture of the home; leadership; staff knowledge, time, and reward; and facility size, complexity, the extent that members are involved outside the facility, NH chain membership, and high level of private pay residents. Findings from the M-TRAIN add, stability of nurse leader and congruency between the leaders perception of their leadership and the staff's perception of the leadership.

Conclusion

There is clear evidence of the need and the benefits to residents of LTC and to the health care system yet adoption of EBP continues to be slow and sporadic. There is also evidence for the process of establishing best evidence and many resources to find the available EBPs. The urgent need now is finding ways to best get the EBPs implemented in LTC. There is growing evidence about best methods to do this but continued research is needed. Clearly, residents in LTC deserve the best care possible and EBPs represent an important vehicle by which to do this.

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Original Articles
Effects of an Empowerment Program on the Adjustment of Older Adults to Nursing Home Life
Aekyung Chang, Yeon-Hwan Park
J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42(4):559-567.   Published online August 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.4.559
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the empowerment intervention on the levels of self-esteem, interpersonal relationships and adjustment to nursing home life of the Korean nursing home residents.

Methods

Participants (n=47) whose period of stay was less than one year were purposefully selected from 3 nursing homes in Korea. The experimental group (n=21) attended 10 weekly hour-long empowerment sessions. The empowerment program comprised two components; group education and group discussion. The control group (n=26) received a two-hour education about health management.

Results

Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed significantly higher mean scores of self-esteem (t=5.51, p<.001), interpersonal relationships (t=2.73, p=.009) and adjustment to nursing home life (t=2.10, p=.041).

Conclusion

Findings of this study suggest that empowerment interventions may be effective in enhancing nursing home residents' self-esteem, interpersonal relationships and adjustment to nursing home life. Future research is needed to determine if such an empowerment program could be used with newly institutionalized elders to speed as well as enhance their adjustment to nursing home life.

Citations

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    Xiaohui Pan, Qiyuan Huang, Zhefu Zhang, Huangqin Liu, Huimin Xiao
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    Hee Sook Yoon, Sohyune Sok
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Contingent Nurses' Burnout and Influencing Factors
Won Ock Kim, Sook Ja Moon, Sang Sook Han
J Korean Acad Nurs 2010;40(6):882-891.   Published online December 31, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2010.40.6.882
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This study was designed to identify burnout and factors influencing burnout in contingent nurses.

Methods

A cross-sectional design was conducted with a sample of 228 contingent nurses randomly selected from 25 general hospitals in Korea. The tools used for this study were scales measuring burnout (8 items), job stress (8 items), job satisfaction (9 items), self efficacy (9 items), organizational commitment (9 items), empowerment (9 items), autonomy (7 items) and social support (8 items). The data were analyzed using SPSS 15.0 employing Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis.

Results

The mean score for burnout in contingent nurses was 3.05 points. Factors influencing burnout in contingent nurses were identified as job stress (β=.40), satisfaction level with current ward (β=-.25), organizational commitment (β=-.21), job satisfaction (β=-.19) and empowerment (β=-.16). These factors explained 65.0% of burnout reported by contingent nurses.

Conclusion

The results indicate which factors are major factors influencing burnout in contingent nurses in general hospitals. Therefore, these factors may serve as predictors of burnout in contingent nurses.

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Effects of an Empowerment Education Program in the Prevention of Internet Games Addiction in Middle School Students
Aeran Joo, Inhyae Park
J Korean Acad Nurs 2010;40(2):255-263.   Published online April 30, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2010.40.2.255
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine effects of an empowerment education program (EEP) on internet games addiction, empowerment, and stress in middle school students.

Methods

The EEP used in this study was based on the Freire's Empowerment Education Model. The research design of this study was a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design for 48 middle school students, who were conveniently assigned to an experimental group or a control group. The data were collected from May 29 to June 19, 2005. Data were analyzed using SPSS/PC program with frequencies, χ2-test, Fisher exact test, t-test, mean, standard deviation and ANCOVA.

Results

1) The first hypothesis that, "the experimental group would have higher empowerment scores than the control group." was supported. 2) The second hypothesis that, "the experimental group would have lower internet games addiction scores than the control group." was supported. 3) The third hypothesis that, "the experimental group would have lower stress scores than the control group." was supported.

Conclusion

We suggest, therefore, that the EEP should be used with adolescent to help them control their stress, internet games addiction and to increase their empowerment.

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Factors influencing Nurses' Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Junhee Park, Eunkyung Yun, Sangsook Han
J Korean Acad Nurs 2009;39(4):499-507.   Published online August 31, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.4.499
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This study was conducted to identify the factors that influence nurses' organizational citizenship behavior.

Methods

A cross-sectional design was used, with a convenience sample of 547 nurses from four university hospitals in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. The data were collected through a questionnaire survey done from September 22 to October 10, 2008. The tools used for this study were scales on organizational citizenship behavior (14 items), self-leadership (14 items), empowerment (10 items), organizational commitment (7 items), job satisfaction (8 items) and transformational·transactional leadership (14 items). Cronbach's alpha and factor analysis were examined to test reliability and construct validity of the scale. The data collected were processed using SPSS Window 15.0 Program for actual numbers and percentages, differences in the dependent variable according to general characteristics, and means, standard deviations, correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis.

Results

The factors influencing nurses' organizational citizenship behavior were identified as self-leadership (β=.247), empowerment (β=.233), job satisfaction (β=.209), organizational commitment (β=.158), and transactional leadership (β=.142). Five factors explained 42.0% of nurses' organizational citizenship behavior.

Conclusion

The results of this study can be used to develop further management strategies for enhancement of nurses' organizational citizenship behavior.

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Multi-level Analysis of Factors related to Quality of Services in Long-term Care Hospitals
Seon-heui Lee
J Korean Acad Nurs 2009;39(3):409-421.   Published online June 29, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.3.409
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

In this research multi-level analysis was done to identify factors related to quality of services. Patient characteristics and organizational factors were considered.

Methods

The data were collected from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) data base. The sample was selected from 17,234 patients who had been admitted between January 2007 and May 2008 to one of 253 long-term care hospitals located in Seoul, six other metropolitan cities or nine provinces The data were analyzed with SAS 9.1 using multi-level analysis.

Results

The results indicated that individual level variables related to quality of service were age, cognitive ability, patient classification, and initial quality scores. The organizational level variables related to quality of service were ownership, number of beds, and turnover rate. The explanatory power of variables related to organizational level variances in quality of service was 23.72%.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that differences in the quality of services were related to organizational factors. It is necessary to consider not only individual factors but also higher-level organizational factors such as nurse' welfare and facility standards if quality of service in long term care hospitals is to be improved.

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    Hae Sagong, Ga Eon Lee
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    Eun Hee Kim, Eunjoo Lee
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    Hanju Lee, Yu Kyung Ko, Mi-Won Kim
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The Mediator Effect of Empowerment in Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment
Yun-Mi Lee, Bok-Mi Kim
J Korean Acad Nurs 2008;38(4):603-611.   Published online August 31, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2008.38.4.603
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This study was to determine the mediator or moderator role of empowerment in the relationship between the head nurse's transformational leadership and organizational commitment as perceived by staff nurses.

Methods

Data was collected from 451 nurses in a tertiary hospital located in B city by means of structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient and hierarchial multiple regression using the SPSS program.

Results

Empowerment showed mediating effects between the head nurse's transformational leadership and organizational commitment as perceived by staff nurses. However, empowerment did not show moderating effects.

Conclusion

Nurses' perception of empowerment, the head nurse's transformational leadership and organizational commitment have a strong relationship. This finding suggests the importance of empowering nurses to increase organizational commitment.

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    Seunghye Choi, Insun Jang, Seungmi Park, Haeyoung Lee
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    Eun Hee Oh, Bok Yae Chung
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