Sun Hwa Shin; Hyojung Park

doi:10.4040/jkan.2015.45.4.613

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Original Article
Development and Validation of the Empowerment Scale for Woman with Breast Cancer: Sun Hwa Shin, Hyojung Park; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2015;45(4):613-624.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.4.613
Published online: August 31, 2015

Division of Nursing Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.

Address reprint requests to: Park, Hyojung. Division of Nursing Science, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea. Tel: +82-2-3277-2824, Fax: +82-2-3277-2850, hyojungp@ewha.ac.kr

• Received: January 20, 2015 • Revised: February 11, 2015 • Accepted: June 3, 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.

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Abstract
NOTES
REFERENCES
Appendix

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to evaluate empowerment in woman with breast cancer and to examine the validity and reliability of the scale.
Methods
The development process for the initial items included a literature review, interviews, and construction of a conceptual framework. The identified items were evaluated for content validity by experts, resulting in 3 factors and 48 preliminary items. Participants were 319 women with breast cancer recruited to test reliability and validity of the preliminary scale. Data were analyzed using item analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, criterion related validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
Results
The final scale consisted of 30 items and 3 factors. Factors, including 'intrapersonal factor' (14 items), 'interactional factor' (8 items), and 'behavioral factor' (8 items), were drawn up after confirmatory factor analysis. Goodness of fit of the final research model was very appropriate as shown by χ²/df=1.86, TLI=.90, CFI=.92, SRMR=.06, and RMSEA=.05. Criterion validity was evaluated by total correlation with the Cancer Empowerment Questionnaire .78. Cronbach's alpha for total items was .93 and test-retest reliability was .69.
Conclusion
Findings from this study indicate that the scale can be used in the development of nursing interventions to promote the empowerment of women having breast cancer.
Keywords: Breast neoplasms; Women; Empowerment; Validation studies

This manuscript is a condensed from of the first author's doctoral dissertation from Ewha Womans University.

This work was partially funded by the Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing Lambda Alpha Chapter-at-Large in 2014.

REFERENCES

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Appendix

Appendix 1

Figure 1

Research model and alternative models.

Figure 2

Confirmatory factor analysis of the research model.

Table 1

Goodness of Fit on Research Model and Alternative Models

TLI=Turker-Lewis index; CFI=Comparative fit index; SRMR=Standardized root-mean-square residual; RMSEA=Root mean square error of approximation; CI=Confidence interval; AIC=Akaike information criteria.

Table 2

Measured Variable Estimates of the Confirmatory Factor Model (N =319)

Table 3

Correlation between Empowerment Scale for Woman with Breast Cancer and Cancer Empowerment Questionnaire (N =319)

ESWBC=Empowerment scale for woman with breast cancer; CEQ =Cancer empowerment questionnaire.

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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Development and Validation of the Empowerment Scale for Woman with Breast Cancer

J Korean Acad Nurs. 2015;45(4):613-624. Published online August 31, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.4.613

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Development and Validation of the Empowerment Scale for Woman with Breast Cancer

Figure 1 Research model and alternative models.

Figure 2 Confirmatory factor analysis of the research model.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Development and Validation of the Empowerment Scale for Woman with Breast Cancer

Table 1

Goodness of Fit on Research Model and Alternative Models

TLI=Turker-Lewis index; CFI=Comparative fit index; SRMR=Standardized root-mean-square residual; RMSEA=Root mean square error of approximation; CI=Confidence interval; AIC=Akaike information criteria.

Table 2

Measured Variable Estimates of the Confirmatory Factor Model (N =319)

Table 3

Correlation between Empowerment Scale for Woman with Breast Cancer and Cancer Empowerment Questionnaire (N =319)

ESWBC=Empowerment scale for woman with breast cancer; CEQ =Cancer empowerment questionnaire.

Table 1 Goodness of Fit on Research Model and Alternative Models

TLI=Turker-Lewis index; CFI=Comparative fit index; SRMR=Standardized root-mean-square residual; RMSEA=Root mean square error of approximation; CI=Confidence interval; AIC=Akaike information criteria.

Table 2 Measured Variable Estimates of the Confirmatory Factor Model (N =319)

Table 3 Correlation between Empowerment Scale for Woman with Breast Cancer and Cancer Empowerment Questionnaire (N =319)

ESWBC=Empowerment scale for woman with breast cancer; CEQ =Cancer empowerment questionnaire.