The purpose of this study is to help the care of patient and to his family through comparison of the level of anxiety which between the family of admitted patient and the family without in patient, and to his family through comparison of the level of anxiety which between the family of admitted patient and the family without inpatient and exclude the factors which raised the level of anxiety in them. The experimental group in this study were samples of 200 patient's family selected by random sampling in H. University hospital located in Seoul (Department of patient were internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics and neuropsychiatry). The control group were samples of 70 family without inpatient selected by random sampling in Seoul. The data were collected through STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) by Spielberger (1970) for measurement to level of state and trait anxiety from April 1st to April 15th in 1982. The contents of data analysis by EDPS included the difference of level of anxiety between experimental and control group, correlationship between general characteristics of experimental group and level of anxiety, and correlation of trait and state anxiety in experimental group. The Findings of this study were as follows: 1) Level of anxiety of experimental group is higher than control group. 2) In the correlation between general characteristics and level of anxiety of experimental group, there were no significant difference which revealed in correlation with age of family member, family life cycle, marital status, the relation between patient and family member, the degree of symptom, number of admission, admission or nonadmission of medical insurance, number of family member, and division of disease to level of anxiety. However, according to the sex of family member, hospitallzation period, a monthly income of family, the degree of confidence toward medical team, religion of family, academic background of family, a tendency of significant differences to level of anxiety were seen. To put them in the concrete, they were as follow; a) Level of anxiety on female family member is higher than male in experimental group. fa) Admission period of patient is positively related to the level of anxiety of patient's family. c) The degree of confidence of patient's family toward medical team is in inverse proportion to the level of anxiety. d) A monthly income of patient's famly is in inverse proportion to the level of anxiety. e) Level of anxiety of believer in patient's family is lower than unbeliever, f) The academical background of patient's family is in inverse proportion to the level of anxiety. g) Level of state anxiety of patient's family at the time of admission is positively related to the evel of trait anxiety.

This Study was undertaken to delineate the relationship between numerical score and the amount of nursing hours required in the nursing process. Score was a numerical description of the patients functional nursing needs. Therefore this study focused on standard nursing hours required by patient's self-care status. This study observed the 62 patients and 15 R.N. in H. university hospital from Aug. 7, 1982 to Aug. 13, 1982. 1. For the first time, each head nurse assessed self-care status by Schoening's self-care score. Minimal care patient (self-care score: 23,24) was placed in Group I, intermediate care patient (self-care score: ll~22) was Group II, and special care score: 0~10) was Group III. 2. We observed and recorded the nursing care received from nurses according to patient's group. (8AM-4PM) 3. And, We observed and recorded the activities of nurses in order to determine standard nursing hours required. (8AM~4PM) 4. If we apply the content of paragraph 3 to paragraph 2, we will predict the number of patient that nurse can care during day time by self-care status. The following results were obtained: 1) Patieat's mean self-care score were Group 1 : 23.9 score Group 2 : 17.8 score Group 3 : 1.6 score 2) Nursipg hours required by patient's physical function (self-care status) status were Group 1 : 35 min. Group 2 : 47.5 min. Group 3 : 104. 6 min. 3) Nurse's nursing time and distribution required in nursing activities during day duty were A.D.L. : 84.3min. (17.56%) Functional nursing activities: 279.9min.(58.31%) Education & Emotional support: 11. 3min.(2.35%) Task unrelated patients : 54min.(11.25%) Non Productive nursing care : 50. 5min.(10. 52%) 4) Mean nursing hours required by each patient and the number of patient that nurse can care during day duty by self-care status were Group 1 : 38.6min. 11.1 patients/1 nurse Group 2 : 51. 1min. 8.4 patients/1 nurse Group 3 : 108.2min. 4 patients/1 nurse It seems reasonable that this could be done effectively as each-unit has an established standard for hours required. This not only allows time for planning of staff but helps to avoid the very human inelination to predict excessive staffing requirements by placing the majority of patients in high care group.

The main purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of FIPS as an assessment tool for pain in children. The subject were 81 children whose ages ranged from 3 to 14 years old who were experiencing pain from an intramuscular injection. 40 were being seen in a local primary hospital and 41 in a university hospital. The data were collected in two settings at a 6 month interval, the first was on Nov. 5th 1991 in a local clinic by one doctor, the second was on May 1st. 1992 in a university hospital by two nurse. McGrath's(1985) face interval cards and weight box scale which is a numeral scale that contains from one to five boxes of cards were used as measures. To analyze the subject's ability to use the face scale and weight box scale, statistical frequency was employed. To determine the difference in the rated pain intensity on the face interval scale and the weight box, Pearson correlation coefficent and t-test were employed. To compare the difference in the rated pain intensity of the face interval scale and the weight box scale according to subject's general characteristics, X2-test was employed. The findings were as follows; 1. The subject's ages were from 3 to 14 with a mean age of 8.3 years old. There were 54(66.7%) male children and 27(33.3%) female children. 2. The number of subjects who correctly displayed cards ranging from none to severe pain was 66(81. 5%) and the number who correctly compared two cards 3 times was 73 (90.1 %). 3. Correlation coefficents between each level card of the FIPS and WBS(Weight Box Scale) were r= .52~.80 P<0.01. 4. There was no statistical difference in rating of the intensity on the FIPS and WBS.(t=1.12~1.02, P<0.22~ 0.45). 5. The differences in rating pain intensity according to the children's general characteristics were related to age (X2 =8.94, P<0.05), but not to sex (X2=0.23, P=0.80).

The study problem was to determine the reliability of the Stewart pain circle measurement tool with Korean subjects. The purpose was to assess the tool for potential use in research in Korea. The subjects were 95 primary school students and 103 university students in Seoul. The study was conducted from May to June 1990, using Stewart's pain color circle tool. To determine the difference in the rated intensity of the order of the pain circles, statistical mean and standard deviation were employed. Item reliability and test-retest reliability were used to explore for reliability. ANOVA and t-test were used to explore for differences in the rated intensity of the order of the pain color circles according to the subjects' general characteristics. The findings were as follows ; 1. Higher level pain intensity was assigned to color circle numbers 2, 4, and 6(These contain large amounts of color). Lower level pain intensity was assigned to numbers 1, 3, and 5(These contain small amounts of color). Higher and lower levels of pain intensity selection patterns were the same as Stewart's but the highest rating of pain was different. The highest pain intensity rating was given to the color red in this study instead of black as in Stewart's test. 2. University students and primary school students' ratings were not very different. 3. Pain color circle reliability was alpha=0.3468, Test-retest reliability was supported (t=0.02~0.97, p=0.337~0.988). 4. Differences in the rating of the pain intensity order were related to the subjects' age and sex, but not to religion. It was concluded tat the pain color circle measurement tool is worth for further study as a research instrument with both Korean adult and child clients for validity and reliability.

The main purpose of this study was to clarify the validity with patient's general background of Korean Pain Measurement tool. The subjects of this study were 195 patient from the 8 Med-Surgical wards in H. University Hospital in Seoul. The study was conducted over a 40 day period from Oct. 5, 1985 to Nov. 15, 1985. All patients had pain. Korean Pain Measurement tool and simple descriptive pain scale as Graphic Rating Scale were used to measure the pain. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient test was exercised to measure the correlation between the two kinds of pain tools. To clarify the Sensitivity of Korean Pain tool was used frequency with patient's response. To compare the diffenence in pain levels with patient's general background, ANOVA and t-test was employed. To compare the difference in pain levels existed due to pain area of the body used mean numbers. The outcome of the study was as follows: 1. A positive correlation did exist between two pain measurement tools.(r=.2028~. 7768, p<0.002) 2. The sensitive subclass in Korean Pain Measurement tools was 7 subclass. The 7 subclass are inflammatory repeated pain, simple stimulating, traction pressure, dull pain, cavity pain, digestion related pain, suffering-related pain. 3. The existence of levels of pain in accordance with patient's general background, the department of hospital, pain area of the body and school age was supported. Age, sex, religion, marrital status, economic status, acute or chronic status was not supported. 4. The existence of higher pain levels of the body area was anus, chest, and lower pain levels of the body area was eye, ear, nose and throat. Based on the above results, it was found that sensitive subclasses of the Korean Pain Measurement tool was 7 subclass among all of 20 subclass. Thus it can be concluded that Korean Pain Measurement tool when partialy used and supplemented, can be an effective tool of pain measurement for the patient in Korea.

The main purpose of this study was getting related to the pain charactristic data of elderly. It contains past and present health status, daily living activity level, pain frequency, causes, pain area, pain intensity, pain worse causes, and pain releave causes, pain management methods. The subject were 79 elderly whose age were over 65 years old. They were lived in their home environment. Half of them were resident of middle range city at province and the others were Seoul city. The data was collected from Dec. 1st. 1995 to Jan. 30th. 1996. Interviews were held with semi-structured questionaire after pilot study by researchers. Pain measurement tool were used graphic rating scale and Abstract of Korean Pain Language Scale. To analize the subject's general characteristics, past and present health status, daily living activity level, characteristics about pain, pain management methods statistical SPSS for win frequency were employed. The findings were as follows; 1. There were 33(41.8%) male and 46(58.2%) female Below 69 year old were 20(25.3%), 70-79 year old were 42 (53.2%), over 80 year old were 17(21.5%), mean age was 74(from 65 to 89). 2. Buddhist were 24(30.4%), Christian were 29(36. 7%), the other religious status or nun religians were 26(32.9%). 3. Past good health status were 63(79.7%), not so good status were 6(7.6%). Present good health status were 19 (24.1%), moderated health status were 6(7.6%), not so good status were 14(17.7%). 4. Daily living activity limitation were 39(49.4%), nonlimitation of activity were 5(6.3%). 5. Walking limitation were 3(3.8%), nonlimitation walking were 52(65.8%). 6. Insomnia was 23(29.1%), no difficult were 38(48. 1%). 7. Chronic pain complaints were 64(81%), diseases causes of pain were 25(31.6%), bad health behavior causes of pain were 27(34.2%). 8. Most pain area were back 30(29.4%), leg 17(16. 7%), knee 16(15.7%), arm 13(12.7%), teeth, chest and head were each 5(4.9%), loin, trunk were each 4(3.9%), the other areas were 3(3%). 9. Pain intensity was 3.49(mean) by Korean Language Scale, 6.59(mean) by graphic rating scale. Sensitive pain was 3.5(47.9%), affective pain was 3(20.8%) It was high pain level and sensitive pain. 10. Most pain worse causes moving was 35(44.3%), pain relieving causes rest was 29(36.7%). 11. Pain management method were medication 40 (42.1%), physiotherapy 23(24.2%), hospital 12 (12.6%), the others 7(7.4%), none 13(13.7%). The conclusion; Present health status of eldery was not so good. Almost half of them have some diseases. Most common diseases of eldery were arthristis, respitatory and heart problems. Fourty nine percent of elderly had limitation of daily living activities. Eighty one percent of eldely had chronic pain. Most of them was back pain (30%). Pain intensity was high (score over 3.5). The worsening pain causes was moving and releiving causes was rest. Pain management method were pain medication, physiotherapy. Therefore, Nursing care plan for the elderly have to focus on pain because majority of elderly have chronic high level of pain related to the arthritis.

This study was conducted to identify the attitude of ethical dilemmas in hospital nurses. Ethical dilemmas were categorized into four areas: human life area, clients area, nursing practice area, and nurses-co-worker area. 354 nurses working in clinical settings were selected in Seoul and Kangwon area. Data were gathered from 26, June to 10, July, 1994 by structured guestionnaires. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data. The results obtained from data were as follows: 1) In human life area mean score was 3.03. This area showed remarkabale individual differences between utilitarian and deonto-logical position. 2) In clients area mean score was 3.94. It means that nurses tend to take a deonto-logical position. 3) In nursing practice area mean score was 3.41. It means that nurses tend to take a slightly deontological position. 4) In nurses-co-worker area mean score was 3. It means that nurses tend to take a deont-ological position. To conclude, clinents area, nursing practice area, and nurses-co-worker area taken deontological position. Most nurse's primary concern was the 'welfare of the patients' which is to fundamental ethical professional practice. But nurses experienced more ethical dilemmas in human life area than others. Therefore, nurses should be prepared to make independent decision that based on bio-ethics and professional ethics.

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