Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Mental Health Care for Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Experiences and Challenges: Choi, Heeseung , Oh, Hyunsung; J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(4):359-362. Published online August 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22094

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Patient Safety Management Activities of Korean Nurses: A Meta-Analytic Path Analysis: Jeong, Seohee , Jeong, Seok Hee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(4):363-377. Published online August 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22022

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aimed to test a hypothetical model of Korean nurses’ patient safety management activities using meta-analytic path analysis.
Methods
A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-analytic path analysis were conducted following the PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. Seventy-four studies for the meta-analysis and 92 for the meta-analytic path analysis were included. The R software program (Version 3.6.3) was used for data analysis.
Results
Four variables out of 49 relevant variables were selected in the meta-analysis. These four variables showed large effect sizes (ESr = .54) or median effect sizes (ESr = .33∼.40) with the highest k (number of studies) in the individual, job, and organizational categories. The hypothetical model for the meta-analytic path analysis was established using these variables and patient safety management activities. Twelve hypothetical paths were set and tested. Finally, the perception of the importance of patient safety management and patient safety competency directly affected patient safety management activities. In addition, self-efficacy, the perception of the importance of patient safety management, patient safety competency, and patient safety culture, indirectly affected patient safety management activities.
Conclusion
Self-efficacy, the perception of the importance of patient safety management, patient safety competency, and the organization’s patient safety culture should be enhanced to improve nurses’ patient safety management activities.

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Effect of Patient Safety Training Program of Nurses in Operating Room: Zhang, Peijia , Liao, Xin , Luo, Jie; J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(4):378-390. Published online August 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22017

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study developed an in-service training program for patient safety and aimed to evaluate the impact of the program on nurses in the operating room (OR).
Methods
A pretest–posttest self-controlled survey was conducted on OR nurses from May 6 to June 14, 2020. An in-service training program for patient safety was developed on the basis of the knowledge–attitude–practice (KAP) theory through various teaching methods. The levels of safety attitude, cognition, and attitudes toward the adverse event reporting of nurses were compared to evaluate the effect of the program. Nurses who attended the training were surveyed one week before the training (pretest) and two weeks after the training (posttest).
Results
A total of 84 nurses participated in the study. After the training, the scores of safety attitude, cognition, and attitudes toward adverse event reporting of nurses showed a significant increase relative to the scores before the training (p < .001). The effects of safety training on the total score and the dimensions of safety attitude, cognition, and attitudes toward nurses’ adverse event reporting were above the moderate level.
Conclusion
The proposed patient safety training program based on KAP theory improves the safety attitude of OR nurses. Further studies are required to develop an interprofessional patient safety training program. In addition to strength training, hospital managers need to focus on the aspects of workflow, management system, department culture, and other means to promote safety culture.

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An Analysis of Tasks of Nurses Caring for Patients with COVID-19 in a Nationally-Designated Inpatient Treatment Unit: Jung, Minho , Kim, Moon-Sook , Lee, Joo-Yeon , Lee, Kyung Yi , Park, Yeon-Hwan; J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(4):391-406. Published online August 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22056

Abstract PDF: Purpose
The purpose of this study was to provide foundational knowledge on nursing tasks performed on patients with COVID-19 in a nationally-designated inpatient treatment unit.
Methods
This study employs both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative method investigated the content and frequency of nursing tasks for 460 patients (age ≥ 18y, 57.4% men) from January 20, 2020, to September 30, 2021, by analyzing hospital information system records. Qualitative data were collected via focus group interviews. The study involved interviews with three focus groups comprising 18 nurses overall to assess their experiences and perspectives on nursing care during the pandemic from February 3, 2022, to February 15, 2022. The data were examined with thematic analysis.
Results
Overall, 49 different areas of nursing tasks (n = 130,687) were identified based on the Korean Patient Classification System for nurses during the study period. Among the performed tasks, monitoring of oxygen saturation and measuring of vital signs were considered high-priority. From the focus group interview, three main themes and eleven sub-themes were generated. The three main themes are “Experiencing eventfulness in isolated settings,” “All-around player,” and “Reflections for solutions.” Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative to ensure adequate staffing levels, compensation, and educational support for nurses. The study further propose improving guidelines for emerging infectious diseases and patient classification systems to improve the overall quality of patient care.

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A Predictive Model of Resilience in Mothers of Children with Developmental Disabilities: Cho, Youyoung , Kim, Hyeonok; J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(4):407-420. Published online August 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21235

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This structural model study was constructed and verified a hypothetical model to examine the effects of parenting stress, social resources, family resources, and positive coping on resilience among mothers of children with developmental disabilities.
Methods
Data were collected using self‐report structured questionnaires, from October 19 to October 30, 2018, with 214 mothers caring for chil-dren with developmental disabilities under the age of 20 years.
Results
In the fitness test results of the hypothesis model, with the fit index χ ² (p) = 69.27 (< .001), and the normed fit indices (χ ² = 1.87, GFI = .94, CFI = .97, NFI = .93, and TLI = .95, RMSEA = .06, SRMR = .06), this study satisfies the good fitness in standards. There are seven statistically significant paths among the 10 paths set in the hypotheti-cal model. The explanatory power of parenting stress and social resources, which affects the family resources was 41.4%, the explanato-ry power of parenting stress, social resources, and family resources affecting the positive coping was 58.9%, and the explanatory power of parenting stress, social resources, family resources, and positive coping affecting resilience was 55.5%.
Conclusion
Positive coping, family resources, and social resources of mothers of children with developmental disabilities directly affect their resilience, and parenting stress indirectly affects it. Therefore, to improve the resilience of mothers of children with developmental disabilities, it is necessary to develop a systematic nursing intervention that considers parenting stress, social resources, family resources, and positive coping.

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The Influence of Parental Self-Esteem on Late School-Aged Children’s Media Device Addiction: The Mediating Effect of Marital Conflict and Children’s Self-Esteem: Heo, Dayeon , Kim, Suk-Sun; J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(4):421-434. Published online August 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22036

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aimed to examine the effect of parental self-esteem on late school-aged children’s media device addiction by mediating marital conflict and children’s self-esteem.
Methods
This study used data from the 11th (2018) Panel Study on Korean Children. The participants consisted of 1,082 family triads (fathers, mothers, and children). Data were collected using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Marital Conflict Scale, and K-Internet Addiction Scale. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS/WIN 27.0 and Mplus 8.7.
Results
The final model showed a good fit for the data. Children’s media device addiction was directly related to mothers’ self-esteem, mothers’ marital conflict, and children’s self-esteem. Fathers’ self-esteem had a significant indirect effect on children’s media device addiction by mediating both fathers’ and mothers’ marital conflict. In addition, mothers’ self-esteem had a significant indirect effect on children’s media device addiction by mediating mothers’ marital conflict.
Conclusion
The findings indicates that self-esteem and marital conflict for both fathers and mothers have a significant effect on children’s media device addiction. It suggests that more attention might be given to fathers and mothers in developing interventions to prevent children’s media device addiction.

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The Caring Experience of Family Caregivers for Patients of Living Donor Liver Transplantation from the Family Members: Bang, Miseon , Kwon, Suhye; J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(4):435-450. Published online August 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22043

Abstract PDF: Purpose
The purpose of the study was to understand the care experiences of the family of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) patients where the donation had occurred within the family.
Methods
Participants were eight family caregivers who cared for recipients and donors of LDLT. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews from November, 2020 to April, 2021. Data analysis was performed through a cyclical process of data collection and analysis by applying Giorgi’s phenomenological research method.
Results
The five main components extracted from the experiences of the family caregivers were: "A double-edged choice to save the family", "The harsh daily life of liver transplantation care", "The yoke of double care on both shoulders", "The power to withstand the adversity of caring", and "The recovery and growth of life pursued by trusting each other".
Conclusion
The participants tried to do their best in their daily lives, while providing reassurance and care to the LDLT patients in the family; however, they expressed some worry and hardship while doing so. The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of the caring experience of the family caregivers, which may contribute to the development of nursing interventions that will aid these caregivers in providing care to their LDLT family members. Furthermore, the development and application of an integrated management program for LDLT patients in the family is required.

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A Longitudinal Study of the Reciprocal Relationship between Depression and Income among Korean Older Men and Women: Lee, Jeong , Jeon, Gyeong-Suk; J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(4):451-463. Published online August 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22052

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study examined the reciprocal relationships between depression and income, and gender differences in these relationships among older adults in South Korea.
Methods
Using 2015 to 2019 of the Korea Welfare Panel Study (KoWePS), we studied 6,070 older adults (2,394 men and 3,676 women) aged 60 years over in 2015. The generalized estimating equation was employed to explore the effect of an individual income on depression and the reverse causal link-that of depression on income.
Results
The study found the reciprocal relationships between income and depression. Income has a significant impact on depression. Higher-income was linked to decreased risks of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scores among older adults (B = - 0.121, p < 0.001). Estimates of the reverse causal link show that higher CES-D scores were also linked to income reduction among Korean older adults (B = - 0.007, p < 0.001). In addition, we also observed gender differences in the impact of income on depression but not in the reverse causal link. Income has more detrimental to psychological consequence for older men (B = - 0.108, p < 0.001) than older women (B = - 0.057, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
The finding implies that both psychological and social protection policies for the elderly are needed in view of gender perspective.

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Effects of Fear of Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Social Distancing on Women’s Suicidal Ideation: Mediating Effect of Depression: Kim, Hyo Yeon , Park, Hanjong; J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(4):464-475. Published online August 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22078

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aimed to identify the mediating effects of depression amid the influence of fear and social distancing arising from Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Korean women’s suicidal ideation.
Methods
A descriptive correlation study was conducted. Study participants, recruited by Hankook Research from March 2 to March 5, 2021, included 300 women aged 19 to 49 living in South Korea, and 100 people were randomly allocated and enlisted for each age group out of 700,000 Hankook Research Panels recruited in advance from 17 cities and provinces nationwide. Data were collected through a self-reported questionnaire and analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Hayes’ Process Macro Model 4 with 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence interval via SPSS statistics 27.0.
Results
Suicidal ideation was significantly correlated with fear of COVID-19 (r = .16, p = .006) and depression (r = .65, p < .001). The mediation effect of depression in the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 and suicidal ideation was found to be significant (B = 0.40, boot 95% CI: 0.21~0.61). However, social distancing did not significantly affect suicidal ideation via depression (B = - 0.79, boot 95% CI: - 1.94~0.26).
Conclusion
It is necessary to develop and apply interventions to prevent depression and suicidal behaviors by continuously observing and reducing the negative psychological responses caused by COVID-19.

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