, 김혜진2
, Hye-Jin Kim2
1울산대학교병원, 간호본부
2울산대학교 간호학과
1Department of Nursing, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, South Korea
2Department of Nursing, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
© 2026 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
None.
Data Sharing Statement
Please contact the corresponding author for information on data availability.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: all authors. Methodology: all authors. Software: JMK. Validation: all authors. Formal analysis: JMK. Investigation: JMK. Resources: JMK. Data curation: JMK. Visualization: all authors. Supervision: HJK. Project administration: HJK. Funding acquisition: none. Writing–original draft: JMK. Writing–review & editing: all authors. Final approval of the manuscript: all authors.
| Characteristic | Exp. (n=24) | Cont. (n=24) | χ2 or t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 32.4±2.7 | 32.3±4.0 | –0.17 | .867 |
| Age at marriage (yr) | 30.5±2.8 | 30.5±4.2 | 0.08 | .936 |
| Duration of marriage (yr) | 2.63±1.95 | 2.75±1.82 | 0.23 | .820 |
| Marital satisfaction | 8.88±1.33 | 9.46±0.98 | 1.73 | .090 |
| Household composition | .36a) | >.999 | ||
| Living with spouse only | 23 (95.8) | 22 (91.7) | ||
| Living with spouse and others | 1 (4.2) | 2 (8.3) | ||
| Monthly household income (10,000 KRW) | 2.25a) | .435 | ||
| <300 | 2 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 300 to <500 | 7 (29.2) | 9 (37.5) | ||
| ≥500 | 15 (62.5) | 15 (62.5) | ||
| Educational attainment | 0.63a) | .744 | ||
| High school or below | 3 (12.5) | 2 (8.3) | ||
| College graduate | 19 (79.2) | 21 (87.5) | ||
| Graduate school or above | 2 (8.3) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| Religion | 0.22a) | >.999 | ||
| Yes | 2 (8.3) | 3 (12.5) | ||
| No | 22 (91.7) | 21 (87.5) | ||
| Current employment | 0.34 | .558 | ||
| Yes | 13 (54.2) | 15 (62.5) | ||
| No | 11 (45.8) | 9 (37.5) | ||
| Self-rated prepregnancy health | 2.19a) | .415 | ||
| Good | 13 (54.2) | 8 (33.4) | ||
| Fair | 10 (41.7) | 14 (58.3) | ||
| Poor | 1 (4.2) | 2 (8.3) | ||
| Self-rated health | 4.41a) | .129 | ||
| Good | 6 (25.0) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| Fair | 13 (54.2) | 15 (62.5) | ||
| Poor | 5 (20.8) | 8 (33.3) | ||
| No. of fetuses | 0.76a) | .666 | ||
| Single | 20 (83.3) | 22 (91.7) | ||
| Twin | 4 (16.7) | 2 (8.3) | ||
| Trimester of pregnancy | 0.09 | .768 | ||
| Second trimester | 14 (58.3) | 15 (62.5) | ||
| Third trimester | 10 (41.7) | 9 (37.5) | ||
| Planned pregnancy | 0.00a) | >.999 | ||
| Yes | 20 (83.3) | 20 (83.3) | ||
| No | 4 (16.7) | 4 (16.7) | ||
| Infertility treatment | 1.78 | .182 | ||
| Yes | 8 (33.3) | 4 (16.7) | ||
| No | 16 (66.7) | 20 (83.3) | ||
| Prenatal bonding | 0.00 | >.999 | ||
| Yes | 9 (37.5) | 9 (37.5) | ||
| No | 15 (62.5) | 15 (62.5) | ||
| High-risk pregnancy diagnosis | 3.18a) | .188 | ||
| Preterm labor | 23 (95.8) | 19 (79.2) | ||
| Premature rupture of membranes | 1 (4.2) | 4 (16.7) | ||
| Preeclampsia | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| Stress | 100.33±19.93 | 100.33±18.57 | 0.00 | >.999 |
| State anxiety | 55.46±9.05 | 55.21±9.11 | –0.10 | .924 |
| Depression | 11.96±5.74 | 10.25±5.94 | –1.01 | .316 |
| Maternal–fetal attachment | 68.71±11.35 | 71.08±11.07 | 0.73 | .467 |
| Session | Theory | Goal | Activities | Contents | Time (min) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Emotional disclosure theory | Program introduction | First meeting with the researcher | Introduction to the program’s purpose and expressive writing | 10 |
| Reflecting on inner feelings | Sentence completion | Questions | 20 | ||
| Drawing | • What am I thinking and feeling after this unexpected hospitalization? | ||||
| • What has changed in my family since I was hospitalized? | |||||
| • What worries or frightens me most right now? | |||||
| • What is the most important goal for me at this moment? | |||||
| • What do I think I most need to do right now? | |||||
| Organizing thoughts after writing | Questionnaire administration | Questions | 10 | ||
| • How fully did you express your deepest thoughts and feelings? | |||||
| • How much sadness or anger are you feeling now? | |||||
| • How happy do you feel now? | |||||
| • How valuable and meaningful was today’s writing to you? | |||||
| Brief reflection | |||||
| • Briefly describe your thoughts about today’s writing experience. | |||||
| 2 | Cognitive processing theory | Finding new meaning | Descriptive writing | Writing topics | 20 |
| Listing words | • My pregnancy | ||||
| Drawing | • Myself | ||||
| • My relationship with my husband | |||||
| • My unborn baby | |||||
| • My relationship with my family | |||||
| Organizing thoughts after writing | Questionnaire administration | Questions | 10 | ||
| • How fully did you express your deepest thoughts and feelings? | |||||
| • How much sadness or anger are you feeling now? | |||||
| • How happy do you feel now? | |||||
| • How valuable and meaningful was today’s writing to you? | |||||
| 3 | Self-regulation theory | Moving forward | Writing a dialogue | Writing topics | 20 |
| Expressing appreciation | • Myself | ||||
| • My unborn baby | |||||
| • My husband | |||||
| • My family | |||||
| Organizing thoughts after writing | Questionnaire administration | Questions | 10 | ||
| • How fully did you express your deepest thoughts and feelings? | |||||
| • How much sadness or anger are you feeling now? | |||||
| • How happy do you feel now? | |||||
| • How valuable and meaningful was today’s writing to you? | |||||
| Brief reflection | |||||
| • Briefly describe your thoughts about today’s writing experience. | |||||
| 4 | Free writing | Writing | Concluding the expressive writing program | 20 | |
| As you conclude the expressive writing sessions, you may write: | |||||
| • A letter to your unborn baby | |||||
| • A diary of your hospitalization experience | |||||
| • A letter to your spouse | |||||
| Reflection and organization of thoughts | Questionnaire administration | Final question | 10 | ||
| • How fully did you express your deepest thoughts and feelings? |
| Characteristic | Exp. (n=24) | Cont. (n=24) | χ2 or t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 32.4±2.7 | 32.3±4.0 | –0.17 | .867 |
| Age at marriage (yr) | 30.5±2.8 | 30.5±4.2 | 0.08 | .936 |
| Duration of marriage (yr) | 2.63±1.95 | 2.75±1.82 | 0.23 | .820 |
| Marital satisfaction | 8.88±1.33 | 9.46±0.98 | 1.73 | .090 |
| Household composition | .36 |
>.999 | ||
| Living with spouse only | 23 (95.8) | 22 (91.7) | ||
| Living with spouse and others | 1 (4.2) | 2 (8.3) | ||
| Monthly household income (10,000 KRW) | 2.25 |
.435 | ||
| <300 | 2 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 300 to <500 | 7 (29.2) | 9 (37.5) | ||
| ≥500 | 15 (62.5) | 15 (62.5) | ||
| Educational attainment | 0.63 |
.744 | ||
| High school or below | 3 (12.5) | 2 (8.3) | ||
| College graduate | 19 (79.2) | 21 (87.5) | ||
| Graduate school or above | 2 (8.3) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| Religion | 0.22 |
>.999 | ||
| Yes | 2 (8.3) | 3 (12.5) | ||
| No | 22 (91.7) | 21 (87.5) | ||
| Current employment | 0.34 | .558 | ||
| Yes | 13 (54.2) | 15 (62.5) | ||
| No | 11 (45.8) | 9 (37.5) | ||
| Self-rated prepregnancy health | 2.19 |
.415 | ||
| Good | 13 (54.2) | 8 (33.4) | ||
| Fair | 10 (41.7) | 14 (58.3) | ||
| Poor | 1 (4.2) | 2 (8.3) | ||
| Self-rated health | 4.41 |
.129 | ||
| Good | 6 (25.0) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| Fair | 13 (54.2) | 15 (62.5) | ||
| Poor | 5 (20.8) | 8 (33.3) | ||
| No. of fetuses | 0.76 |
.666 | ||
| Single | 20 (83.3) | 22 (91.7) | ||
| Twin | 4 (16.7) | 2 (8.3) | ||
| Trimester of pregnancy | 0.09 | .768 | ||
| Second trimester | 14 (58.3) | 15 (62.5) | ||
| Third trimester | 10 (41.7) | 9 (37.5) | ||
| Planned pregnancy | 0.00 |
>.999 | ||
| Yes | 20 (83.3) | 20 (83.3) | ||
| No | 4 (16.7) | 4 (16.7) | ||
| Infertility treatment | 1.78 | .182 | ||
| Yes | 8 (33.3) | 4 (16.7) | ||
| No | 16 (66.7) | 20 (83.3) | ||
| Prenatal bonding | 0.00 | >.999 | ||
| Yes | 9 (37.5) | 9 (37.5) | ||
| No | 15 (62.5) | 15 (62.5) | ||
| High-risk pregnancy diagnosis | 3.18 |
.188 | ||
| Preterm labor | 23 (95.8) | 19 (79.2) | ||
| Premature rupture of membranes | 1 (4.2) | 4 (16.7) | ||
| Preeclampsia | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| Stress | 100.33±19.93 | 100.33±18.57 | 0.00 | >.999 |
| State anxiety | 55.46±9.05 | 55.21±9.11 | –0.10 | .924 |
| Depression | 11.96±5.74 | 10.25±5.94 | –1.01 | .316 |
| Maternal–fetal attachment | 68.71±11.35 | 71.08±11.07 | 0.73 | .467 |
| Variable | Group | Pretest | Posttest 1 | Posttest 2 | F (p) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time | Group | Time×group | |||||
| Stress | Exp. (n=24) | 100.33±19.93 | 89.67±21.78 | 91.58±26.89 | 1.13 (.327) | 2.38 (.130) | 1.43 (.244) |
| Cont. (n=24) | 100.33±18.57 | 100.33±19.25 | 102.04±20.93 | ||||
| State anxiety | Exp. (n=24) | 55.46±9.05 | 46.04±10.74 | 45.21±10.35 | 9.41 (<.001) | 5.03 (.030) | 3.21 (.045) |
| Cont. (n=24) | 55.21±9.11 | 52.04±8.62 | 53.00±9.83 | ||||
| Depression | Exp. (n=24) | 11.96±5.74 | 8.96±5.15 | 8.25±4.83 | 1.49 (.231) | 0.62 (.437) | 3.13 (.049) |
| Cont. (n=24) | 10.25±5.94 | 10.67±5.52 | 11.00±5.76 | ||||
| Maternal–fetal attachment | Exp. (n=24) | 68.71±11.35 | 75.04±11.63 | 72.33±11.92 | 0.81 (.447) | 0.48 (.493) | 1.57 (.213) |
| Cont. (n=24) | 71.08±11.07 | 70.08±13.20 | 70.04±10.71 | ||||
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding. Cont., control group; Exp., experimental group; KRW, Korean won. By Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact test (two-sided).
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation unless otherwise stated. Cont., control group; Exp., experimental group.
