Hyun Sook Park; Sun Young Jung

doi:10.4040/jkan.2012.42.7.957

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Original Article
Development of a Gambling Addictive Behavior Scale for Adolescents in Korea: Hyun Sook Park, Sun Young Jung; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2012;42(7):957-964.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.7.957
Published online: December 12, 2012

College of Nursing, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea

Address reprint requests to : Jung, Sun Young College of Nursing, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6 Daemyeong 4-dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, Korea Tel: +82-53-650-4977 Fax: +82-53-650-4392 E-mail: jungsy@cu.ac.kr

• Received: June 13, 2012 • Revised: July 10, 2012 • Accepted: November 13, 2012

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
This study was conducted to develop a gambling addictive behavior scale for adolescents.
Methods
The process involved construction of a conceptual framework, initial item search, verification of content validity, selection of secondary items, and extraction of final items. The participants were 299 adolescents from two middle schools and four high schools. Item analysis, factor analysis, criterion validity, internal consistency, and ROC curve were used to analyze the data.
Results
For the final scale, 25 items were selected, and categorized into 4 factors which accounted for 54.9% of the total variance. The factors were labeled as loss of control, life dysfunction from gambling addiction, gambling experience, and social dysfunction from problem gambling. The scores for the scale were significantly correlated with addictive personality, irrational gambling belief, and adolescent's gambling addictive behavior. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the 25 items was .94. Scale scores identified adolescents as being in a problem gambling group, a non-problem gambling group, and a non-gambling group by the ROC curve.
Conclusion
The above findings indicate that the gambling addictive behavior scale has good validity and reliability and can be used with adolescents in Korea.
Keywords: Adolescent; Gambling behavior

Figure 1.

Classification according to the scale.

Table 1.

Factor Analysis for Final Items (N=299)

Factors (no of items)	Items	Factor loading	Eigen values	Accumulative variance (%)
Loss of control (9)	14. I gamble repeatedly in order to feel the excitement I feel when I partake in gambling activity.	.79	4.37	17.5
	15. I get excited just thinking about gambling.	.79
	18. I usually think of gambling.	.79
	13. I borrow money or bet my things for gambling.	.76
	12. I gamble again to get my money back.	.69
	17. I spend more and more time gambling.	.59
	19. I get depressed or irritated if I can not gamble.	.53
	20. I spend money on gambling without paying for necessary things.	.43
	11. I introduce gambling to my friends or ask them to gamble together.	.43
Life dysfunction from problem gambling (4)	33. I miss school because of my gambling addictive behavior.	.86	3.80	32.7
	29. I have health problems such as stress, anxiety, and lack of sleep because of my gambling addictive behavior.	.80
	23. I do not leave a place all day to gamble.	.63
	26. I sleep fitfully because of gambling related thoughts or gambling debts.	.51
Gambling	2. I play online gambling such as Go-Stop(Korean card game), Poker or Roulette.	.72	2.78	44.8
experience (7)	5. I play Go-Stop game.	.61
	7. I play Jjal-Jjal-Ee (Korean coin guessing game) with my friends.	.59
	16. I have little time to play other things or to do activities except for gambling.	.58
	4. I play card games such as One-card, Yu-Gi-Oh, or Poker.	.44
	8. I bet money on billiards or soccer with friends.	.43
	6. I play machine games in the convenience store near my school.	.40
Social dysfunction	22. It is hard for me to pass by a PC room, billiards room, or amusement arcade without stopping by.	.60	2.47	54.9
from problem gambling (5)	9. I spend money or culture gift cards for gambling.	.59
	30. I tell lies to parents or family members because of my gambling addictive behavior.	.54
	32. I fret easily to close friends or those around me over nothing because of gambling.	.42
	11. I bet money or prizes for gambling beyond my pocket money.	.41

Table 2.

Correlation of Gambling Addictive Behavior for Adolescents with related Variables (N=299)

Variables	Addictive personality	Self-control	Irrational gambling belief	Gambling behavior^*
Variables	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)
Self-control	−.54 (<.001)
Irrational gambling belief	.45 (<.001)	−.39 (<.001)
Gambling behavior^*	.52 (<.001)	−.49 (<.001)	.35 (<.001)
Gambling addictive behavior for adolescents	.55 (<.001)	−.49 (<.001)	.29 (<.001)	.59 (<.001)
Loss of control	.57 (<.001)	−.59 (<.001)	.36 (<.001)	.33 (<.001)
Life dysfunction from problem gambling	.49 (<.001)	−.39 (<.001)	.24 (<.001)	.62 (<.001)
Gambling experience	.51 (<.001)	−.50 (<.001)	.29 (<.001)	.71 (<.001)
Social dysfunction from problem gambling	.41 (<.001)	−.36 (<.001)	.23 (<.001)	.34 (<.001)

^*Value of Kim (2009)'s scale.

Table 3.

Sensitivity and Specificity according to ROC Curve (N=299)

Groups	Addictive personality score cutoff	Sensitivity	Specificity	AUC	p
Problem gambling group	70	.69	.76	.74	<.001
Non-problem gambling group	42	.68	.73	.75	.001
Non-gambling group	32	.65	.73	.71	<.001

AUC=Area under curve.

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Development of a Gambling Addictive Behavior Scale for Adolescents in Korea

J Korean Acad Nurs. 2012;42(7):957-964. Published online December 12, 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.7.957

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Development of a Gambling Addictive Behavior Scale for Adolescents in Korea

Figure 1. Classification according to the scale.

Figure 1.

Development of a Gambling Addictive Behavior Scale for Adolescents in Korea

Factors (no of items)	Items	Factor loading	Eigen values	Accumulative variance (%)
Loss of control (9)	14. I gamble repeatedly in order to feel the excitement I feel when I partake in gambling activity.	.79	4.37	17.5
	15. I get excited just thinking about gambling.	.79
	18. I usually think of gambling.	.79
	13. I borrow money or bet my things for gambling.	.76
	12. I gamble again to get my money back.	.69
	17. I spend more and more time gambling.	.59
	19. I get depressed or irritated if I can not gamble.	.53
	20. I spend money on gambling without paying for necessary things.	.43
	11. I introduce gambling to my friends or ask them to gamble together.	.43
Life dysfunction from problem gambling (4)	33. I miss school because of my gambling addictive behavior.	.86	3.80	32.7
	29. I have health problems such as stress, anxiety, and lack of sleep because of my gambling addictive behavior.	.80
	23. I do not leave a place all day to gamble.	.63
	26. I sleep fitfully because of gambling related thoughts or gambling debts.	.51
Gambling	2. I play online gambling such as Go-Stop(Korean card game), Poker or Roulette.	.72	2.78	44.8
experience (7)	5. I play Go-Stop game.	.61
	7. I play Jjal-Jjal-Ee (Korean coin guessing game) with my friends.	.59
	16. I have little time to play other things or to do activities except for gambling.	.58
	4. I play card games such as One-card, Yu-Gi-Oh, or Poker.	.44
	8. I bet money on billiards or soccer with friends.	.43
	6. I play machine games in the convenience store near my school.	.40
Social dysfunction	22. It is hard for me to pass by a PC room, billiards room, or amusement arcade without stopping by.	.60	2.47	54.9
from problem gambling (5)	9. I spend money or culture gift cards for gambling.	.59
	30. I tell lies to parents or family members because of my gambling addictive behavior.	.54
	32. I fret easily to close friends or those around me over nothing because of gambling.	.42
	11. I bet money or prizes for gambling beyond my pocket money.	.41

Variables	Addictive personality	Self-control	Irrational gambling belief	Gambling behavior^*
Variables	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)
Self-control	−.54 (<.001)
Irrational gambling belief	.45 (<.001)	−.39 (<.001)
Gambling behavior^*	.52 (<.001)	−.49 (<.001)	.35 (<.001)
Gambling addictive behavior for adolescents	.55 (<.001)	−.49 (<.001)	.29 (<.001)	.59 (<.001)
Loss of control	.57 (<.001)	−.59 (<.001)	.36 (<.001)	.33 (<.001)
Life dysfunction from problem gambling	.49 (<.001)	−.39 (<.001)	.24 (<.001)	.62 (<.001)
Gambling experience	.51 (<.001)	−.50 (<.001)	.29 (<.001)	.71 (<.001)
Social dysfunction from problem gambling	.41 (<.001)	−.36 (<.001)	.23 (<.001)	.34 (<.001)

Groups	Addictive personality score cutoff	Sensitivity	Specificity	AUC	p
Problem gambling group	70	.69	.76	.74	<.001
Non-problem gambling group	42	.68	.73	.75	.001
Non-gambling group	32	.65	.73	.71	<.001

Table 1. Factor Analysis for Final Items (N=299)

Table 2. Correlation of Gambling Addictive Behavior for Adolescents with related Variables (N=299)

Value of Kim (2009)'s scale.

Table 3. Sensitivity and Specificity according to ROC Curve (N=299)

AUC=Area under curve.