A purpose of this study was to compare the breast massage and manual expression of the breast before engorgement after delivery with the time of engorgement, the throbbing pain in breast, the first amount of breast milk and involution of the uterus. The subjects selected for this study were 138 women (experimental group;69, control group ;69) who were admitted to the Dept. of Obstet. and Gyneco. of Kyung Hee University Hospital from Jan. 5 to June 5 , 1975. The results of study were as follows; 1 . The average age of the women 26. 9 years old in the expermental group and 27. 6 years old in the control group. As to religion, the number of those who had no religion was 58.0 percent and 62.4 percent respectively. Classified according to occupation, there were 87.0 percent in house wives of the boths group. Educational background; 87.0 percent of high school graduates or above, 78.3 percent respectively. The occupation of husband 53.7 percent of company employees stood highest and 42.0 percent respectively. In according to the grade of wards, 55.1 percent and 52.2 percent of four-men room stood highest. 2. Physical condition:Body weight before this pregnancy(T=0.4962, N. S.), the size of breast (X2df2= 0.1728, N. S.), the shape of nipple(X2df 3 =1.3804, N. S.), hemoglobin's level of the first day after de livery (T=1.2572, N. S.), the above were showed non significant between the experimental group pnd control group The investigator found any difference between the two groups of the health condition during the pregnancy. 3 . The rate of no experience of breast massage during pregnancy was 85 percent and 75.4 percent (X2dfl=2. 2562, N. S.). 4. As to the meal during hospitalization after delivery; The boths of the groups in ordinary food took usually of meeyok soup and milk(X2df8=2. 5957, N. S.). 5 . The relation between the first step of breast massage, second step of the manual expression of breast before engorgement after delivery and time of engorgement: average time of engorgement in the experimental group (2.1 days+/-0.8) was shortened than the control group (3.3 days +- 1.2). (T=-6.9045, P<0.005). It took less time in the experimental group of primipara (2. 2days+/-0. 7) than in the control group (3. ldays+/-l. 2) and it also took less time in the experimental group of multipara (2.0 days+/-0.9) than in the control group (3. 5days+/-l. 4). (Primipara T=-3.9266, 0< 0.005. Mu-ltipara T=5.2356, P<D. 005). 6 . The relationship between the first step of the massage and second step of manual expre-ssion and the throbbing pain at the time of engorgement: The experimental group showed less effect than control group (X2df4=27. 3342, p<0. 005), The separate study of primipara and multi-para showed remarkable difference in the group of primipara) X2df4=20. 7285, p< 0. 005) and little difference in the multipara group(X2df4 =8.8351, p< 0. 10). 7 . The relationship between the first step of the breast massage, second stop of the manual expression and first amount of breast milk:The average amount of breast milk increased more conspicuously in the experimental group (33. 8ml+/-23. 4) than in the control(29. 8ml+/-25. 3) (T= 0.8262, N. S. ). No remarkable difference was found in the respective groups thai investigated in the groups of primipara arid of multipara. (Primipara T= 1.1467, N. S., Multipara T=-0. 0354, N. S.). 8. The relationship between the first step of breast massage and second step of manual expression of breast and involution of uterus: Average time needed for uterine involution was sooner in the experimuntal group of primipasa (- 3.3 F. B. +/-1.1), than the control group of primipara (-2. 5F. B. +/-1.2), and it was sooner in the experimental group of muitipara (-3. 0 F. B. +/-1.3), than the control group of multipara (-2. 3 F. B. +/-0.9). Primipara T=- 2.9272, p<0.005, Multipara T=2. 5557, p< 0. 01).

PURPOSE: This study was carried out to identify and re-establish the professional identity in clinical nurses. METHOD: From Dec. 1999, for 4 months, the study had been conducted by narrative analysis method based on hermeneutic principles. Subjects were ten nurses with 3-4 years of nursing experience at a university hospital. The data were collected and transcribed through narrative interviews. RESULT: As a result, the maternal role was identified as the most dominant discourse in which nurses formed their identity. Subjects felt that a maternity is socio-culturally needed in case of nursing. Reconstruction of professional identity consists of 3 stages, Telling, Retelling and Rebuilding. At first, nurses felt confused by skeptism of the profession, interpersonal difficulties, and heavy work loads. However, during the interviews, nurses recognized that nursing is not regarded as significant, effort to make nursing meaningful were small, and there was a lack of understanding others. From this new insight, they re-established a new image of nursing "through better understanding of others, seeking knowledge, and making positive efforts towards qualified nursing". CONCLUSION: The above narrative interviews may help nurses reflect and contextually interpret themselves, so that a new identity could be established. Furthermore researchers can obtain new insight from the subjects, while the subjects form a new nursing image from self-reflection.

This study is based on grounded theory methodology by Strauss & Corbin(1998). Ten hospitalized subjects were interviewed for data collection. In the process of data analysis, 'acceptance' is found to be the causal condition, while 'health professionals' skillfulness', 'ward environment', 'history of hospitalization', and 'general conditions' were identified as context, 'felling of relief' as the core phenomenon, 'self-efficacy', 'support of others', and 'life style' as the intermediate situation, 'passive reaction', 'alternative reaction' and 'active reaction' as the strategy and 'stabilization', 'satisfaction', 'hope' and 'carrying out' as consequences. 'Feeling of relief' is found to go through the three stages of recognition-generation-maintenance after the five different patterns. 1) In case the health professionals are skillful, the ward environment is favorable, the general conditions of the patients improved and as a result the feeling of relief is strong, during the first hospitalization, the self-efficacy of the subjects tends to be strong. They proceed toward the goal set for themselves with a renewed hope and active or alternative reaction toward the feeling of relief. 2) The subjects tend to proceed toward the goal set for themselves with a renewed hope and active and alternative reaction toward the feeling of relief in case health professionals are skillful, the ward environment is favorable the general conditions of the subjects improved, self-efficacy is strong, and lifestyle is autonomous, during the second hospitalization even though support of others is merely superficial. 3) The subjects tend to stabilize, and satisfy themselves with the given situation with passive and alternative reaction to the feeling of relief in case health professionals are skillful and the ward environment is favorable but the general conditions worsened and accordingly the feeling of relief, is weak and life style is dependent during the second hospitalization although the subjects' self-efficacy is strong and support of others is specific. 4) The subjects tend to stabilize and satisfy themselves with the given situation with passive and alternative reaction to the feeling of relief in case health professionals are unskillful the ward environment is unfavorable, the general conditions improved, support of others is specific but life style is dependent and self-efficacy is weak during the first hospitalization. 5) The subjects tend to stabilize and satisfy themselves with the given situation in case health professionals are unskillful the ward environment is unfavorable but the general conditions improved support of others is specific and as a result self-efficacy is strong but life style is dependent.

This study was done to investigate the lives of the daughters- in- law caring for parents with dementia and participate in their lives through having quality time with them. Data were collected by depth interviews and interpreted through the hermeneutic circle as follows. These daughters-in-law have conflict between social custom and subjective self. They had ambivalence toward their demented partents-in- law and were fighting a battle between rationality and emotions in their mind. These daughters-in law and mothers-in- law did not get along and the parents' dementia aggravated the relationships. They were alienated from their family by the parents with dementia. The indifference of their family especially their husbands, made these subjects live in misery. They cared for the demented mother-in-law with hatred. Even though they had this yoke, there daughters- in-law were not able to throw off the shackles of convention.

This study was performed to analyse the tendency of the self-care studies, to investigate the variables related to self-care, which could be applied for the data establishing the theory of self-care. to accomplish the objectives of this study, the researchers analyzed 83 studies, available that contained the area of self-care, which was published in local and foreign areas between 1981 and Feb. 1997. The findings of this study are as follows: 1) Studies published in Korea were about twice more than foreign studies. According to the statistics, the number of studies in this study tended to increase year by year. Between 1991 and 1995 were most. Analysis on the subject of this studies showed, that they were most dealt with chronic diseases an adults. 2) The theoretical definition of self-care were most referred to Orem's self-care. For the main concept of studies, self care performance was the most. 3) The correlational study was most often used design and experimental study is tended to increase. The questionnaires were the most often used data collection method. There was lots of different variable measuring technique to evaluate main concepts. 4) In the results of analysis on the propositions related to the self-care performance, a client's education, social support, self-efficacy, and level of knowledge as a causal variable were found. Also, the physiological index improved and quality of life were fond to be significant effective variables.