Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Original Articles

A Comparative Study on Climacteric Symptoms of Natural Menopausal Women and Artificial Menopausal Women: Hyun Sook Jo, Kun Ja Lee; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2001;31(4):692-702. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2001.31.4.692

PURPOSE: To extend the understanding on climacteric symptoms, and to improve women's health and the quality of life by providing the basic data relating to the climacteric symptoms of natural menopausal women and artificial menopausal women.
METHOD
The subjects of this study were 149 women selected conviniently (89 natural menopausal women and 60 total hystrectomy women) who have visited the climacteric clinic of G. hospital in Inchon, the MENSI questionnaire which was developed by Sarrel (1995)was modified considering Korean culture for the measuring tool of this study with 20 items of question(Cronbach'salpa =.76), duration of data collection with the questionnaire was 5 months from Sept. 1, 2000 to Jan. 30, 2001.
Result
Artificial meanopausal women showed statistically significant higher menopausal symptoms than the natural menopausal women in the most of the items, and psychiatric and urogenital symtoms of artificial menopausal women were significantly higher than those of the natural menopausal women.
CONCLUSION
Nursing intervention for psychological support upon artificial menopausal women and their spouses is recommended more than natural menpause women.

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A Study of the Relationship Among Health Promoting Behaviors, Climacteric Symptoms and Depression of Middle-Aged Women: Eun Kwang Yoo, Myoung Hee Kim, Tae Kyung Kim; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1999;29(2):225-237. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1999.29.2.225

Abstract PDF

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship among the health promoting behaviors, self-reported climacteric symptoms and depression on a cross-sectional survey design. The subjects were 108 middle-aged women who were non-hystrectomized and ranged in age from 40 to 60. They were selected in Seoul and Kyoung-ki province, Korea. Data were collected from Oct. 25 to Nov. 10, 1997 by a structured questionnaire. The instrument used for this study was the revised Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile(HPLP) developed by Walker, Sechrist and Pender, revised Climacteric Symptoms Scale developed by Chi, Sung Ai, and the Beck's Depression Inventory(BID). The data were analyzed by the SPSS/PC+ program using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test as a post hoc and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of the study were as follows ; 1. The mean score of health promoting behaviors was low(2.42+/-0.35). There were statistically significant difference in the score of health promoting behaviors according to the educational background, family income, marital satisfaction, and whether or not taking a restorative food(t=-2.07, F=2.60~7.57, p<0.05). 2. The mean score of self-reported climacteric symptoms was 1.69 ; 99% of middle-aged women had symptoms. There were statistically significant difference in the score of middle-aged women's self-reported climacteric symptoms according to the age, number of children, educational background, occupation, family income, marital satisfaction, whether or not receiving hormone replacement therapy(HRT) or consultation experience with a professional, and perceived health status(t=-2.04~3.69, F=2.87~11.63, p<0.05). 3. The mean score of depression was 10.84. There were statistically significant differences in the score of the depression according to the age, number of children, educational background, occupation, marital satisfaction, whether or not receiving menopausal treatment of consultation by a professional, and perceived health status(t=-2.25~3.00, F=3.50~9.24, p<0.05). 4. Women's degree of health promoting behaviors was a negative correlation with the degree of climacteric symptoms(r=-0.19, p=0.03) and the degree of depression(r=-0.23, p=0.01). The degree of climacteric symptoms was a positive correlation with the degree of depression(r=0.64, p=0.01). In conclusion, health promoting behavior should be considered when developing nursing strategies for middle-aged women, especially when dealing with climacteric symptoms and depression.

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Youngwhee Lee, Hwasoon Kim
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Developing an Instrument to Measure Climacteric Symptoms among Korean and Japanese Women: AeRi Song, Kazuyo Oishi, Euy Hoon Suh, Harumi Miyahara, Hisayoshi Nakajima, Yuko Nakao, Miyuki Araki, Makiko Yamasaki; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2006;36(4):637-644. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2006.36.4.637

Abstract PDF: Purpose
The purpose of this study was to construct a measurement instrument for climacteric symptoms among Korean and Japanese women.
Methods
From Dec. 1^st of 2003 to March 30^th of 2004, in-depth interviews were made with 26 women (15 in Jinju, Korea and 11 in Nagasaki, Japan) aged from 45 to 59 years who had not taken hormone replacement therapy to relieve the climacteric symptoms. A draft questionnaire with 45 items was constructed on the basis of the interview data and literature review. Three obstetricians, three PhDs in nursing science, and a chief nurse who was exclusively in charge of the climacteric management, examined the draft questionnaire to evaluate content validity. After deletions 39 items remained for a preliminary questionnaire. A survey was conducted by using a convenient sampling method in Jinju of Korea and Nagasaki of Japan during the period from April 1^st, 2004 to July 10^th, 2005.
Results
Factor analysis identified 4 factors, which were “mental and psychological symptoms”, “physical symp-toms”, “loss of autonomic nervous system symptoms”, “sexual symptoms”. These four factors explained 46.9% of total variance.
Conclusions
The results demonstrated that climacteric symptom scale was multidimensional, and the reliability and validity of the scale was supported.

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Effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation using Biofeedback on Perceived Stress, Stress Response, Immune Response and Climacteric Symptoms of Middle-Aged Women: Ihn Sook Jeong; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(2):213-224. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.2.213

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback on perceived stress, stress response, immune response and climacteric symptoms.

Method

This was a crossover, pre-post test design. The study subjects are 36 middle-aged women who were selected at 2 public health centers. The independent variable was Biofeedback training for 4 weeks, twice a week and home training for 4 weeks. Dependent variables were perceived stress, stress response, immune response, and climacteric symptoms measured with Hildtch's scale (1996).

Result

Progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was not effective in reducing perceived stress, but it was shown to be effective in reducing physiological stress responses such as pulse rate and EMG. Though blood pressure and skin conductance were repeatedly down, and skin temperature slowly increased, there were no statistically significant differences. Progressive muscle relaxation training using biofeedback was not effective in reducing serum cortisol, enhancing immune responses, or decreasing climacteric symptoms.

Conclusion

The findings point to a pressing need for further, well-controlled and designed research with consideration in selection of subjects and instruments, frequency of measurements, the sampling method, and intervention modalities.

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Influencing Factors of Climacteric Women's Depression: Hae Kyung Chang, Bo Kyoung Cha; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2003;33(7):972-980. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2003.33.7.972

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was conducted to define the main factors influencing depression of climacteric women.

Method

The data was analyzed using a SAS 6.12 PC+ program for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. Two hundred seventy climacteric women between 40 and 59 years old were recruited from 6 areas in Korea from Oct. 5, 2002 to Dec. 13, 2002. The reliability of the 7 instruments were tested with Cronbach's alpha which ranged from .82 to .95.

Result

The results were as follows : The mean depression score was 14.17, which was slightly high. The depression was influenced significantly by occupation, economic status, and menopause status. There were significant correlations between all the predictive variables and the depression(r=.73 ~ -.17, p <.05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 59% of the variance in depression was significantly accounted by stress(53%), climacteric symptoms(3%), marital adjustment (2%), and health promotion behavior(1%).

Conclusion

In reducing the climacteric women's depression, the above major influencing factors should be considered.

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A Study on the Menopausal Symptoms and Quality of Life in Middle Aged Women: Young Hye Kim, Eun Hwa Ha, Su Jin Shin; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2003;33(5):601-608. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2003.33.5.601

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences Quality of Life(QOL) according to menopausal symptoms in middle aged women.

Method

The subjects consisted of 578 women(45-60 years old) residing in urban area by convenience sampling from March 15 to May 30, 2002. The data were collected by structured questionnaire that included general characteristics, menopausal symptoms and QOL scale. the collected data were analyzed by the SPSS 11.0 program that included descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA.

Result

The averaged age of menopause of subjects was 48.29±4.66 years and 74.8% in the subjects complained menopausal symptoms. As for the orders of complained menopausal symptom, it was fatigue, hot flashes, benumbed hands and feet, and irritability. The mean score of the QOL scale was showing above average level of quality of life. Religion was significantly different to the score for activity of QOL, monthly income was different to the score for activity and physical well-being of QOL. Menopausal status was significantly different to the QOL.

Conclusion

This study suggests that a replicate study is needed. The results are also useful in developing various programs for health promotion of middle aged women.

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Depression in Post Menopausal Women: Young Whee Lee; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2003;33(4):471-477. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2003.33.4.471

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This cross-sectional survey research was undertaken to examine the degree of depression in postmenopausal women and to analyze the factors affecting that depression.

Method

325 people from public health center in Inchon were surveyed as the subject of this study. Data collection was conducted through the use of questionnaires.

Results

The above half of these sampled people were in depressed state (64.0%) and the mean score of depression was 12.71. There were significant differences in the depression state according to presence of spouse, economic level, exercise, and smoking. A positive correlation was found between depression and climacteric symptoms. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor was climacteric symptom. Climacteric symptom, presence of spouse, smoking, and exercise accounted for 45% of the variance in postmenopausal women's depression.

Conclusion

Nurses are able to use these results to plan and implement nursing interventions for decreasing depression and consequent the improved quality of life in Korean postmenopausal women. Also, the nurses have to be more aware of the following groups; solitary women, low-income group and smokers, that they have higher mean score of depression.

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Correlation between Subjective and Objective Measurement of Climacteric Women's Hot Flashes: Hyung-Jun Kim, Kang-Hyun Leem, Myoung-Hee Kim; J Korean Acad Nurs 2010;40(6):765-774. Published online December 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2010.40.6.765

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purposes of this study were to explain the phenomena of hot flashes in climacteric women by using Mexameter, Skin Thermometer, Corneometer, and Laser Doppler Perfusion Imager (LDPI) objectively and to identify the interrelation between the subjective and objective measurements of hot flashes by comparing the two as reported in retrospective questionnaires.

Methods

The participants were one hundred women (45-60 yr) who were not currently on hormone therapy, and had reached hot flash scores of 10 or higher. Hot flashes were measured in a temperature and humidity controlled room for 7 hr from 10 am to 5 pm. Hot flashes were measured subjectively and recorded via the Hot Flash Diary Report. When participants felt the hot flashes, they were measured objectively by Mexameter, Skin Thermometer, Corneometer, and LDPI.

Results

The frequency of hot flashes in participants ranged from 1 to 7 times. When hot flashes occurred in participants, the erythema, skin temperature, skin hydration, and blood perfusion showed statistically significant changes in all measurements. But, the subjective and objective measurements of hot flashes showed only weak correlations.

Conclusion

Results indicate a need for future research with subjective and objective measuring instruments chosen depending variations identified for the study.

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Effects of Koryo Hand Therapy on Menopausal Symptoms and FSH, LH, and Estradiol in Climacteric Women: Young A Song, Hye Sook Shin; J Korean Acad Nurs 2009;39(6):868-877. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.6.868

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Koryo Hand Therapy (KHT) on menopausal symptoms and hormone levels (Follicle Stimulating Hormone [FSH], Luteinizing Hormone [LH], and estradiol [E₂]) in climacteric women.

Methods

The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Data were collected from November 28, 2005 to February 28, 2006. The 45 participants were assigned to either the experimental group (23) or control group (22). KHT was applied three times a week, for a total of 8 weeks to the women in the experimental group.

Results

There was a statistically significant decrease in menopausal symptoms (F=42.49, p=.000), FSH level (F=26.98, p=.000) and LH level (F=5.31, p=.026) between the experimental and control groups. There was an increase of the estradiol level in the experimental group but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

KHT can be applied as a supportive nursing intervention to climacteric women. KHT is expected to be a complementary alternative intervention for health management of the climacteric women.

Citations

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Selective activation of the estrogen receptor-β by the polysaccharide from Cynanchum wilfordii alleviates menopausal syndrome in ovariectomized mice
Eunjung Lee, Mi Jang, Tae-Gyu Lim, Taesoo Kim, Hyunil Ha, Jeong Hoon Lee, Hee-Do Hong, Chang-Won Cho
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2020; 165: 1029. CrossRef

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