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Su Hyun Kim 8 Articles
Adaptation to Motherhood in Central Asian-Korean Immigrants to Korea: A Grounded Theory Study
Su Hyun Kim, Hyang-In Cho Chung
J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(6):677-689.   Published online December 30, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.677
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This qualitative study aimed to develop a substantive theory of the process of adaptation to motherhood in Central Asian-Korean immigrants to Korea.

Methods

Individual, in-depth interviews were conducted from July to September 2017, with 18 women who emigrated of Korean ethnicity from Central Asia to Korea, and took care of their baby for at least a year after their first delivery in Korea. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data from the transcriptions were analyzed through Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory method, and data analysis was conducted simultaneously with data collection.

Results

As a result of categorizing the interview data through the process of open coding, 10 categories, with 31 subcategories and 102 concepts were drawn, and “growth as a Central Asian-Korean mother in an unfamiliar, historical hometown” was found to be the core category of the process of adaptation to motherhood in Central Asian-Korean immigrants to Korea.

Conclusion

A characteristic of the process of adaptation to motherhood in Central Asian-Korean immigrants to Korea, drawn from this study, is that it differs according to the level of initiative to carry out interaction strategies, and the use of various supportive social resources. The findings indicate the need for Medicare eligibility adjustment for antenatal care, the extension of the visa renewal period during childbirth, the development of web- or mobile application-based educational programs in Russian language, and the establishment of integrated visiting healthcare services, community service resources, and policy support to enable these women to utilize various supportive social resources.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Web-based program for sexual and reproductive health education of immigrant women: A scoping review protocol
    Suhyun Kim, Aeri Jang, Ileana B. Heredia-Pi
    PLOS ONE.2024; 19(5): e0298551.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Maternal Adjustment Enhancement Program Using Mobile-Based Education for Chinese Immigrant Women in Korea: A Quasi-Experimental Study
    Ju-Eun Song, Eun Ha Roh, Youn-Jeong Kim, Jeong-Ah Ahn
    Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2022; 33(6): 685.     CrossRef
  • Adaptation in pregnant women: a descriptive phenomenological study using Giorgi’s approach
    Minseon Koh, Jisoon Kim, Sukhee Ahn
    Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2020; 26(4): 346.     CrossRef
  • Influence of Stress and Anxiety on Depression in Central Asian Koreans in Korea
    Hyun-Bok Lee, Myeong-Suk Cho, Hyo-Ja An, Jeong-A Ko
    Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2020; 29(4): 339.     CrossRef
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Effectiveness of Health Promotion Program Using Action Planning Strategy for Young Adults
Su Hyun Kim, Min Ji Kim, Sang Hee Kim, So Yeon Kim, Chae Yeon Park, Jee Yun Bang
J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(4):461-471.   Published online January 15, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.4.461
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a health promotion program utilizing action planning strategy for young adults.

Methods

A non-equivalent control group pre-post-test design was used. One hundred three university students participated in the study. Participants in the experimental group (n=51) were provided the health promotion program utilizing action planning strategy for five weeks. The program consisted of weekly sessions that included action planning and group feedback. The control group (n=52) was provided with health information every week for 5 weeks. Program outcomes, including self-efficacy, physical activity health behaviors, total exercise time per week, daily cigarette consumption, frequency of alcohol drinking per month, nutritional health behaviors, and subjective health status, were assessed at baseline and at follow-up after 5 weeks.

Results

The participants in the experimental group demonstrated significant increases in self-efficacy, physical activity health behaviors, weekly exercise time, and nutritional health behaviors and significant decreases in daily cigarette consumption than those in the control group.

Conclusion

The health promotion program utilizing action planning strategy is a brief and effective intervention to promote health behaviors among young adults. Further investigation is warranted to assess the program's effectiveness among other age groups and populations at high risk for chronic illness.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Meta-Analysis of Implementation Intentions Interventions in Promoting Physical Activity among University Students
    Sanying Peng, Ahmad Tajuddin Othman, Ahmad Zamri Khairani, Zhuang Zhou, Xiaogang Zhou, Fang Yuan, Jinghong Liang
    Sustainability.2023; 15(16): 12457.     CrossRef
  • Validation of Types of Body Pain Areas and Related Factors in the Korean Aged Using Latent Class Analysis
    Sang Ye Shin, Eun Suk Lee
    Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2023; 34: 22.     CrossRef
  • E-Questionnaire on health knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP-Health) for Brazilian students in distance learning
    Jane Biscaia Hartmann, Amanda Tribulato Rego, Julia Vieira Khoury, Marcelo Picinin Bernuci, Mirian Ueda Yamaguchi
    Global Health Action.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Reversals in Decisions about Life-Sustaining Treatment and Associated Factors among Older Patients with Terminal Stage of Cardiopulmonary Disease
Jung-Ja Choi, Su Hyun Kim, Shin-Woo Kim
J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(3):329-339.   Published online January 15, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.3.329
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency, patterns, and factors of reversals in decisions about life-sustaining treatment (LST) among older patients with terminal-stage chronic cardiopulmonary disease.

Methods

This was a retrospective correlational descriptive study based on medical chart review. De-identified patient electronic medical record data were collected from 124 deceased older patients with terminal-stage cardiopulmonary disease who had made reversals of LST decisions in an academic tertiary hospital in 2015. Data were extracted about the reversed LST decisions, LST treatments applied before death, and patients’ demographic and clinical factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with the reversal to higher intensity of LST treatment.

Results

The use of inotropic agents was the most frequently reversed LST treatment, followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intubation, ventilator therapy, and hemodialysis. Inconsistency between the last LST decisions and actual treatments occurred most often in hemodialysis. One-third of the reversals in LST decisions were made toward higher intensity of LST treatment. Patients who had lung diseases (vs. heart diseases); were single, divorced, or bereaved (vs. married); and had an acquaintance as a primary decision maker (vs. the patients themselves) were significantly more likely to reverse the LST decisions to higher intensity of LST treatment.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the complex and turmoil situation of the LST decision-making process among older patients with terminal-stage cardiopulmonary disease and suggests the importance of support for patients and families in their LST decision-making process.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Characteristics of Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions: National Data Analysis in South Korea
    Jiyeon Choi, Heejung Jeon, Ilhak Lee
    Asian Bioethics Review.2024; 16(1): 33.     CrossRef
  • Decision and Practice of End-of-Life Care in Lung Disease Patients with Physicians Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment
    Yu Mi Oh, Yoon Na Kang, Soo Jung Han, Jeong Hye Kim
    The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2023; 26(1): 7.     CrossRef
  • Same, same, but different? A longitudinal, mixed-methods study of stability in values and preferences for future end-of-life care among community-dwelling, older adults
    Malin Eneslätt, Gert Helgesson, Carol Tishelman
    BMC Palliative Care.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Preferences for life-sustaining treatment in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study
    HyunChul Youn, Suk-young Lee, Han-yong Jung, Shin-Gyeom Kim, Seung‑Hyun Kim, Hyun-Ghang Jeong
    BMJ Open.2021; 11(1): e039470.     CrossRef
  • Life-Sustaining Treatment in End-Stage Liver Disease Patients: Patients’ Decisions and Results
    Hyun Jung Jung, Jeong Yun Park
    The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2020; 23(2): 85.     CrossRef
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Family Surrogates' Decision Regret and Psychological Stress about End-of-Life Cancer Treatments: Path Analysis
Su Hyun Kim
J Korean Acad Nurs 2018;48(5):578-587.   Published online October 31, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.5.578
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This study aimed to understand the mechanisms of decision regret and stress of family surrogates' end-of-life decision making using an exploratory path model. In particular, the research identified the direct effects of perceptions of uncertainty and effective decisions on decision regret and stress, and examined the indirect effects of being informed, having clear values, and being supported for decision regret and the stress of end-of-life decision making through the mediating variables of perceptions of uncertainty and effective decisions.

Methods

Data were collected from 102 family surrogates who had participated in end-of-life decision making for patients with terminal cancer in a tertiary hospital.

Results

Perception of effective decisions was a significant direct predictor of decision regret, and uncertainty was a significant predictor of stress among the participants. Being informed, having clear values, and being supported had a significant indirect influence on decision regret through the perception of effective decisions among family surrogates. However, only having clear values had a significant indirect influence on stress through the perception of uncertainty. The model explained 63.0% of decision regret and 20.0% of stress among the participants and showed a good fit with the data, χ2=12.40 (df=8, p=.134), TLI=.97, and RMSEA=.07.

Conclusion

Nurses can support family surrogates in end-oflife decision-making processes to decrease their decision regret by providing information about end-of-life care choices, clarifying personal values, and supporting the decision-making process, and to relieve their stress by facilitating the clarification of personal values.

Citations

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  • Patient Acceptance of Death and Symptom Control/Quality of Care Among Terminal Cancer Patients Under Inpatient Hospice Care: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study
    Jae Hyuck Lee, Yoo Jeong Lee, So Jung Park, Young Min Park, Chung Woo Lee, Sun Wook Hwang, Min Seok Seo, Sun Hyun Kim, Hong Yup Ahn, In Cheol Hwang
    American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Dying matters – innovating spaces to foster end-of-life discussions with applied theatre
    Michael Koon Boon Tan, Ashley Barnes
    Arts & Health.2024; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Factors Associated With Family Surrogate Decisional-Regret Trajectories
    Fur-Hsing Wen, Chia-Hsun Hsieh, Po-Jung Su, Wen-Chi Shen, Ming-Mo Hou, Wen-Chi Chou, Jen-Shi Chen, Wen-Cheng Chang, Siew Tzuh Tang
    Journal of Pain and Symptom Management.2024; 67(3): 223.     CrossRef
  • The attitudes about life-sustaining treatment among cardiac surgery ICU patients and their families
    Si Sun, Hao Zhang, XiaoYan Xiong
    Frontiers in Surgery.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Participation and Influencing Factors in the Decision-Making of Life-Sustaining Treatment: A Focus on Deceased Patients with Hematologic Neoplasms
    Jae Eun Jang, Jeong Moon Ryu, Min Hee Heo, Do Eun Kwon, Ji Yeon Seo, Dong Yeon Kim
    The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2023; 26(2): 69.     CrossRef
  • Decisional-Regret Trajectories From End-of-Life Decision Making Through Bereavement
    Fur-Hsing Wen, Chia-Hsun Hsieh, Ming-Mo Hou, Po-Jung Su, Wen-Chi Shen, Wen-Chi Chou, Jen-Shi Chen, Wen-Cheng Chang, Siew Tzuh Tang
    Journal of Pain and Symptom Management.2023; 66(1): 44.     CrossRef
  • We Want More Than Life-Sustaining Treatment during End-of-Life Care: Focus-Group Interviews
    Mirinae Kim, Minju Kim
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(9): 4415.     CrossRef
  • Family's Perception of Proxy Decision Making to Authorize Do Not Resuscitate Order of Elderly Patients in Long Term Care Facility: A Q-Methodological Study
    Hyeon Jin Cho, Jiyeon Kang
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(1): 15.     CrossRef
  • A Mixed Method Study for Exploring the Difficulties in End-of-Life Care and End-of-Life Care Competency in Nurses Who Take Care of Cancer Patients
    Lae Hee Kim, Su Yeon Kim, Shin Kim, Hyun A Kim, Hwa Jeong Yang, Kyoung Min Lee, Su Yeon Lee, Kyung Hee Lee, Jeong Hye Kim
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2021; 21(2): 98.     CrossRef
  • Life-Sustaining Treatment in End-Stage Liver Disease Patients: Patients’ Decisions and Results
    Hyun Jung Jung, Jeong Yun Park
    The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2020; 23(2): 85.     CrossRef
  • The Relationship among Attitudes toward the Withdrawal of Life-sustaining Treatment, Death Anxiety, and Death Acceptance among Hospitalized Elderly Cancer Patients
    YeonMi Seo, Sujin Shin
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2019; 19(3): 142.     CrossRef
  • Reversals in Decisions about Life-Sustaining Treatment and Associated Factors among Older Patients with Terminal Stage of Cardiopulmonary Disease
    Jung-Ja Choi, Su Hyun Kim, Shin-Woo Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2019; 49(3): 329.     CrossRef
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Effects of Open or Closed Suctioning on Lung Dynamics and Hypoxemia in Mechanically Ventilated Patients
Eun Young Lee, Su Hyun Kim
J Korean Acad Nurs 2014;44(2):149-158.   Published online April 30, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.2.149
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This study was conducted to compare effects of open and closed suctioning methods on lung dynamics (dynamic compliance, tidal volume, and airway resistance) and hypoxemia (oxygen saturation and heart rate) in mechanically ventilated patients.

Methods

This study was a cross-over repeated design. Participants were 21 adult patients being treated with endotracheal intubation using a pressure-controlled ventilator below Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2) 60% and PEEP 8 cmH2O. Data were collected at baseline and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 minutes after suctioning. Data were analyzed using two-factor ANOVA with repeated measures on time and suctioning type.

Results

Effects of the interaction between suction type and time were significant for oxygen saturation and heart rate but not significant for dynamic compliance, tidal volume, or airway resistance. Prior to performance of suctioning, tidal volume and oxygen saturation were significantly lower, but airway pressure and heart rate were significantly higher using the closed suctioning method as compared with the open suctioning method.

Conclusion

For patients on ventilator therapy below FiO2 60% and PEEP 8cmH2O, open suctioning performed after delivery of 100% FiO2 using a mechanical ventilator may not have as much negative impact on lung dynamics and hypoxemia as closed suctioning.

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Effects of a Volunteer-Run Peer Support Program on Health and Satisfaction with Social Support of Older Adults Living Alone
Su Hyun Kim
J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42(4):525-536.   Published online August 12, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.4.525
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract Purpose

The purpose of the study was to evaluate effectiveness of a peer support program conducted by older community volunteers for older adults living alone.

Methods

Thirty volunteers trained as peer supporters were matched with low-income, older adults living alone in the community on gender. Visits occurred on a weekly basis over the 12 month study period, and the volunteers provided peer support for health management to solitary older adults. Data were collected, before the start of the program and again 6 and 12 months after its initialization, from intervention and control groups regarding physical health, general health, mental health, depression, social functioning, and satisfaction with social support. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze data.

Results

By the end of the program, socially isolated older adults in the intervention group had significantly higher scores in physical health and general health than elders in the control group. Significant interaction effects between time and group were found for depression, social functioning, and satisfaction with social support.

Conclusion

The peer support program undertaken by older community volunteers was effective in improving physical health, general health, depression, social functioning, and satisfaction with social support in socially isolated, low-income, older adults.

Citations

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  • Comparing the effectiveness of peer‐led healthy aging interventions on depression and quality of life in community‐dwelling older adults: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
    Jieun Kim, Sarang Kim, Urim Kim, Eunshil Yim, Insook Lee, Hyejung Hong, Dongok Lee, Kyounga Lee
    Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Yu Mi Yi, Yeon-Hwan Park, BeLong Cho, Kyung-Choon Lim, Soong-Nang Jang, Sun Ju Chang, Hana Ko, Eun-Young Noh, So Im Ryu
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(2): 825.     CrossRef
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    Rebecca J. Schwei, Scott Hetzel, KyungMann Kim, Jane Mahoney, Kali DeYoung, Jenni Frumer, Ross P. Lanzafame, Jenny Madlof, Alis Simpson, Erika Zambrano-Morales, Elizabeth A. Jacobs
    JAMA Network Open.2021; 4(6): e2112441.     CrossRef
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    Reham A Hameed Shalaby, Vincent I O Agyapong
    JMIR Mental Health.2020; 7(6): e15572.     CrossRef
  • Older adults’ perspectives regarding peer-to-peer support programs and maintaining independence
    Rebecca J. Schwei, Amy W. Amesoudji, Kali DeYoung, Jenny Madlof, Erika Zambrano-Morales, Jane Mahoney, Elizabeth A. Jacobs
    Home Health Care Services Quarterly.2020; 39(4): 197.     CrossRef
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    Gabrielle Kelly, Leon Neville Geffen
    JAMA Network Open.2020; 3(12): e2030674.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of Peer-to-Peer Support and Health Care Utilization Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
    Elizabeth A. Jacobs, Rebecca Schwei, Scott Hetzel, Jane Mahoney, Katherine Sebastian, Kali DeYoung, Jenni Frumer, Jenny Madlof, Alis Simpson, Erika Zambrano-Morales, KyungMann Kim
    JAMA Network Open.2020; 3(12): e2030090.     CrossRef
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    Leon N. Geffen, Gabrielle Kelly, John N. Morris, Elizabeth P. Howard
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    Gaeun Park, Haejung Lee, Hyun Yul Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2019; 49(5): 550.     CrossRef
  • Effects of a Health Promotion Empowerment Program Using a Resident Volunteer as a Lay Health Leader on Frail Elders' Health and Empowerment
    Jeong Sook Park, Yun Jung Oh
    Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2018; 29(3): 335.     CrossRef
  • The Effects of a Health Mentoring Program in Community-dwelling Vulnerable Elderly Individuals with Diabetes
    Ki wol Sung, Hye Seung Kang, Ji Ran Nam, Mi Kyung Park, Ji Hyeon Park
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2018; 48(2): 182.     CrossRef
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    Marcelo Barbosa Otoni Gonçalves Guedes, Kenio Costa Lima, Célia Pereira Caldas, Renato Peixoto Veras
    Physis: Revista de Saúde Coletiva.2017; 27(4): 1185.     CrossRef
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    Seok-Il Kim, Hyun-Ok Oh
    The Korean Journal of Physical Education.2017; 56(1): 167.     CrossRef
  • Factors Affecting the Intention to Participate in Healthcare Programs among Elders Living Alone
    Mi Sook Song, Sunjoo Boo
    Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2016; 27(4): 319.     CrossRef
  • Factors Affecting Highly Educated Elders' Diabetic Health Leader Attitude
    Kiwol Sung, Jiran Nam, Mijin Yu
    Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2014; 25(2): 119.     CrossRef
  • The Relationships between Social Determinants of Health and Health-related Quality of Life among the Community-dwelling Elderly
    Junghee Kim, Hyeonkyeong Lee, Chung Yul Lee, Eunhee Cho
    Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2014; 25(4): 237.     CrossRef
  • The Effects of an Exercise Program using a Resident Volunteer as a Lay Health Leader for Elders' Physical Fitness, Cognitive Function, Depression, and Quality of Life
    Yeon-Hee Choi, Na-Young Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(3): 346.     CrossRef
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The Influence of Functional Literacy on Perceived Health Status in Korean Older Adults
Su Hyun Kim, Eunjoo Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2008;38(2):195-203.   Published online April 30, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2008.38.2.195
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to understand the level of functional health literacy and its influence on perceived health status in Korean older adults.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Daegu, Kyungpook and Busan province. A total of 103 older adults aged 65 yr or older were interviewed in person between July 1 to August 30, 2007.

Results

A high proportion of older adults were unable to read and understand written basic medical instructions. Only 40-50% were able to comprehend directions for taking medication four times a day or on an empty stomach. Only 11-38% were able to understand information regarding treatment procedure, informed consent, or educational material for elderly fall prevention. Individuals who were older, single, and had less education and income were more likely to have lower functional health literacy. After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, individuals with lower health literacy had poorly perceived health status.

Conclusion

Many Korean older adults have a very low level of fuctional literacy. Low health literacy was independently associated with poorly perceived health status.

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    Soontae An, Yujin Lim, Soondool Chung
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    Sook-Kyoung Park, Eun-Gyeong Kim
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(19): 10304.     CrossRef
  • Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of Assessment of Health Literacy in Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening
    Hye Sook Shin, Eunlim Chi, Hae-Ra Han
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(6): 769.     CrossRef
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    Moonhee Gang, Seonhee Kim, Mi-Ae Ahn
    Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2021; 30(1): 9.     CrossRef
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    Gülhan Yiğitalp, Vasfiye Bayram Değer, Sema Çifçi
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    Min Jung Kim, Yong Soon Shin
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    Yoon Jin Oh, Ki Hyun Park
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    Young Joo Seo, Eun-Mi Kwak, Mirae Jo, A-Ra Ko, Soon Hwan Kim, Heeyoung Oh
    Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2020; 31(4): 416.     CrossRef
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    Seokyoung Ahn, Bogyeong Kim, Mihyang Um, Yookyung Park, Seunghee Kye
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(2): 175.     CrossRef
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The Association Between Expectations Regarding Aging and Health-Promoting Behaviors Among Korean Older Adults
Su Hyun Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2007;37(6):932-940.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2007.37.6.932
AbstractAbstract PDF

PURPOSE: This study was performed to measure expectations regarding aging among community-residing older adults, identify sociodemographic characteristics associated with the level of expectations regarding aging, and examine whether expectations regarding aging were associated with health-promoting behaviors. METHODS: Data was collected by using questionnaires of a short version of the Expectations Regarding Aging Survey (ERA-18) and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II) from 99 older adults who resided in the community of Kyunggi, Daegu, and Kyungpook province. RESULTS: More than 75% of the participants reported that it was an expected part of aging to have more aches and pains, to become depressed, and to become more forgetful. The mean score of expectations regarding aging was 23.15+/-17.80 (possible range 0-100). The old-old, women, those with less education, less monthly allowance and poor health status had lower expectations regarding aging than other elderly. After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and perceived health, expectations regarding aging were independently associated with health-promoting behaviors in older adults. CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate that older Korean adults have low expectations regarding aging, and expectations regarding aging influence health-promoting behaviors.

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