Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

J Korean Acad Nurs : Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

OPEN ACCESS

Articles

Page Path
HOME > J Korean Acad Nurs > Volume 42(4); 2012 > Article
Original Article
Effects of a Volunteer-Run Peer Support Program on Health and Satisfaction with Social Support of Older Adults Living Alone
Su Hyun Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2012;42(4):525-536.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.4.525
Published online: August 12, 2012

College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea

College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea

Address reprint requests to : Kim, Su Hyun College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, 101 Dongin 2-ga, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-422, Korea Tel: +82-53-420-4928 Fax: +82-53-421-2758 E-mail: suhyun_kim@knu.ac.kr
• Received: August 4, 2011   • Revised: August 17, 2011   • Accepted: July 23, 2012

Copyright © 2012 Korean Society of Nursing Science

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • 242 Views
  • 2 Download
  • 20 Crossref
prev next
  • Purpose
    The purpose of the study was to evaluate effectiveness of a peer support program conducted by older community volunteers for older adults living alone.
  • Methods
    Thirty volunteers trained as peer supporters were matched with low-income, older adults living alone in the community on gender. Visits occurred on a weekly basis over the 12 month study period, and the volunteers provided peer support for health management to solitary older adults. Data were collected, before the start of the program and again 6 and 12 months after its initialization, from intervention and control groups regarding physical health, general health, mental health, depression, social functioning, and satisfaction with social support. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze data.
  • Results
    By the end of the program, socially isolated older adults in the intervention group had significantly higher scores in physical health and general health than elders in the control group. Significant interaction effects between time and group were found for depression, social functioning, and satisfaction with social support.
  • Conclusion
    The peer support program undertaken by older community volunteers was effective in improving physical health, general health, depression, social functioning, and satisfaction with social support in socially isolated, low-income, older adults.
Figure 1.
Estimated mean of outcome variables over time by experimental and control groups (controlled for family support at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months).
jkan-42-525f1.jpg

Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

Table 1.
Outline of Educational Sessions for Older Volunteers
Session Content outline
Session 1. Purpose of the program
  Program overview & ice breaker  - The needs and health status of socially isolated, low income older adults
 - Importance of self management for chronic illness
Expected effects of the program
 - Benefits to socially isolated, low income older adults
 - Personal benefits of volunteering
Process of the program
Role and responsibilities of older volunteers
Recording and evaluation of volunteering activities
Expenses incurred by volunteers and compensation
Communication with the investigator and public health center
Self-introduction and question-and-answer
Hand massage techniques (with practice)
Session 2. Importance of emotional management in older adults with chronic illness
 Emotional management Techniques to manage your mind: Laughter therapy
 - Greeting, body relaxing massage, clapping techniques, healthy laughter, and sharing positive words
Session 3. Aging process and sleep pattern
 Sleep hygiene Factors influencing sleep pattern
Problems related to sleep difficulties in older adults
Sleep hygiene for older adults
Session 4. Importance of healthy eating in older adults
 Nutrition Nutritional requirements for older adults
Healthy eating techniques for older adults
Session 5-6. Benefits of physical activity
 Physical activity Frequencies and intensity of exercise
Flexibility/stretching and strengthening exercises (with practice)
Endurance or aerobic exercises
Session 7. Influence of aging on drug effect
 Medication management Problems of medication in older adults
Safe medication technique in older adults
Table 2.
Activities of Older Volunteers as Health Mentors
Tasks Activities
Home visits on a weekly basis for 2 hours Checking safety and overall health status in matched older adults
Attentive listening and reassurance
Performing hand massage to matched older adults
Clapping with healthy laughter together
Performing indoor exercise together
Encouraging healthy behaviors of eating, exercise, sleep, and medication to matched older adults
Informing public health nurses of emergency health problems
Table 3.
Homogeneity Test of General Characteristics between Experimental and Control Groups (N=47)
Variables Exp. (n=26)
Cont. (n=21)
χ2 or t p
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Gender 4.04 .059
 Male 7 (26.9) 1 (4.8)
 Female 19 (73.1) 20 (95.2)
Education 3.43 .489
 No formal education 14 (53.8) 12 (57.1)
 Elementary school 7 (26.9) 7 (33.3)
 Middle or high school 3 (11.5) 1 (4.8)
 College or above 2 (7.7) 1 (4.8)
Monthly income 0.02 .877
 < 500,000 won 25 (96.2) 20 (95.2)
 ≥500,000 won 1 (3.8) 1 (4.8)
Age (yr) 77.24±6.10 76.62±6.47 0.34 .740
Number of chronic diseases 2.34±1.02 2.47±1.03 −0.43 .667
Number of other health/social services from the government 1.15±0.37 1.29±0.46 −1.06 .230
Family support at baseline 5.16±4.37 4.25±3.29 0.771 .445
Family support at 6 months 4.95±3.98 4.40±3.14 0.509 .614
Family support at 12 months 4.39±4.21 4.85±4.18 −0.358 .723
Physical component summary at baseline 32.16±6.64 30.24±7.13 0.85 .745
General health at baseline 20.48±20.30 18.33±22.36 0.14 .867
Mental component summary at baseline 38.14±10.12 39.19±8.31 −0.39 .201
Depression at baseline 9.82±3.40 9.08±2.81 −0.91 .979
Social functioning at baseline 41.67±21.62 55.21±24.43 −2.01 .092
Satisfaction with perceived social support at baseline 21.45±6.53 25.27±4.17 −1.42 .105

Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

Table 4.
Physical Component Summary, General Health, Mental Component Summary, Depression, Social Functioning, and Satisfaction with Perceived Social Support Over Time (N=47)
Variables Exp. (n=26)
Cont. (n=21)
Group*Time
Group
Time
Baselinea
6Mb
12Mc
Baselinea
6Mb
12Mc
F (p) η 2 F (p) η 2 F (p) η 2
M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD
Physical component summary 32.16±6.64 34.63±8.43 35.80±8.20 30.24±7.13 29.41±8.58 32.55±9.67 1.10 (.339) .03 3.63 (.033) .10 1.03 (.362) a<c .03
General health 20.48±20.30 33.57±23.19 35.71±28.25 18.33±22.36 13.00±16.99 24.44±26.17 3.07 (.053) .08 5.31 (.027) .14 4.01 (.028)a< c .20
Mental component summary 38.14±10.12 45.10±9.32 43.16±8.84 39.19±8.31 42.48±10.53 38.73±9.52 2.24 (.112) .05 .47 (.498) .01 7.56 (.002)b< c .27
Depression 9.82±3.40 6.18±3.22 7.59±3.33 9.08±2.81 8.08±3.49 9.29±3.50 4.59 (.013) .10 1.02 (.319) .02 14.80 (< .001)a,c< b .43
Social functioning 41.67±29.62 59.52±30.08 58.33±26.62 55.21±24.43 48.96±31.69 50.00±24.45 5.56 (.009) .12 .02 (.882) .01 1.13 (.333) .06
Satisfaction with perceived social support 21.11±6.56 24.47±3.96 23.94±5.34 25.67±4.59 26.77±4.28 22.99±5.25 5.67 (.005) .12 4.16 (.024) .09 4.90 (.012)a< b< c 18

Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

Calculated after controlling for family support at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months.

  • Bandura, A. 1986.Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Buman M. P., Giacobbi P. R. Jr, Dzierzewski J. M., Aiken M. A., McCrae C. S., Roberts B. L., et al. 2011;Peer volunteers improve long-term maintenance of physical activity with older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Activity & Health. 8:S257–S266.Article
  • Castro C. M., Pruitt L. A., Buman M. P., King A.C. 2011;Physical activity program delivery by professionals versus volunteers: The TEAM randomized trial. Health Psychology. 30:285–294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021980ArticlePubMedPMC
  • Cheung C., Ngan, M. 2000;Contributions of volunteer networking to isolated seniors in Hong Kong. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 33:79–100.Article
  • Coull A. J., Taylor V. H., Elton R., Murdoch P. S., Hargreaves A.D. 2004;A randomised controlled trial of senior lay health mentoring in older people with ischaemic heart disease: The Braveheart Project. Age and Ageing. 33:348–354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afh098ArticlePubMed
  • Dennis C.L. 2003;Peer support within a health care context: A concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 40:321–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7489(02)00092-5ArticlePubMed
  • Dickens A. P., Richards S. H., Greaves C. J., Campbell J.L. 2011a;Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 11:647–669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-647ArticlePubMedPDF
  • Dickens A. P., Richards S. H., Hawton A., Taylor R. S., Greaves C. J., Green C., et al. 2011b;An evaluation of the effectiveness of a community mentoring service for socially isolated older people: A controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 11:218–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-218ArticlePubMedPDF
  • Department of Health and Human Services. 2010;Information on the care services for the elderly. Retrieved July 1, 2011 from. http://www.mw.go.kr/front_policy/jc/sjc0110mn.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=06&MENU_ID=061002
  • Etkin C. D., Prohaska T. R., Harris B. A., Latham N., Jette, A. 2006;Feasibility of implementing the strong for life program in community settings. The Gerontologist. 46:284–292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/46.2.284ArticlePubMed
  • Greaves C. J., Farbus, L. 2006;Effects of creative and social activity on the health and well-being of socially isolated older people: Outcomes from a multi-method observational study. The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health. 126:134–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466424006064303ArticlePubMedPDF
  • Greenberg S.A. 2007;The Geriatric Depression Scale: Short form. American Journal of Nursing. 107:60–69.
  • Hale W. D., Bennett R. G., Oslos N. R., Cochran C. D., Burton J.R. 1997;Project REACH: A program to train community-based lay health educators. The Gerontologist. 37:683–687.ArticlePubMed
  • Han H., Lee, Y. 2009;A study on factors impacting on the mental health level of the elderly people living alone. Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society. 29:805–822.
  • Heaney C. A., Israel B.A. 2008.Social networks and social support. In: Glanz K., Rimer B.K., Viswanath K., editors. Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice. p. 189–210. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
  • Kee B.S. 1996;A preliminary study for the standardization of Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form-Korea Version. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. 35:298–306.
  • Kim O. S., Jeon H.O. 2008;Cognitive function, depression, social support, and self-care in elderly with hypertension. Journal of Adult Nursing. 20:675–684.
  • Kim S.H. 2009;Health literacy and functional health status in Korean older adults. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 18:2337–2343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02739.xArticlePubMedPDF
  • Korean Statistical Information Service. 2010;Statistics on the elderly in 2010. Retrieved July 10, 2011, from. http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/2/1/index.board?bmode=read&aSeq=180000
  • Korean Statistical Information Service. 2011;Estimated population by age. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from. http://kosis.kr/gen_etl/start.jsp?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B01001&conn_path=I2&path=>>
  • Lorig K. R., Holman H., Sobel D., Laurent D., Gonzalez V., Minor, M. 2006.Living a healthy life with chronic conditions. Boulder, CO: Bull Publishing company.
  • McIntyre I., Corradetti P., Roberts J., Browne G., Watt S., Lane, A. 1999;Pilot study of a visitor volunteer programme for community elderly people receiving home health care. Health and Social Care in the Community. 7:225–232.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • Medical Outcomes Trust. 2004.IQOLA SF-12v2 Standard, S. Korea (Korean). Lincoln, R.I: QualityMetric Incorporated.
  • Park Y. H., Song M., Cho B. L., Lim J. Y., Song W., Kim S.H. 2011;The effects of an integrated health education and exercise program in a community-dwelling older adults with hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling. 82:133–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.04.002ArticlePubMed
  • Peel N. M., Warburton, J. 2009;Using senior volunteers as peer educators: What is the evidence of effectiveness in fall prevention? Australian Journal on Ageing. 28:7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2008.00320.x
  • Sarason I. G., Sarason B. R., Shearin E. N., Pierce G.R. 1987;A brief measure of social support: Practical and theoretical implications. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 4:497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407587044007ArticlePDF
  • Schneider E. C., Altpeter M., Whitelaw, N. 2007;An innovative approach for building health promotion capacity: A generic volunteer training curriculum. The Gerontologist. 47:398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/47.3.398PubMed
  • Ware J. E., Kosinski M., Keller S.D. 1996;A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Medical Care. 34:220–233.ArticlePubMed
  • Ware J. E., Snow K. K., Kosinski M., Gandek, B. 1993.SF-36 health survey manual and interpretation guide. Lincoln, R.I: QualityMetric Incorporated.
  • Wheeler J. A., Gorey K. M., Greenblatt, B. 1998;The beneficial effects of volunteering for older volunteers and the people they serve: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 47:69–79.ArticlePubMedPDF

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Comparing the effectiveness of peer‐led healthy aging interventions on depression and quality of life in community‐dwelling older adults: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
      Jieun Kim, Sarang Kim, Urim Kim, Eunshil Yim, Insook Lee, Hyejung Hong, Dongok Lee, Kyounga Lee
      Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Effectiveness of an Informal Home Care Support Intervention Program to Reduce Loneliness and Improve Quality of Life among Lonely Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Feasibility Study
      Ahmad Kousha, Elham Lotfalinezhad, Haidar Nadrian, Karen Andersen-Ranberg, Shannon Freeman, Fatemeh Barati, Hasan Mosazadeh, Mina Hashemiparast, Mohamed Asghari Jafarabadi, Ahmad Sohrabi, Mohammad Reza Honarvar
      Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Friendly visiting by a volunteer for reducing loneliness or social isolation in older adults: A systematic review
      Jorien Laermans, Hans Scheers, Philippe Vandekerckhove, Emmy De Buck
      Campbell Systematic Reviews.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Measures for Patients Discharged from Acute Psychiatric Care: Four-Arm Peer and Text Messaging Support Controlled Observational Study
      Reham Shalaby, Pamela Spurvey, Michelle Knox, Rebecca Rathwell, Wesley Vuong, Shireen Surood, Liana Urichuk, Mark Snaterse, Andrew J. Greenshaw, Xin-Min Li, Vincent I. O. Agyapong
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(7): 3798.     CrossRef
    • Development of a Community-Based Integrated Service Model of Health and Social Care for Older Adults Living Alone
      Yu Mi Yi, Yeon-Hwan Park, BeLong Cho, Kyung-Choon Lim, Soong-Nang Jang, Sun Ju Chang, Hana Ko, Eun-Young Noh, So Im Ryu
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(2): 825.     CrossRef
    • Peer-to-Peer Support and Changes in Health and Well-being in Older Adults Over Time
      Rebecca J. Schwei, Scott Hetzel, KyungMann Kim, Jane Mahoney, Kali DeYoung, Jenni Frumer, Ross P. Lanzafame, Jenny Madlof, Alis Simpson, Erika Zambrano-Morales, Elizabeth A. Jacobs
      JAMA Network Open.2021; 4(6): e2112441.     CrossRef
    • Peer Support in Mental Health: Literature Review
      Reham A Hameed Shalaby, Vincent I O Agyapong
      JMIR Mental Health.2020; 7(6): e15572.     CrossRef
    • Older adults’ perspectives regarding peer-to-peer support programs and maintaining independence
      Rebecca J. Schwei, Amy W. Amesoudji, Kali DeYoung, Jenny Madlof, Erika Zambrano-Morales, Jane Mahoney, Elizabeth A. Jacobs
      Home Health Care Services Quarterly.2020; 39(4): 197.     CrossRef
    • Understanding and Measuring the Value of Peer-to-Peer Community Support Programs for Older Adults
      Gabrielle Kelly, Leon Neville Geffen
      JAMA Network Open.2020; 3(12): e2030674.     CrossRef
    • Evaluation of Peer-to-Peer Support and Health Care Utilization Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
      Elizabeth A. Jacobs, Rebecca Schwei, Scott Hetzel, Jane Mahoney, Katherine Sebastian, Kali DeYoung, Jenni Frumer, Jenny Madlof, Alis Simpson, Erika Zambrano-Morales, KyungMann Kim
      JAMA Network Open.2020; 3(12): e2030090.     CrossRef
    • Peer-to-peer support model to improve quality of life among highly vulnerable, low-income older adults in Cape Town, South Africa
      Leon N. Geffen, Gabrielle Kelly, John N. Morris, Elizabeth P. Howard
      BMC Geriatrics.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • The Effects of Utilizing Smartphone Application Peer Support on Health Behavior and Body Mass Index among Breast Cancer Survivors
      Gaeun Park, Haejung Lee, Hyun Yul Kim
      Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2019; 49(5): 550.     CrossRef
    • Effects of a Health Promotion Empowerment Program Using a Resident Volunteer as a Lay Health Leader on Frail Elders' Health and Empowerment
      Jeong Sook Park, Yun Jung Oh
      Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2018; 29(3): 335.     CrossRef
    • The Effects of a Health Mentoring Program in Community-dwelling Vulnerable Elderly Individuals with Diabetes
      Ki wol Sung, Hye Seung Kang, Ji Ran Nam, Mi Kyung Park, Ji Hyeon Park
      Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2018; 48(2): 182.     CrossRef
    • Apoio social e o cuidado integral à saúde do idoso
      Marcelo Barbosa Otoni Gonçalves Guedes, Kenio Costa Lima, Célia Pereira Caldas, Renato Peixoto Veras
      Physis: Revista de Saúde Coletiva.2017; 27(4): 1185.     CrossRef
    • Effects of Social Support and Psychological Well-being on Intention to Exercise Maintenance of Elderly Pilates Participants
      Seok-Il Kim, Hyun-Ok Oh
      The Korean Journal of Physical Education.2017; 56(1): 167.     CrossRef
    • Factors Affecting the Intention to Participate in Healthcare Programs among Elders Living Alone
      Mi Sook Song, Sunjoo Boo
      Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2016; 27(4): 319.     CrossRef
    • Factors Affecting Highly Educated Elders' Diabetic Health Leader Attitude
      Kiwol Sung, Jiran Nam, Mijin Yu
      Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2014; 25(2): 119.     CrossRef
    • The Relationships between Social Determinants of Health and Health-related Quality of Life among the Community-dwelling Elderly
      Junghee Kim, Hyeonkyeong Lee, Chung Yul Lee, Eunhee Cho
      Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2014; 25(4): 237.     CrossRef
    • The Effects of an Exercise Program using a Resident Volunteer as a Lay Health Leader for Elders' Physical Fitness, Cognitive Function, Depression, and Quality of Life
      Yeon-Hee Choi, Na-Young Kim
      Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(3): 346.     CrossRef

    • Cite
      CITE
      export Copy Download
      Close
      Download Citation
      Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

      Format:
      • RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
      • BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software
      Include:
      • Citation for the content below
      Effects of a Volunteer-Run Peer Support Program on Health and Satisfaction with Social Support of Older Adults Living Alone
      J Korean Acad Nurs. 2012;42(4):525-536.   Published online August 12, 2012
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download
    Figure
    • 0
    We recommend
    Effects of a Volunteer-Run Peer Support Program on Health and Satisfaction with Social Support of Older Adults Living Alone
    Image
    Figure 1. Estimated mean of outcome variables over time by experimental and control groups (controlled for family support at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months).
    Effects of a Volunteer-Run Peer Support Program on Health and Satisfaction with Social Support of Older Adults Living Alone
    Session Content outline
    Session 1. Purpose of the program
      Program overview & ice breaker  - The needs and health status of socially isolated, low income older adults
     - Importance of self management for chronic illness
    Expected effects of the program
     - Benefits to socially isolated, low income older adults
     - Personal benefits of volunteering
    Process of the program
    Role and responsibilities of older volunteers
    Recording and evaluation of volunteering activities
    Expenses incurred by volunteers and compensation
    Communication with the investigator and public health center
    Self-introduction and question-and-answer
    Hand massage techniques (with practice)
    Session 2. Importance of emotional management in older adults with chronic illness
     Emotional management Techniques to manage your mind: Laughter therapy
     - Greeting, body relaxing massage, clapping techniques, healthy laughter, and sharing positive words
    Session 3. Aging process and sleep pattern
     Sleep hygiene Factors influencing sleep pattern
    Problems related to sleep difficulties in older adults
    Sleep hygiene for older adults
    Session 4. Importance of healthy eating in older adults
     Nutrition Nutritional requirements for older adults
    Healthy eating techniques for older adults
    Session 5-6. Benefits of physical activity
     Physical activity Frequencies and intensity of exercise
    Flexibility/stretching and strengthening exercises (with practice)
    Endurance or aerobic exercises
    Session 7. Influence of aging on drug effect
     Medication management Problems of medication in older adults
    Safe medication technique in older adults
    Tasks Activities
    Home visits on a weekly basis for 2 hours Checking safety and overall health status in matched older adults
    Attentive listening and reassurance
    Performing hand massage to matched older adults
    Clapping with healthy laughter together
    Performing indoor exercise together
    Encouraging healthy behaviors of eating, exercise, sleep, and medication to matched older adults
    Informing public health nurses of emergency health problems
    Variables Exp. (n=26)
    Cont. (n=21)
    χ2 or t p
    n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
    Gender 4.04 .059
     Male 7 (26.9) 1 (4.8)
     Female 19 (73.1) 20 (95.2)
    Education 3.43 .489
     No formal education 14 (53.8) 12 (57.1)
     Elementary school 7 (26.9) 7 (33.3)
     Middle or high school 3 (11.5) 1 (4.8)
     College or above 2 (7.7) 1 (4.8)
    Monthly income 0.02 .877
     < 500,000 won 25 (96.2) 20 (95.2)
     ≥500,000 won 1 (3.8) 1 (4.8)
    Age (yr) 77.24±6.10 76.62±6.47 0.34 .740
    Number of chronic diseases 2.34±1.02 2.47±1.03 −0.43 .667
    Number of other health/social services from the government 1.15±0.37 1.29±0.46 −1.06 .230
    Family support at baseline 5.16±4.37 4.25±3.29 0.771 .445
    Family support at 6 months 4.95±3.98 4.40±3.14 0.509 .614
    Family support at 12 months 4.39±4.21 4.85±4.18 −0.358 .723
    Physical component summary at baseline 32.16±6.64 30.24±7.13 0.85 .745
    General health at baseline 20.48±20.30 18.33±22.36 0.14 .867
    Mental component summary at baseline 38.14±10.12 39.19±8.31 −0.39 .201
    Depression at baseline 9.82±3.40 9.08±2.81 −0.91 .979
    Social functioning at baseline 41.67±21.62 55.21±24.43 −2.01 .092
    Satisfaction with perceived social support at baseline 21.45±6.53 25.27±4.17 −1.42 .105
    Variables Exp. (n=26)
    Cont. (n=21)
    Group*Time
    Group
    Time
    Baselinea
    6Mb
    12Mc
    Baselinea
    6Mb
    12Mc
    F (p) η 2 F (p) η 2 F (p) η 2
    M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD
    Physical component summary 32.16±6.64 34.63±8.43 35.80±8.20 30.24±7.13 29.41±8.58 32.55±9.67 1.10 (.339) .03 3.63 (.033) .10 1.03 (.362) a<c .03
    General health 20.48±20.30 33.57±23.19 35.71±28.25 18.33±22.36 13.00±16.99 24.44±26.17 3.07 (.053) .08 5.31 (.027) .14 4.01 (.028)a< c .20
    Mental component summary 38.14±10.12 45.10±9.32 43.16±8.84 39.19±8.31 42.48±10.53 38.73±9.52 2.24 (.112) .05 .47 (.498) .01 7.56 (.002)b< c .27
    Depression 9.82±3.40 6.18±3.22 7.59±3.33 9.08±2.81 8.08±3.49 9.29±3.50 4.59 (.013) .10 1.02 (.319) .02 14.80 (< .001)a,c< b .43
    Social functioning 41.67±29.62 59.52±30.08 58.33±26.62 55.21±24.43 48.96±31.69 50.00±24.45 5.56 (.009) .12 .02 (.882) .01 1.13 (.333) .06
    Satisfaction with perceived social support 21.11±6.56 24.47±3.96 23.94±5.34 25.67±4.59 26.77±4.28 22.99±5.25 5.67 (.005) .12 4.16 (.024) .09 4.90 (.012)a< b< c 18
    Table 1. Outline of Educational Sessions for Older Volunteers

    Table 2. Activities of Older Volunteers as Health Mentors

    Table 3. Homogeneity Test of General Characteristics between Experimental and Control Groups (N=47)

    Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

    Table 4. Physical Component Summary, General Health, Mental Component Summary, Depression, Social Functioning, and Satisfaction with Perceived Social Support Over Time (N=47)

    Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

    Calculated after controlling for family support at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months.


    J Korean Acad Nurs : Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
    Close layer
    TOP