동아대학교 간호대학 간호학과
College of Nursing, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
© 2025 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2021R1I1A306003813). This work was supported by the Dong-A University research fund.
Data Sharing Statement
Please contact the corresponding author for data availability.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization or/and Methodology: JHY, SYP. Data curation or/and Analysis: JHY, SYP. Funding acquisition: JHY. Investigation: JHY, SYP. Project administration or/and Supervision: JHY. Resources or/and Software: JHY. Validation: JHY. Visualization: SYP. Writing: original draft or/and Review & Editing: JHY, SYP. Final approval of the manuscript: all authors.
Characteristic | Category | Value |
---|---|---|
Age (yr) | 32.5±3.13 | |
<35 | 114 (73.1) | |
≥35 | 42 (26.9) | |
Education level | High school graduate | 8 (5.1) |
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 148 (94.9) | |
Average annual salary (KRW) | <50 million | 60 (38.5) |
≥50 million | 96 (61.5) | |
Primigravida | Yes | 107 (68.6) |
No | 49 (31.4) | |
Previous miscarriage | Yes | 36 (23.1) |
No | 120 (76.9) | |
Previous pregnancy complications | Yes | 11 (7.1) |
No | 145 (92.9) | |
Previous delivery complications | Yes | 1 (0.6) |
No | 155 (99.4) | |
Childbirth method | Normal delivery | 57 (36.5) |
Cesarean section | 99 (63.5) | |
Birth weight (g) | 3,212.09±336.68 | |
<2,800 | 19 (12.2) | |
≥2,800 | 137 (87.8) | |
Pregnancy PTSD | 28.45±18.30 (0.0–69.0) | |
Prenatal trait anxiety | 41.78±9.28 (24.0–68.0) | |
Prenatal resilience | 25.12±6.92 (4.0–40.0) | |
Prenatal depression | 5.24±4.71 (0.0–24.0) | |
Prenatal social support | 52.77±7.09 (29.0–60.0) | |
Prevalence of short-term postpartum PTSD | 51 (32.7) | |
Prevalence of long-term postpartum PTSD | 31 (19.9) |
Variable | Short-term postpartum PTSD | Long-term postpartum PTSD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Noa) | Yesb) | χ2 (p) | Noa) | Yesb) | χ2 (p) | |
Age (yr) | 0.16 (.693) | 0.09 (.767) | ||||
<35 | 85 (74.6) | 29 (25.4) | 92 (80.7) | 22 (19.3) | ||
≥35 | 30 (71.4) | 12 (28.6) | 33 (78.6) | 9 (21.4) | ||
Education level | (.030)c) | (.008)c) | ||||
High school graduate | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | ||
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 112 (75.7) | 36 (24.3) | 122 (82.4) | 26 (17.6) | ||
Average annual salary (KRW) | 0.21 (.645) | 2.83 (.093) | ||||
<50 million | 43 (71.7) | 17 (28.3) | 44 (73.3) | 16 (26.7) | ||
≥50 million | 72 (75.0) | 24 (25.0) | 81 (84.4) | 15 (15.6) | ||
Primigravida | 1.49 (.221) | 3.39 (.065) | ||||
Yes | 82 (76.6) | 25 (23.4) | 90 (84.1) | 17 (15.9) | ||
No | 33 (67.3) | 16 (32.7) | 35 (71.4) | 14 (28.6) | ||
Previous miscarriage | 0.44 (.507) | 1.84 (.175) | ||||
Yes | 25 (69.4) | 11 (30.6) | 26 (72.2) | 10 (27.8) | ||
No | 90 (75.0) | 30 (25.0) | 99 (82.5) | 21 (17.5) | ||
Previous pregnancy complications | (.159)c) | (.043)c) | ||||
Yes | 6 (54.5) | 5 (45.5) | 6 (54.5) | 5 (45.5) | ||
No | 109 (75.2) | 36 (24.8) | 117 (81.8) | 26 (18.2) | ||
Previous delivery complications | (>.999)c) | (>.999)c) | ||||
Yes | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
No | 114 (73.5) | 41 (26.5) | 124 (80.0) | 31 (20.0) | ||
Childbirth method | 0.14 (.711) | 0.49 (.535) | ||||
Normal delivery | 43 (75.4) | 14 (24.6) | 44 (77.2) | 13 (22.8) | ||
Cesarean section | 72 (72.7) | 27 (27.3) | 81 (81.8) | 18 (18.2) | ||
Birth weight (g) | (.782)c) | (>.999)c) | ||||
<2,800 | 15 (78.9) | 4 (21.1) | 15 (78.9) | 4 (21.1) | ||
≥2,800 | 100 (73.0) | 37 (27.0) | 110 (80.3) | 27 (19.7) |
Variable | Short-term postpartum PTSD | Long-term postpartum PTSD | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | Wald | OR (95% CI) | p | B | SE | Wald | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Pregnancy PTSD | 0.04 | 0.01 | 9.34 | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | .002 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 14.81 | 1.09 (1.04–1.13) | <.001 |
Prenatal trait anxiety | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.30 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | .585 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 3.31 | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | .069 |
Prenatal resilience | 0.08 | 0.04 | 4.28 | 1.09 (1.00–1.18) | .038 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 8.39 | 1.19 (1.06–1.34) | .004 |
Prenatal depression | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.43 | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | .511 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 2.33 | 1.13 (0.97–1.33) | .127 |
Prenatal social support | –0.08 | 0.03 | 4.96 | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | .026 | –0.08 | 0.05 | 3.16 | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | .076 |
Education level (ref: bachelor’s degree or higher) | 0.92 | 0.82 | 1.24 | 2.48 (0.50–12.31) | .266 | 1.91 | 0.96 | 3.96 | 6.75 (1.03–44.30) | .047 |
Previous pregnancy complications (ref: no) | 1.35 | 0.88 | 2.36 | 3.84 (0.69–21.41) | .125 | |||||
Nagelkerke R2 | .28 | .59 | ||||||||
Hosmer-Lemeshow’s χ2 (p) | 7.45 (.489) | 1.62 (.990) | ||||||||
χ2 (p) | 34.24 (<.001) | 72.71 (<.001) |
Values are presented as mean±SD, number (%), or mean±SD (min–max), unless otherwise stated. KRW, Korean won; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SD, standard deviation.
Values are presented as number (%), unless otherwise stated. KRW, Korean won; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder. a)Postpartum PTSD score <25. b)Postpartum PTSD score ≥25. c)By Fisher’s exact test.
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; Ref, reference; SE, standard error.