1전북대학교 일반대학원 간호학과
2전북대학교병원 간호부
1Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
2Department of Nursing, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
© 2025 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
This study was provided with bioresources from CODA in National Biobank of Korea, the Agency for Disease Control and Prevention, Republic of Korea.
Data Sharing Statement
Please contact the corresponding author for data availability.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization or/and Methodology: YJP, MS, HSJ, EHY. Data curation or/and Analysis: YJP, MS. Funding acquisition: none. Investigation: YJP, MS, HSJ, EHY. Project administration or/and Supervision: YJP, MS. Resources or/and Software: YJP, MS, HSJ, EHY. Validation: HSJ, EHY. Visualization: YJP. Writing: original draft or/and Review & Editing: YJP, MS, HSJ, EHY. Final approval of the manuscript: YJP, MS, HSJ, EHY.
Classification | HR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|
TyG index (ref: low) | 1.47 (1.34–1.62) | <.001 |
TyG–BMI (ref: low) | 1.38 (1.25–1.52) | <.001 |
TyG–WC (ref: low) | 1.41 (1.29–1.53) | <.001 |
TyG–WHtR (ref: low) | 1.43 (1.31–1.56) | <.001 |
The references were TyG index (low), TyG–BMI (low), TyG–WC (low), and TyG–WHtR (low). The controlled variables were demographic, lifestyle, and health-related characteristics.
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; TyG, triglyceride-glucose; TyG–BMI, triglyceride-glucose–body mass index; TyG index, triglyceride-glucose index; TyG–WC, triglyceride-glucose–waist circumference; TyG–WHtR, triglyceride glucose–waist-to-height ratio.
Characteristic | No. (%) | DM |
HR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of incidence case (%) | Person-year incidence | Incidence rate per 1,000 person-years | ||||
Total | 6,816 (100) | 6,795 (99.7) | 68,698.20 | 98.91 | ||
Gender | ||||||
Men | 3,212 (47.1) | 3,206 (46.0) | 31,631.30 | 101.36 | 1 | |
Women | 3,604 (52.9) | 3,589 (54.0) | 37,066.90 | 96.82 | 0.88 (0.08–1.01) | .072 |
Age (yr) | ||||||
40–49 | 3,546 (52.0) | 3,534 (54.0) | 37,121.70 | 95.20 | 1 | |
50–59 | 1,711 (25.1) | 1,707 (25.3) | 17,369.70 | 98.27 | 1.19 (1.07–1.31) | .001 |
60–69 | 1,559 (22.9) | 1,554 (20.7) | 14,206.80 | 109.38 | 1.22 (1.08–1.37) | .001 |
Marital status | ||||||
Unmarried | 83 (1.2) | 83 (1.1) | 796.90 | 104.15 | 1 | |
Married | 6,216 (91.2) | 6,197 (91.8) | 63,032.00 | 98.32 | 0.87 | |
Others (divorced, separated, widowed) | 517 (7.6) | 515 (7.1) | 4,869.30 | 105.76 | 0.91 (0.63–1.34) | .641 |
Occupation | ||||||
Professional | 301 (4.4) | 301 (4.4) | 3,056.20 | 98.49 | 1 | |
Non-professional | 6,515 (95.6) | 6,494 (95.6) | 65,642.00 | 98.93 | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | .948 |
Monthly income (10,000 won) | ||||||
<200 | 4,214 (61.8) | 4,200 (61.8) | 41,797.10 | 100.49 | 1 | |
200–<400 | 2,059 (30.2) | 2,053 (30.2) | 21,235.40 | 96.68 | 0.92 | |
≥400 | 543 (8.0) | 542 (8.0) | 5,665.70 | 95.66 | 0.98 (0.84–1.15) | .982 |
Education level | ||||||
≤Middle school | 3,617 (53.1) | 3,603 (52.0) | 35,738.90 | 100.81 | 1 | |
High school | 2,217 (32.5) | 2,210 (33.4) | 22,928.40 | 96.39 | 1.03 | |
≥College | 982 (14.4) | 982 (14.6) | 10,030.90 | 97.90 | 1.00 (0.88–1.15) | .954 |
Sleep duration per night (hr) | ||||||
≤6 | 2,916 (42.8) | 2,905 (42.8) | 29,405.80 | 98.79 | 1 | |
7–8 | 3,422 (50.2) | 3,413 (50.4) | 34,604.50 | 98.63 | 0.94 | |
≥9 | 478 (7.0) | 477 (6.8) | 4,687.90 | 101.75 | 0.98 (0.83–1.15) | .793 |
Cigarette smoking | ||||||
Never smoker | 4,066 (59.7) | 4,050 (61.1) | 41,974.50 | 96.49 | 1 | |
Former smoker | 1,077 (15.8) | 1,074 (15.7) | 10,753.90 | 99.87 | 1.03 | |
Current smoker | 1,673 (24.5) | 1,671 (23.2) | 15,969.80 | 104.63 | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) | .104 |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Never drinker | 3,093 (45.4) | 3,080 (45.3) | 31,343.90 | 98.26 | 1 | |
Former drinker | 404 (5.9) | 403 (5.9) | 4,017.60 | 100.31 | 0.92 | |
Current drinker | 3,319 (48.7) | 3,312 (48.8) | 33,336.70 | 99.35 | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | .848 |
Self-reported health status | ||||||
Poor | 2,069 (30.4) | 2,061 (29.2) | 20,055.80 | 102.76 | 1 | |
Fair | 2,504 (36.7) | 5,495 (37.6) | 25,817.40 | 212.84 | 0.93 | |
Good | 2,243 (32.9) | 2,239 (33.2) | 22,825.00 | 98.09 | 0.98 (0.89–1.09) | .735 |
Family history of DM | ||||||
No | 6,151 (90.2) | 6,132 (90.6) | 62,216.60 | 98.56 | 1 | |
Yes | 665 (9.8) | 663 (9.4) | 6,481.60 | 102.29 | 1.42 (1.26–1.61) | <.001 |
Chronic disease | ||||||
No | 5,795 (85.0) | 5,776 (86.4) | 59,380.50 | 97.27 | 1 | |
Yes | 1,021 (15.0) | 1,019 (13.6) | 9,317.70 | 109.36 | 1.53 (1.38–1.70) | <.001 |
Moderate physical activity | ||||||
Low | 6,294 (92.3) | 6,275 (92.1) | 63,283.20 | 99.16 | 1 | |
High | 522 (7.7) | 520 (7.9) | 5,415.00 | 96.03 | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | .270 |
Severe physical activity | ||||||
Low | 4,949 (72.6) | 4,933 (72.4) | 49,716.5 | 99.22 | 1 | |
High | 1,867 (27.4) | 1,862 (27.6) | 18,981.70 | 98.09 | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | .671 |
TyG index | ||||||
Low | 2,054 (30.1) | 2,046 (32.0) | 22,016.00 | 92.93 | 1 | |
High | 4,762 (69.9) | 4,749 (68.0) | 46,682.20 | 101.73 | 1.54 (1.40–1.69) | <.001 |
TyG–BMI | ||||||
Low | 1,780 (26.1) | 1,772 (26.9) | 18,489.80 | 95.84 | 1 | |
High | 5,036 (73.9) | 5,023 (73.1) | 50,208.40 | 100.04 | 1.45 (1.31–1.60) | <.001 |
TyG–WC | ||||||
Low | 2,700 (39.6) | 2,688 (41.3) | 28,389.80 | 94.68 | 1 | |
High | 4,116 (60.4) | 4,107 (58.7) | 40,308.40 | 101.89 | 1.51 (1.38–1.64) | <.001 |
TyG–WHtR | ||||||
Low | 2,522 (37.0) | 2,512 (38.7) | 26,586.20 | 94.49 | 1 | |
High | 4,294 (63.0) | 4,283 (61.3) | 42,112.00 | 101.70 | 1.53 (1.41–1.67) | <.001 |
Classification | HR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|
TyG index (ref: low) | 1.47 (1.34–1.62) | <.001 |
TyG–BMI (ref: low) | 1.38 (1.25–1.52) | <.001 |
TyG–WC (ref: low) | 1.41 (1.29–1.53) | <.001 |
TyG–WHtR (ref: low) | 1.43 (1.31–1.56) | <.001 |
Characteristic | DM (N=6,816) |
χ2 (p) | |
---|---|---|---|
Yes (n=2,440) | No (n=4,376) | ||
Gender | |||
Men | 1,186 (36.9) | 2,026 (63.1) | 3.35 (.067) |
Women | 1,254 (34.8) | 2,350 (65.2) | |
Age (yr) | |||
40–49 | 1,200 (33.8) | 2,346 (66.2) | 18.55 (<.001) |
50–59 | 683 (39.9) | 1,028 (60.1) | |
60–69 | 557 (35.7) | 1,002 (64.3) | |
Marital status | |||
Unmarried | 32 (38.6) | 51 (61.4) | 0.35 (.838) |
Married | 2,226 (35.8) | 3,990 (64.2) | |
Others (divorced, separated, widowed) | 182 (35.2) | 335 (64.8) | |
Occupation | |||
Professional | 109 (36.2) | 192 (63.8) | 0.02 (.878) |
Non-professional | 2,331 (35.8) | 4,184 (64.2) | |
Monthly income (10,000 won) | |||
<200 | 1,536 (36.4) | 2,678 (63.6) | 4.13 (.127) |
200–<400 | 701 (34.0) | 1,358 (66.0) | |
≥400 | 203 (37.4) | 340 (62.6) | |
Education level | |||
≤Middle school | 1,280 (35.4) | 2,337 (64.6) | 0.59 (.746) |
High school | 802 (36.2) | 1,415 (63.8) | |
≥College | 358 (36.5) | 624 (63.5) | |
Self-reported health status | |||
Unhealthy | 745 (36.0) | 1,324 (64.0) | 0.90 (.639) |
Average | 879 (35.1) | 1,625 (64.9) | |
Healthy | 816 (36.4) | 1,427 (63.6) | |
Sleep duration per night (hr) | |||
≤6 | 1,064 (36.5) | 1,852 (63.5) | 1.35 (.508) |
7–8 | 1,202 (35.1) | 2,220 (64.9) | |
≥9 | 174 (36.4) | 304 (63.6) | |
Family history of DM | |||
Yes | 291 (43.8) | 374 (56.2) | 20.32 (<.001) |
No | 2,149 (34.9) | 4,002 (65.1) | |
Chronic disease | |||
Yes | 1,974 (34.1) | 3,821 (65.9) | 50.63 (<.001) |
No | 466 (45.6) | 555 (54.4) | |
Cigarette smoking | |||
Never smoker | 1,425 (35.0) | 2,641 (65.0) | 2.56 (.279) |
Former smoker | 401 (37.2) | 676 (62.8) | |
Current smoker | 614 (36.7) | 1,059 (63.3) | |
Alcohol consumption | |||
Never drinker | 1,092 (35.3) | 2,001 (64.7) | 0.62 (.734) |
Former drinker | 145 (35.9) | 259 (64.1) | |
Current drinker | 1,203 (36.2) | 2,116 (63.8) |
DM | Phase 1 (2003–2004) | Phase 2 (2005–2006) | Phase 3 (2007–2008) | Phase 4 (2011–2012) | Phase 5 (2013–2014) | Phase 6 (2013–2014) | Phase 7 (2015–2016) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | 0 (0) | 257 (3.8) | 393 (5.8) | 449 (6.6) | 574 (8.4) | 1,021 (15.0) | 1,044 (15.3) |
No | 6,816 (100.0) | 6,559 (96.2) | 6,423 (94.2) | 6,367 (93.4) | 6,242 (91.6) | 5,795 (85.0) | 5,772 (84.7) |
CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; HR, hazard ratio; TyG, triglyceride-glucose; TyG index, triglyceride-glucose index; TyG–WC, triglyceride-glucose–waist circumference; TyG–BMI, triglyceride-glucose–body mass index; TyG–WHtR, triglyceride glucose–waist-to-height ratio.
The references were TyG index (low), TyG–BMI (low), TyG–WC (low), and TyG–WHtR (low). The controlled variables were demographic, lifestyle, and health-related characteristics. CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; TyG, triglyceride-glucose; TyG–BMI, triglyceride-glucose–body mass index; TyG index, triglyceride-glucose index; TyG–WC, triglyceride-glucose–waist circumference; TyG–WHtR, triglyceride glucose–waist-to-height ratio.
Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise stated. DM, diabetes mellitus.
Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise stated. DM, diabetes mellitus.