Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Original Articles

A Study on the Development of a Postrartum Depression Scale: Jeung Iee Bai; Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1997;27(3):588-600. Published online March 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1997.27.3.588

Abstract PDF: Postpartum depression is one of the most serious problems in maternal health because it affects not only the mother but also her family. Postpartum depression disturbs the maternal-infant interaction and attachment. However, most postpartum depression patients ignore this problem and do not seek treatment. Many clinicians and researchers realize there is a need to develop a postpartum depression scale. Thus, this study has been designed to development of a postpartum depression scale. Data were collected through a survey over a period of three months. Subjects who participated in the study were 167 Korean mothers in their postpartum period. The author used a convenience sampling method. The analysis of the data was done with SPSS PC+ for descriptive statistics, item analysis and factor analysis. Initially 62 items were generated from the interview data of eight postpartum depression patients and from a literature review. This preliminary scale was analyzed for reliability and validity. The results of this analysis are as follows. 1. Initially 62 items were analyzed through the index of Content Validity(CVI)and 48 items were selected. 2. Seven factors were extracted through the principal component analysis, and these contributed 61% of the variance in the total score. Finally 46 items in the scale loaded .41~.84 on one of seven factors. 3. Each factor was labeled. Factor 1 was labeled 'emotional phenomena-emotional upset' and included 13 items, factor 2 was labeled 'cognitive phenomena-self concept disturbance' and included seven items, factor 3 was labeled 'relationship to baby-negative feeling' and included six items, factor 4 was labeled 'relationship to baby-overload' and included eight items, factor 5 was labeled 'negative maternal identity' and included five items, factor 6 was labeled 'biophysiological phenomena-disturbance of physical functioning' and included four items, and factor 7 was labeled 'interpersonal relationship phenomena-blamed others' and included three items. 4. Cronbach Coefficient Alpha for internal consistency was .95 for the total 46 items. Finally, the author suggests that this scale could be adequately applied in assessing the postpartum depression of mothers during the postpartum period. The results of this study can contribute to designing an appropriate postpartum depression prevention strategy.

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A Study on the Postpartum Depression Experience: Q-Methodological Approach: Hye Sook Jang, Su Jin Kim, Jeong Sun Kim, Hung Kyu Kim, Euy Soon Choi; Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1996;26(4):917-929. Published online March 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1996.26.4.917

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to explore types of postpartum depression and to understand the nature and structure of the postpartum depression by using Q-methodological approach. As a way of research, 55 statements concerning postpartum depression were selected through individual interviews with postpartum mothers and literature review. 30 women were chosen as a subject group for the study, with opinions shown in 55 statements divided into 9 scales by forced distribution. PC QUANL Program was used for analysis and Q-factors were analyzed by using principal component analysis. As a result, postpartum depression experience was classified into 5 types. There are "Role -Strain Type", "Unattributional Depression Type", "Psychosomatic Symptoms Type", "Self-Compassion Type", and "Role-Crisis Type". Type I was named "Role-Strain Type", referring to the strain generally experienced by mothers with regard to the new role as a mother and as a social member. Type II was named "Unattributional Depression Type", referring to the symptom experienced by people who were in a state of vanity and a sense of loss. They often break into tears for no specific reasons. In case of Type III, people in a state of "Psychosomatic Symptoms Type" develop physical symptoms after suffering from inherent emotional conflict. Type IV was named "Self-Compassion Type" refers to the symptom shown by those who feel pity for their children and for themselves. And they show inability to cope with the reality properly. Type V was named "Role-Crisis Type", which is experienced by people who have a burden and a severe fear of their own job and their children in their mind, also showing serious conflict with maternal role. Futhermore, it was carried out to examine structure of postpartum depression in terms of degree of depression and adjustment ability. Type I showed mild degree of depression and relatively good adjustment ability. Type II showed broad range of degree in depression and moderate adjustment ability. Type III showed moderate depression and relatively low adjustment ability. Type IV revealed relatively serious degree of depression and the lowest adjustment ability. Type V revealed very serious degree of depression and the lowest adjustment ability. As a result, considering the structure of postpartum depression, Type I is considered to be a normal depression sympton which most mothers generally experience, followed by Type II, Type III, Type IV and Type V, each of which show increasingly worse degree of depression and lower adjustment ability. In conclusion, it seems to be it is necessary to understand distinct symptoms of postpartum depression and to examine the characteristics and structure of those types, so that it could lead to more individual nursing approach.

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The Experience of the Postpartum Depression: A Grounded Theory Approach: Jeung Lee Bai; Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1996;26(1):107-236. Published online March 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1996.26.1.107

Abstract PDF: The Purpose of this study was to build a substan tive theory about the experience of postpartum depression. The qualitative research method used was grounded theory. The interviewees were eight mothers who had experienced postpartum depression. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with audiotape recording done by the investigator over a period of twelve months. The data were analyzed simultaniously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded into categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin's methodology. Analysis the grounded data resulted in 28 concepts being identified. Eight categories emerged from the analysis. The categories were regret, loss of freedom, isolation of oneself, heartache, loss, emotional upset, avoidance, recovery. These substantive categories are consistant with preious research results. Causal conditions included: regret, loss of freedom. Phenomena: heartache, loss, emotional upset. Context: isolation oneself. Intervention condition: avoidance. Action/interaction strategies: desire for recovery. Consequences: recovery. These categories were synthesized into the core concept-The process of filling the empty loss of self The process of the experienced postpartum depression was (1) change after delivery, (2) searching for a reason for depression, (3) effort to recover from postpartum depression, (4) recovery from postpartum depression and return to previous life. The process of recovery from postpartum depression was proceeded by (1) support from others, especially husband, (2) resolution of stressful life events, (3) reconstructing of life goals and resolution strategies, (4) acceptance of depression and seeking psychiatric treatment. Seven hypotheses were derived from the analysis. (1) Mothers who experienced stressful life event and economic problem are more depressive. (2) Mothers who have conflict with parents are more depressive. (3) The more somatic symptoms, the more depression. (4) Social support faciliates recovery from postpartum depression. (5) Mothers who have lower self-esteem are more depressive. (6) Mother's role overload disturbs recovery from postpartum depression. (7) Ideal maternal identity faciliates recovery from postpartum depression. Through this substantive theory, nurses can understand the importance of postpartum depression management.

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Relationship Between Postpartum Depression and Body Image in Postpartum Women: Boon Han Kim, Hye Won Jeon, Yun Jung; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2002;32(6):906-916. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2002.32.6.906

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the change and difference and relationship of postpartum depression and physical image. METHOD: The subjects consisted of 86 postpartum women at one general hospital in Seoul. The data was collected from September to November 2001. The instrument used for this study were SRD (Self-Rating Depression Scale) and Norris' Body Image Scale to evaluate depression and body image. The collected data was analyzed with frequency, mean, t-test, paired t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULT: The result of this study were as follows: 1.The mean score of D2 was significantly higher than D1(p=.003). There was no difference significantly B1 and B2(p=310). 2. There was significant correlation between the two, D1-D2(r=.381, p<.01), B1-B2(r=.364, p<.01), D1-B1(r=.579, p<.01), D2-B2(r= .567, p<.01). (D1: depression of postpartum 1-3days, D2: depression of postpartum 6-8weeks, B1: body image of postpartum 1-3days, B2: body image of postpartum 6-8weeks) CONCLUSION: There was very high postpartum depression in postpartum women, but body image was positive. Also, there was correlated to postpartum depression and body image. Thus it is necessary to implement nursing intervention focused on to decrease the postpartum depression and to enhance the body image of the postpartum women.

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Effects of Self Efficacy, Body Image and Family Support on Postpartum Depression in Early Postpartum Mothers
Ji-Won Lee, Yong-Sook Eo, Eun-Hye Moon
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(6): 4011. CrossRef

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Development of a Home-Based Multimedia Tutoring System for Postpartum Depression Management: Jeung Iee Bai; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1999;29(1):9-20. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1999.29.1.9

Abstract PDF

Postpartu depression is one of the most serious problems in maternal health because it affects not only the mother but also her family. Postpartum depression disturbs maternal-infant interaction and attachment. However, most postpartum depression patients ignore this problem and do not seek treatment. Thus this study in conducted to development of a Home-Based Multimedia Tutoring System for postpartum depression management. With this computerized system, mothers in the postpartum periods can check the level of postpartum depression using a personal computer. This system will go through each mother's data and screen those who have abnormal values. In addition this system includes intervention programs-education for nutrition, hygiene care, sleep, postpartum exercise, methods of relaxation, deep breathing, visualization, music therapy and family therapy-to relieve postpartum depression. Using this system, a mother who has a minor level of depression can manage it by herself. Computer language used in this study were html 3.2 OS used was Microsoftware Ni Server 4.0, the graphic tool was Adobe Photoshop 4.0, and the Webpage tool was Notepade. The results of this study are show at internet "URL : Http://203.241.225.42/". Finally, the author suggests that this system could be adequately applied to assessing postpartum depression and as a intervention strategy for mothers during the postpartum period. Further this study contributes to designing an appropriate postpartum depression prevention strategy.

Citations

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The Effects of Music Therapy on Postpartum Blues and Maternal Attachment of Puerperal Women
Sun Mi Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2010; 40(1): 60. CrossRef

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The Relationship between Early Neo-maternal Exposure, and Maternal Attachment, Maternal Self-esteem and Postpartum Depression in the Mothers of NICU Infants: Young Mee Ahn, Mi Ran Kim; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(5):798-809. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.5.798

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was performed to investigate the quantities of three neo-maternal exposures; visiting frequency, auditory contact and physical contact, and to examine the relationship between the quantities of each exposure and maternal attachment, maternal self-esteem and postpartum depression in 40 mothers of NICU babies during the first week in the NICU.

Method

Each neo-maternal exposure was counted at every mother's visit to the newborn and maternal attachment, maternal self-esteem and postpartum depression were measured using the maternal attachment inventory, the maternal self-report inventory and Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) on the first and seventh day in the NICU.

Result

The Mean of each neo-maternal exposure was 8.77(2.81) for the visiting frequency, 5.82(3.66) for the auditory contact and 5.60(2.89) for the physical contact during 7 days in the NICU. No significant changes were found in the scores of maternal attachment, maternal self-esteem and postpartum depression between the first and the seventh day in the NICU. The quantities of neo-maternal exposures were positively related to the scores of maternal attachment and maternal self-esteem but not related to postpartum depression.

Conclusion

The results of the study suggest the lack of early neo-maternal exposure in cases of NICU hospitalization negate its beneficial effects on maternal psychological well-being in increasing maternal attachment and self-esteem. More efforts are neededfor the neo-maternal interaction and the reevaluation of NICU visitation hours in order to promote maternal-infant interaction.

Citations

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Relationship between Maternal Touch, Maternal Self-Confidence, Infant Length, and Feeding Volume in High-Risk Infants: Touch on the Mind
Youn Jung Jang, Kuem Sun Han
STRESS.2022; 30(2): 118. CrossRef
Effects of Kangaroo Care on Physical Development and Adaptation of External Environment of Prematurity, and Maternal Role Confidence who Delivered Premature Infants
Ji-Won Lee, Yong-Sook Eo, Jung Hwa Han
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(12): 128. CrossRef
The development and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the maternal attachment inventory
Chen‐Jung Chen, Huei‐chuan Sung, Yi‐Chang Chen, Ching‐Yuan Chang, Ming‐Shinn Lee
Journal of Clinical Nursing.2013; 22(19-20): 2687. CrossRef
Effects of a Breast Feeding Promotion Program for Working Women
Ji-Won Yoon, Young-Joo Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(6): 843. CrossRef
Maternal Attachment Inventory: psychometric evaluation of the Korean version
Hyunjeong Shin, Young Hee Kim
Journal of Advanced Nursing.2007; 59(3): 299. CrossRef

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The Effects of a Home-Visiting Discharge Education on Maternal Self-esteem, Maternal Attachment, Postpartum Depression and Family Function in the Mothers of NICU Infants: Young Mee Ahn, Mi Ran Kim; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(8):1468-1476. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.8.1468

Abstract PDF

Purpose

A quasi-experimental study was performed to investigate the effects of a home visiting discharge education program on the maternal self-esteem, attachment, postpartum depression and family function in 35 mothers of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) infants.

Methods

Twenty-three mothers in the intervention group received the home visiting discharge education while 12 mothers in the control group received the routine, hospital discharge education. Baseline data was collected in both groups one day after delivery. The intervention group received the home visiting discharge education while the control group did the routine hospital-based discharge education. The questionnaire including the data on maternal self-esteem, attachment, postpartum depression and family function were collected within 1week after the discharge by mail.

Results

The scores of maternal self-esteem, and attachment were significantly increased, and the postpartum depression and the family function score were decreased after the home visiting discharge education in intervention group. There were no changes in these variables before and after the routine hospital-based discharge education in control group.

Conclusion

These results support the beneficial effects of home visiting discharge education on the maternal role adaptation and family function of the mothers of NICU infants.

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Factors Associated with Postpartum Maternal Functioning in Black Women: A Secondary Analysis
Kortney Floyd James, Betsy E. Smith, Millicent N. Robinson, Courtney S. Thomas Tobin, Kelby F. Bulles, Jennifer L. Barkin
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(2): 647. CrossRef
Identifying the common elements of psychological and psychosocial interventions for preventing postpartum depression: Application of the distillation and matching model to 37 winning protocols from 36 intervention studies
Yuping Lin, Xiangchun Zhang, Tianchun Zhou, Feng Xu, Xinli Zhu, Huixin Zhou, Xiao Wang, Yan Ding
Early Intervention in Psychiatry.2023; 17(10): 947. CrossRef
Home Visiting as an Equitable Intervention for Perinatal Depression: A Scoping Review
Karen M. Tabb, Brandie Bentley, Maria Pineros Leano, Shannon D. Simonovich, Nichole Nidey, Kate Ross, Wen-hao David Huang, Hsiang Huang
Frontiers in Psychiatry.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Promoting infant mental health in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU): A review of nurturing factors and interventions for NICU infant-parent relationships
Soudabeh Givrad, Georgina Hartzell, Melissa Scala
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Development and evaluation of a newborn care education programme in primiparous mothers in Nepal
Sharmila Shrestha, Kumiko Adachi, Marcia A. Petrini, Sarita Shrestha, Bina Rana Khagi
Midwifery.2016; 42: 21. CrossRef
The Correlation between Maternal Adult Attachment Style and Postpartum Depression and Parenting Stress
Sung Yong Park, Sun Mi Kim, Baik Seok Kee, Doug Hyun Han, Churl Na, Gwang Jun Kim, Min Young Park, Na Mi Lee
Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2015; 54(4): 515. CrossRef
Effects of Music Therapy and Phone Counseling on Postpartum Depression and Maternal Identity in High Risk Women
Hae Won Kim, Sun OK Kim, Hye Gyung Kim, Hyang Ran Jeon
Perspectives in Nursing Science.2014; 11(1): 63. CrossRef
The Still-Face Paradigm and bidirectionality: Associations with maternal sensitivity, self-esteem and infant emotional reactivity
Ann M. Mastergeorge, Katherine Paschall, Sophie R. Loeb, Ashley Dixon
Infant Behavior and Development.2014; 37(3): 387. CrossRef
The development and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the maternal attachment inventory
Chen‐Jung Chen, Huei‐chuan Sung, Yi‐Chang Chen, Ching‐Yuan Chang, Ming‐Shinn Lee
Journal of Clinical Nursing.2013; 22(19-20): 2687. CrossRef
Non-specialist health worker interventions for the care of mental, neurological and substance-abuse disorders in low- and middle-income countries
Nadja van Ginneken, Prathap Tharyan, Simon Lewin, Girish N Rao, SM Meera, Jessica Pian, Sudha Chandrashekar, Vikram Patel
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
Maternal Attachment Inventory: psychometric evaluation of the Korean version
Hyunjeong Shin, Young Hee Kim
Journal of Advanced Nursing.2007; 59(3): 299. CrossRef

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The Effects of the Systemic Follow up Health Care Program on the Health Promotion and the Risk Reduction in Premature Infants and Their Mothers: Young Mee Ahn; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(6):1129-1142. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.6.1129

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of asystemic follow-up care program on health promotion and risk reduction in 64 high-risk infants(HRI) including premature infants and their mothers.

Method

The intervention consisted of systemic NICU education, tele-counseling and 3 home visits in 6 months. The subjects were divided into either the intervention group or the control group receiving the conventional education without the tele-counseling and home visiting. Infant health promotion was measured using physical assessment, types of health problems, reflexes, OPD visiting history, DDST, immunization, feeding assessment, Infant death rate, etc. Maternal self-esteem, postpartum depression and family function were measured using the maternal self-report inventory(MRI), EPDS, and family apgar score(Fapgar), retrospectively.

Result

All premature infants in the intervention group were in the normal range of growth and development, and the regular vaccination schedule. The health problems in the intervention group were addressed early so not to develop into adverse effects. The follow-up program for 6 months showed beneficial effects on MRI, EPDS, and Fapgar.

Conclusion

A systemic follow-up health care program is beneficial on health promotion and risk reduction in 64 HRI including premature infants and their mothers.

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So Yeon Kim, Sook Jung Kang
Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(4): 407. CrossRef
Effects of a Hospital Based Follow-Up Program for Mothers with Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Min Hee Kim, Eun Sun Ji
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2016; 46(1): 79. CrossRef
Parenting Stress in Mothers of Premature Infants.
Hyun Sook Hwang, Hee Soon Kim, Il Young Yoo, Hyun Sook Shin
Child Health Nursing Research.2013; 19(1): 39. CrossRef
Mothers' Parenting Experience of Premature Infants: Q Methodological Approach
Mi-Young Chon, Eun Sun Ji, Shin-Hwa Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2013; 43(6): 704. CrossRef
Effects of a Home-based Discharge Program for Mothers of Premature Infants on Oxygen Therapy at Home
Ji Min Lee, Soon Ja Oh, Kyung A Kim, Eun Jung Lee, Ji Yoon Lee, Moon Sook Hwang, Jung Sook Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2010; 16(2): 144. CrossRef
Analysis of Maternal Child Health Services in Korea - Perspective of the Premature Infant -
Hyejung Lee, Kwangok Lee, Mikyung Shin
Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2009; 15(1): 81. CrossRef

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Effects of Foot-Reflexology Massage on Fatigue, Stress and Postpartum Depression in Postpartum Women: Mi Son Choi, Eun Ja Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(4):587-594. Published online August 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.4.587

Abstract PDF

Purpose

To identify the effects of foot reflexology massage on fatigue, stress and depression of postpartum women.

Methods

A nonequivalent control group pre-post design was used. A total of 70 women in a postpartum care center were recruited and were assigned to the experimental group (35) or control group (35). Foot reflexology massage was provided to the experimental group once a day for three days. Data were collected before and after the intervention program which was carried out from December, 2013 to February, 2014. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and t-test.

Results

The level of fatigue in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (t= - 2.74, p =.008). The level of cortisol in the urine of women in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (t= - 2.19, p =.032). The level of depression in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (t= - 3.00, p =.004).

Conclusion

The results show that the foot reflexology massage is an effective nursing intervention to relieve fatigue, stress, and depression for postpartum women.

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Development of a Prediction Model for Postpartum Depression: Based on the Mediation Effect of Antepartum Depression: Eun Joo Lee, Jeong Sook Park; J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(2):211-220. Published online April 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.2.211

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was done to develop a prediction model for postpartum depression by verifying the mediation effect of antepartum depression. A hypothesized model was developed based on literature reviews and predictors of postpartum depression by Beck.

Methods

Data were collected from 186 pregnant women who had a gestation period of more than 32 weeks and were patients at a maternity hospital, two obstetrics and gynecology specialized hospitals, or the outpatient clinic of K medical center. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, correlation and exploratory factor analysis using the SPSS/WIN 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs.

Results

The final modified model had good fit indices. Parenting stress, antepartum depression and postpartum family support had statistically significant effects on postpartum depression, and defined 74.7% of total explained variance of postpartum depression. Antepartum depression had significant mediation effects on postpartum depression from stress in pregnancy and self-esteem.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that it is important to develop nursing interventions including strategies to reduce parenting stress and improve postpartum family support in order to prevent postpartum depression. Especially, it is necessary to detect and treat antepartum depression early to prevent postpartum depression as antepartum depression can affect postpartum depression by mediating antepartum factors.

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Mi-Sun Lee, Jung Jae Lee, Hooyeon Lee
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Jae Hui Choe, Sun Jeong Yun, Hye Young Kim
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Predictors of Postpartum Depression: Prospective Cohort Study: Ji Hyang Youn, Ihn Sook Jeong; J Korean Acad Nurs 2013;43(2):225-235. Published online April 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2013.43.2.225

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This prospective cohort study was done to investigate recall bias to antepartum variables measured at postpartum periods and predictors of postpartum depression.

Methods

Participants were 215 women who answered a self-administered questionnaire which included demographics, Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised and Korean version of Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale at antepartum 36-40 weeks and postpartum 2 weeks and 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using kappa, and hierarchical multiple logistic regression.

Results

Agreement between antepartum variables at both antepartum and two postpartum periods was relatively high (κ=.55-.95). Postpartum depression rates were 36.3% and 36.7% at two follow-up points. In hierarchical multiple logistic regression analysis, prenatal depression (OR=4.32, 95% CI: 1.41-13.19; OR=5.19, 95% CI: 1.41-19.08), social support (OR=1.40, 95% CI: 1.18-1.66; OR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.06-1.53) and maternity blues (OR=4.75, 95% CI: 1.89-11.98; OR=4.22, 95% CI: 1.60-11.12) were commonly associated with postpartum depression at two follow-up points. Child care stress (OR=1.85, 95% CI: 1.01-3.37) was only associated with postpartum depression at 2 weeks postpartum and pregnancy intendedness (OR=1.57, 95% CI: 1.09-2.27) was only associated with postpartum depression at 6 weeks postpartum.

Conclusions

The results indicate a need to apply nursing interventions such as prenatal education and counseling with families from antenatal period.

Citations

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25 Crossref

Infants' Temperament and Health Problems according to Maternal Postpartum Depression: Kyung-Sook Bang; J Korean Acad Nurs 2011;41(4):444-450. Published online August 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.4.444

Abstract PDF

Purpose

Mothers' postpartum depression is a worldwide health concern that produces compromising effects on their infants. This study was conducted to compare the infants' temperament and health problems according to the presence of maternal postpartum depression.

Methods

Data were collected from May to October in 2009. The sample was 137 mothers at one month postpartum. The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess depressive symptoms.

Results

At one month postpartum, 22.6% of mothers were classified as having postpartum depression. Infants of depressed mothers were more frequently classified as difficult temperament infants. They showed lower scores on the amenability, rhythmicity and persistency and higher scores on activity in temperament. Also, infants of depressed mothers reported more infant health problems at one months. Maternal depression showed significant negative correlations with family functioning, social support and marital satisfaction.

Conclusion

Study findings show that postpartum maternal depression is associated with infants' temperament and health, and thus screening and early interventions for postpartum depression would promote the health of both the mother and infant.

Citations

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