This study was conducted to identify the attitude of ethical dilemmas in hospital nurses. Ethical dilemmas were categorized into four areas: human life area, clients area, nursing practice area, and nurses-co-worker area. 354 nurses working in clinical settings were selected in Seoul and Kangwon area. Data were gathered from 26, June to 10, July, 1994 by structured guestionnaires. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data. The results obtained from data were as follows: 1) In human life area mean score was 3.03. This area showed remarkabale individual differences between utilitarian and deonto-logical position. 2) In clients area mean score was 3.94. It means that nurses tend to take a deonto-logical position. 3) In nursing practice area mean score was 3.41. It means that nurses tend to take a slightly deontological position. 4) In nurses-co-worker area mean score was 3. It means that nurses tend to take a deont-ological position. To conclude, clinents area, nursing practice area, and nurses-co-worker area taken deontological position. Most nurse's primary concern was the 'welfare of the patients' which is to fundamental ethical professional practice. But nurses experienced more ethical dilemmas in human life area than others. Therefore, nurses should be prepared to make independent decision that based on bio-ethics and professional ethics.

The purpose of this study was to identify emotional responses, of stroke patients using Q analysis. From the data analysis, five types of emotional responses in stroke patients were classified as follows. 1. Acceptance and Overcoming : They attached to life strongly and had self-confidence of recovery. They were striving against their situation through using anything else good for their recovery. 2. Anger Type : They recognized a labile feeling and were angered easily. They had a self-confident and self-esteemed personality before they had a stroke. 3. Conflict Type : They wanted interaction with others. This individual recognized that no one knows their agonies. They were thankful to god or their family, while they could not control their minds. Their family supports were low. 4. Deficiency of self-esteem Type : They had a self-confidence of recovery, but they were in fear of interaction with others. Especially, they were ashamed of themselves. They have a high sense of responsibility and nigh self-esteem for themselves before they had a stroke. 5. Despair Type. : They were sorry to trouble their family. They felt depression, anxiety, darkness, uselessness of themselves, and they wanted to die. They recognized financial burden. for their family. The characteristics of the five types of stroke patient identified in this study will be used to assess emotional nursing needs for stroke patients. The findings of this study will provide practical guidelines for developing nursing interventions for stroke patients based on the characteristics of subjectivity types.

The purpose of this research was to develop a nursing intervention list for family caregivers. The specific steps were as follows: 1. Analyze the concept, Soobal, based on literature review and case observation. 2. Generate an initial list of defining activities for 'Caregiver Support : Soobal'. 3. Validate the defining activities. 4. Complete the final list of defining activities. A two-round Delphi questionnaire with an adaptation of Fehring's methodology was used to establish the content validity of intervention, Caregiver Support : Soobal. The definition of 'Caregiver Support : Soobal' was provision of the necessary information advocacy, and support to facilitate primary patient care by someone other than a health care professional in Korean traditional manners. Ten nurse experts participated in Round I and II of this study. They were asked to rate activities that exemplified the interventions on a scale of 1(activity is not all characteristic) to 515 'critical' activities and 10 'supporting' activities, while round II contained 16 'critical' activities and 6 'supporting' activities. No activities were considered to be 'nonsupporting' in both round I and II. Finally, the definition and 25 defining activities were developed. Intervention, Caregiver Support : Soobal, attained an ICV score of .82. This study provides a protocol model to develop Korean nursing interventions.