Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

A Longitudinal Study of the Reciprocal Relationship between Depression and Income among Korean Older Men and Women: Lee, Jeong , Jeon, Gyeong-Suk; J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(4):451-463. Published online August 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22052

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study examined the reciprocal relationships between depression and income, and gender differences in these relationships among older adults in South Korea.
Methods
Using 2015 to 2019 of the Korea Welfare Panel Study (KoWePS), we studied 6,070 older adults (2,394 men and 3,676 women) aged 60 years over in 2015. The generalized estimating equation was employed to explore the effect of an individual income on depression and the reverse causal link-that of depression on income.
Results
The study found the reciprocal relationships between income and depression. Income has a significant impact on depression. Higher-income was linked to decreased risks of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scores among older adults (B = - 0.121, p < 0.001). Estimates of the reverse causal link show that higher CES-D scores were also linked to income reduction among Korean older adults (B = - 0.007, p < 0.001). In addition, we also observed gender differences in the impact of income on depression but not in the reverse causal link. Income has more detrimental to psychological consequence for older men (B = - 0.108, p < 0.001) than older women (B = - 0.057, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
The finding implies that both psychological and social protection policies for the elderly are needed in view of gender perspective.

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Factors Influencing Re-Employment of Newly Graduated Nurses: Longitudinal Study: Oh, Yun Kyung , Kim, Eun-Young; J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(2):162-172. Published online April 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20158

Abstract PDF: Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing the re-employment of newly graduated nurses.
Methods
A longitudinal design was employed. The participants in this online survey study were 138 newly graduated nurses who had left their first jobs. Data were collected from June 2019 to January 2020 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t-tests, Cox’s proportional hazards models with the IBM SPSS ver. 26.0 for Windows program.
Results
About 76.1% of the participants were re-employed within one year of leaving their first jobs and the average period until re-employment was about 14 weeks. Cox’s proportional hazards models revealed that factors affecting re-employment among newly graduated nurses were social support (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01~1.91; p = .042), job search efficacy (HR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.01~1.77;p = .047), and extrinsic outcome expectation (HR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.08~1.79; p = .010).
Conclusion
Social support, job search efficacy, and extrinsic outcome expectation can play a significant role in the re-employment of newly graduated nurses. It is necessary to establish strategies to enhance their social support, job search efficacy, and extrinsic outcome expectation in order to increase the re-employment of newly graduated nurses.

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4 Web of Science

The Longitudinal Relationships between Depression and Smoking in Hardcore Smokers Using Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Modeling: Jeong Won Han, Hanna Lee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(1):69-79. Published online January 15, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.1.69

Abstract PDF: Abstract Purpose
This study aimed to identify the directionality of the causal relationship and interaction between depression and amount of smoking over time in hardcore smokers using longitudinal descriptive analysis.
Methods
Secondary data from the Korean Welfare Panel Study were analyzed using autoregressive cross-lagged modeling. Participants included 342 hardcore smokers who participated in the 8th to 11th waves of the panel study.
Results
Analyses revealed that change(s) in depression levels according to time had a significant positive relationship with the total amount of smoking per day (β=.29, β=.19, β=.17, p<.001), while change(s) in total amount of smoking per day according to time had a significant positive relationship with depression (β=.43, β=.50, β=.38, p<.001). Analysis of the cross-lagged effect between depression and total amount of smoking per day showed that depression at one time point had a significantly positive relationship with the total amount of smoking per day at the next time point (β=.14, β=.13, β=.13, p=.021), and that the total amount of smoking per day at one time point had a significant positive relationship with depression at the next time point (β=.04, β=.04, β=.03, p=.044).
Conclusion
The findings in the present study confirmed a cross-interaction between depression and total amount of smoking per day in hardcore smokers. The present findings could be used to develop appropriate smoking-related interventions.

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