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Original Articles
Development of the Korean Geriatric Loneliness Scale (KGLS)
Si Eun Lee
J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(5):643-654.   Published online January 15, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.5.643
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop and psychometrically test the Korean Geriatric Loneliness Scale (KGLS).

Methods

The initial items were based on in-depth interviews with 10 older adults. Psychometric testing was then conducted with 322 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 or older. Content, construct, and criterion-related validity, classification in cutoff point, internal consistency reliability, and test-retest reliability were used for the analysis.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis showed three factors, including 15 items explaining 91.6% of the total variance. The three distinct factors were loneliness associated with family relationships (34.3%), social loneliness (32.4%), and a lack of belonging (24.9%). As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, 14 items in the three-factor structure were validated. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that the KGLS’ cutoff point of 32 was associated with a sensitivity of 71.0%, specificity of 80.2%, and area under the curve of .83. Reliability, as verified by the test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient, was .89, and Cronbach's α was .90.

Conclusion

As its validity and reliability have been verified through various methods, the KGLS can contribute to assessing loneliness in South Korean older adults.

Citations

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  • Effects of the Smawell Mobile App on Psychological and Biological Factors in the Middle Aged and Older Adults Living Alone
    Kyung Sook Kim, Miok Kim, Mi Hee Han
    Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2022; 31(2): 171.     CrossRef
  • Impact of Frailty, Depression, and Loneliness on Ego-Integrity in Community-Dwelling Elderly
    Seon Ju Song, Sung Hee Ko, Ji Young Kim, Hyun Kyung Kim
    STRESS.2022; 30(3): 139.     CrossRef
  • A Structural Model of Life Satisfaction for Middle Aged or Older People Living Alone
    Kyung Sook Kim, Miok Kim
    Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2021; 23(1): 96.     CrossRef
  • Impacts of the Depression among the Elderly in the South Korea Community in COVID-19 Pandemic
    Boo Deuk Suh, Kyoung Hee Kwon
    Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2021; 46(1): 54.     CrossRef
  • Applying Latent Profile Analysis to Identify Lifestyle Profiles and Their Association with Loneliness and Quality of Life among Community-Dwelling Middle- and Older-Aged Adults in South Korea
    Kang-Hyun Park, Eun-Young Yoo, Jongbae Kim, Ickpyo Hong, Jae-Shin Lee, Ji-Hyuk Park
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(23): 12374.     CrossRef
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  • 29 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
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The Effect of the Intergenerational Exchange Program for Older Adults and Young Children in the Community Using the Traditional Play
Min-Jung Choi, Kyeong-Yae Sohng
J Korean Acad Nurs 2018;48(6):743-753.   Published online January 15, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.6.743
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract Purpose

This study aimed to explore the effects of a community-based first and third Intergenerational Exchange Program (IGEP) on older adults’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL), loneliness, depression, and walking speed, and on 4~5-year-old preschool children's learning-related social skills.

Methods

This study employed a non-equivalent control group pre-post-test design. The experimental group included 42 older adults and 42 children who participated in the IGEP for 8 weeks, and the control group included 39 older adults. The experimental group participated in the IGEP once a week for 8 weeks. It comprised a traditional play program based on the intergroup contact theory.

Results

Compared to the control group, there was a significant increase in scores on the HRQoL-Visual analogue scale (VAS) and a decrease in loneliness and depression in older adults in the experimental group (p<.05). Children who participated in the IGEP showed an improvement in their learning-related social skills (p<.001).

Conclusion

These results confirm that the IGEP is an effective intervention to improve HRQoL-VAS, loneliness, and depression among older adults and learning-related social skills among preschool children in the community.

Citations

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  • Effectiveness of Intergenerational Interaction on Older Adults Depends on Children’s Developmental Stages; Observational Evaluation in Facilities for Geriatric Health Service
    Rie Fukuoka, Shinji Kimura, Toru Nabika
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(1): 836.     CrossRef
  • Intergenerational Taekwondo Program: A Narrative Review and Practical Intervention Proposal
    Yongseop Kim, Junhyoung Kim, Jung-Min Lee, Dong-Chul Seo, Hyun Chul Jung
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(9): 5247.     CrossRef
  • A Qualitative Study Exploring Negative Affect in Older Adults Residing in Long-Term Care Facilities
    Zhen Chen, Hongxia Zhang, Jinhua Zhang, Suqing Li, Yanmei Zhao
    Research and Theory for Nursing Practice.2022; 36(3): 301.     CrossRef
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  • 16 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
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Korean Version of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Reliability and Validity Test
Ok Soo Kim
Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1997;27(4):871-879.   Published online March 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1997.27.4.871
AbstractAbstract PDF

No abstract available.

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  • Development of the Korean Geriatric Loneliness Scale (KGLS)
    Si Eun Lee
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The Study of Loneliness in Infertile Women
Kyoung Jin Bae, Seung Ok Ro, Jung A Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1999;29(6):1379-1391.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1999.29.6.1379
AbstractAbstract PDF

The purpose of this study was to investigate loneliness in infertile women and determine how loneliness related to personal characteristics, cause of infertility, family composition, and family conflicts. It also provides basic data for nursing strategies concerning infertile women. A total of 182 subjects were selected at an infertile clinic in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected from May 2 to June 21, 1997 by questionaire. It consisted of questions concerning general characteristics, items relating to infertility, and the Loneliness Scale. The UCLA Loneliness scale was used(more specifically, the Korean version of the Revised UCLA Scale by Kim Ok Soo.). The data were analyzed by using SPSS/PC computer program. The result are as follows: 1. The mean age of infertile women was 32.4 years old, and the mean age of souses was 34.8 yerars old. 30.2% of women had a marital duration of 3-5 years, and 25.8% had a marital duration of 5-10 years. 23.1% reported the main etiology of infertility as unexplained, 18.1% reported ovulation disturbances, and 26.4% reported complex causes. 3.8% of the couples had sexual relationship difficulty 83% lived in nuclear families, while 17% lived in large families. 2. The mean loneliness scores of infertile women was 35.53(SD=8.66). The total loneliness score of this study was 80. 3. There were significant differences in loneliness scores according to ages(F=6.893, p=.001), education background(t=4.418, p=.000), and the educational background of husband(t=2.339, p=.020). 4. Loneliness scores related to family situations were significantly different according to several male nephews in husbands' family(F=2.822, p=.027). 5. Loneliness scores related to conflicts were significantly different according to husbands and their family(F=11.465, p=.000). Nurses should acknowlege the fact that some infertile women may experience loneliness. In conclusion, nurses can provide infertile women with information about ways to decrease loneliness and create support groups for themselves, assisting infertile women to adjust to the experience of infertility through positive methods.

Citations

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  • Factors Influencing the Depression Level of Couples Participating in the National Supporting Program for Infertile Couples
    Nami Hwang, Insun Jang
    Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2015; 26(3): 179.     CrossRef
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    Miok Kim, Sue Kim
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The Effects of Loneliness on Alcohol Drinking, Smoking, and Health Perception in College Students
Ok Soo Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1999;29(1):107-116.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1999.29.1.107
AbstractAbstract PDF

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of loneliness on drinking, smoking, and health perception(symptom pattern & subjective health) in college students. The convenience sample consisted of 417 college students attending four universities. The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale(RULS) and the Symptom Pattern Scale were used to collect the data. In this study, 84.7% of the subjects used alcohol, with a mean of 5.52 drinks per week, and 32.9% of the subjects smoked for a mean of 5.08 cigarette packs per week during the previous month. The mean score loneliness measured by the RULS was 40.82, indicating that the subjects were moderately lonely. The majority of the subjects had a low level of symptom pattern and evaluated their health as either very good or good. The level of alcohol drinking and the smoking increased and symptom pattern decreased with age. Female students were lonelier than male students in this study. Also, the female students had a lower level of symptom pattern and evaluated their health worse than the male students. Male students consumed more alcohol and smoked more cigarette than female students. Living arrangement was significantly related to the level of loneliness. The subjects who lived with their parents and siblings were less lonely than those who lived with their friends, or relatives or who lived in a dormitory. Age and religion were not related to the level of loneliness. The level of loneliness influenced drinking, symptom pattern, and subjective health. The study found that subjects who were more lonely consumed alcohol less, had a higher level of symptom pattern, and perceived their health worse than those who were less lonely. Smoking was not influenced by loneliness in this study.

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    Oksoo Kim
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The Relationships among Loneliness, Social Support,and Family Function in Elderly Korean
Ok Soo Kim, Sung Hee Baik
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2003;33(3):425-432.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2003.33.3.425
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

To examine the relationships among loneliness, social support, and family function in elderly Korean.

Method

The sample for this study were 290 elderly Korean who were at least 60 years of age. Data were collected by interview using the translated Korean versions of the Revised University of California Los Angels Loneliness Scale(RULS), Family APGAR, and Social Support Questionnaire 6.

Result

Subjects were moderately lonely and had moderately functional families. Means for social support were 1.42 for network size and 4.09 for satisfaction. Subjects who lived with their spouses had a larger number of network members than who did not live with spouses. However, living with spouses was not associated with social support satisfaction. The level of loneliness was related negatively to the level of social support network, social support satisfaction and family function in this study. Social support satisfaction and Family function were the significant predictor of loneliness.

Conclusion

The number of social supporter and satisfaction and family function should be considered in nursing intervention to decrease the level of loneliness in older adults. Further studies and efforts will be needed to reduce the level of loneliness in older adults.

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Relationship of Peer Relationships, Perceived Parental Rearing Attitudes, Self-reported Attachment Security, to Loneliness in Upper Elementary School-age Children
So-Hyun Moon
J Korean Acad Nurs 2009;39(3):401-408.   Published online June 29, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.3.401
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of peer relationships, self-reported attachment security, perceived parental rearing attitudes, and loneliness in upper elementary school-age children.

Methods

The data were collected from 207 students in grades 5 or 6, and descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients and Stepwise multiple regression were used with the SPSS/PC 12.0 program to analyze the data.

Results

There was a significant difference in loneliness between the upper 25% and lower 25% groups of peer relationships, perceived parental rearing attitudes, and self-reported attachment security. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed affection-hostility in parental rearing attitudes, validation and conflict in peer relationships, and attachment security explained 39.6% of the total variance in loneliness.

Conclusion

These results may contribute to a better understanding of loneliness in upper elementary school-age children. The results of the present study indicate a need to develop nursing interventions to prevent and manage children's loneliness.

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Factors Associated with Social Isolation in Older Adults using Senior Welfare Centers
Yeon-Hwan Park, Hee Sun Kang
J Korean Acad Nurs 2008;38(5):712-719.   Published online October 30, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2008.38.5.712
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with social isolation in older adults using a senior welfare center.

Methods

This study was a cross-sectional survey. Data was collected from June to August 2006 using a questionnaire. A total of 248 older adults responded.

Results

About one third (34.9%) of participants responded they felt socially isolated. There were statistically significant differences in living, religion, family and belongingness social support, loneliness, depression, family function, perceived health status, and number of chronic illnesses between socially isolated and non isolated groups. However, factors influencing social isolation were family function (OR=0.954, CI=0.926-0.982), loneliness (OR=1.042, CI=1.002-1.083), depression (OR=1.041, CI=1.002-1.081), and number of chronic illness (OR=1.657, CI=1.153-2.382).

Conclusion

We found that some older adults were feeling socially isolated even though the senior welfare center was a good place to meet people. The findings of this study indicated that older adults suffering from social isolation need special attention and may benefit from interventions which promote health and social interactions. Further studies are needed to develop and evaluate an intervention program for this population.

Citations

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    Ageing International.2019; 44(4): 371.     CrossRef
  • Gender Difference in Risk Factors for Depression in Community-dwelling Elders
    Chul-Gyu Kim, Seungmi Park
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2012; 42(1): 136.     CrossRef
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