This study was to compare the predictive validity of Norton Scale(1962), Cubbin & Jackson Scale(1991), and Song & Choi Scale(1991).

Data were collected three times per week from 48-72hours after admission based on the four pressure sore risk assessment scales and a skin assessment tool for pressure sore on 112 intensive care unit(ICU) patients in a educational hospital Ulsan during Dec, 11, 2000 to Feb, 10, 2001. Four indices of validity and area under the curve(AUC) of receiver operating characteristic(ROC) were calculated.

Based on the cut off point presented by the developer, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value were as follows : Norton Scale : 97%, 18%, 35%, 93% respectively; Cubbin & Jackson Scale : 89%, 61%, 51%, 92%, respectively; and Song & Choi Scale : 100%, 18%, 36%, 100% respectively. Area under the curves(AUC) of receiver operating characteristic(ROC) were Norton Scale .737, Cubbin & Jackson Scale .826, Song & Choi Scale .683.

The Cubbin & Jackson Scale was found to be the most valid pressure sore risk assessment tool. Further studies on patients with chronic conditions may be helpful to validate this finding.

This study was to determine the effect of oral vitamin C supplements on blood sugar and antioxidative status in Types II diabetes mellitus patients.

Data for the study were collected from June 24 to August 31, 2001. Participants(31) took 1g/day vitamin C for 4 weeks, after a 1 - week taking no Vitamin C, followed by Vitamin C 3g/day for 4 weeks. A baseline blood sample was obtained following a 12hour overnight fast and at the end of each 4week Vitamin C administration. Blood samples were taken for plasma vitamin C concentration, fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, superoxide scavenging activity and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. The data were analyzed by SPSS for repeated measures ANOVA.

Plasma vitamin C concentration was significantly increased over dose(F=3.316, p=.043). Fasting blood sugar and HbA1c was significantly decreased over dose(F=13.192, p=.000; F=11.995, p=.000). Superoxide scavenging activity and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity was significantly increased over dose(F=486.138, p=.000; F=177.704, p= .000).

The results suggest that megadose vitamin C supplementation may have a beneficial effect in diabetes mellitus patients on both glycemic control and antioxidant status. Thus dietary measures to increase plasma vitamin C may be an important health strategy for reducing the compliance of diabetic patients.

This study was designed to create the job description of Korean transplantation nurse practitioner and examine performance frequencies, criticality, and difficulties of task elements.

The sample consisted of 63 nurses and coordinators who performed duties related to transplantation at medical center in Korea. A survey method was used, and the questionnaire included frequencies, criticality, and difficulties of task elements in job description by the DACUM method. Using SPSS WIN 10.0, descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, means, and standard deviations were conducted to examine the subject's general characteristics, the frequencies, criticality, and difficulties of task performance.

The job description of transplantation nurse practitioners revealed 5 duties, 22 tasks, and 85 task elements. On the all five duties, the averages of the performance frequency, criticality, and difficulty were 2.41, 3.38, and 2.78, meaning that the respondents rarely perform the 5 duties, but consider them critical and easy to perform.

The job description of the transplantation nurse practitioner included duty, task, and task element and definition of job completed. Thus we recommended a data based trial to confirm and validate the information gathered.

The purposes of this study is to develop an educational program to prevent sexual abuse of children and to improve the physical and mental health of children by providing a rape-free environment and safety education. This program will provide parents and children with information on how to prevent sexual abuse in children. Children learn specific methods to avoid being victimized both at home and outside the home through a learning game and simulation, which is based on problem solving.

This program was developed based on a literature reviews, surveys and negotiation process. School- aged-children, parents, and teachers were interviewed to reveal their educational needs based on their experiences related to sexual abuse.

This program includes useful subjects such as safety education, early detection of sexual abuse, crisis management, resource persons, and phone numbers of available hospital. Counseling is provided by researcher or by a pediatric psychiatrist if needed.

This program could be adequately utilized for prevention of sexual abuse of children. It also will provide an intervention strategy for abused children. This educational program was distributed to all of the elementary school through the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development.

This study was to identify the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension and its association with risk factors of orthostatic hypotension aged over 60 in Seoul and Chungju, Korea.

The data were collected from the 22th of August, 2000 to the 7th May 2001. The participants were 74 community-dwelling aged who could stand up from sitting position without assistance. Subjects were interviewed with structured questionnaire in order to ask experience of previous falls, hours in per day, symptoms related orthostatic hypotension and demographic characteristics. Orthostatic hypotension was assessed at 1 minute after the subjects standing from sitting position and defined as 20mmHg or greater decrease in systolic blood pressure after standing.

The prevalence of orthostatic hypotension was 17.1%. The mean drop of systolic blood pressure was 27.46mmHg among orthostatic hypotension subjects. The significant variables which explain the occurrence of orthostatic hypotension was the basal systolic blood pressure, the hit ratio of discriminant function with basal systolic blood pressure was 69.7%.

Finding indicate that this study will contribute to develop nursing strategies to identify risk factors and to prevent orthostatic hypotension for the aged.

The purpose of this study was to identify nursing importance and the performance of nursing interventions linked to five nursing diagnoses and find out core nursing interventions to each of the five nursing diagnosis. The five nursing diagnoses were Pain, Diarrhea, Constipation, Hyperthermia, and Infection: Risk for.

Data was collected from nurses working in four different hospitals. Data were analyzed using mean, SD, and paired t-test to compare difference between importance and performance of each intervention.

In general interventions related to medication, such as Medication Administration: IV, Medication Administration: IM, Medication Administration: Oral, Medication Management were all considered highly important and performed very often regardless of nursing diagnoses. And the level of importance was higher than the performance in most of all the interventions linked to five nursing diagnoses. Only two interventions, Medication Administration and Intravenous (IV) insertion had higher level of performance than importance in the diagnoses of Pain and Diarrhea respectively.

Using the above findings, we now know which intervention should be performed more frequently to solve nursing problems and which interventions are more critically important to nursing diagnosis. This information can be very helpful for developing nursing information system.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of an exercise program on the health status and depression in the elderly.

The research design was a nonequivalent control group pre-post test design. The exercise program (experimental group) consisted of 22 elderly over a period exercising for 12weeks, 3 days/week. The phone counselling about exercise and health(control group) was applied for 12 weeks for 10-15minutes/day/week. To identify the health status SF-36 was utilized and the GDS was used for depressionanalysis. The data was collected from May 2001 to July 2001.

The effect of the exercise appeared significant in the subarea of health status (physical function, physical role, mental health, general health) and depression. The effect of the phone counselling was appeared significant in subarea of health status - bodily pain. The effect of the exercise and the phone counselling did not appear significant.

The exercise designed for the elderly promotes health in the elderly and further evaluation about the effect on exercise and phone counselling is needed.

The main purpose of this study was to compare the effects of OSCE method and the traditional evaluation method on nursing skills performance of students enrolled in fundamentals of nursing courses.

The study was designed as a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control group post test design with two classes of sophomore students attending fundamentals of nursing courses at one baccaleureate nursing school located in a metropolitan Seoul area. The control group was evaluated using a traditional method and the experimental group was evaluated using the OSCE method. Data were collected from June, 2001 to June, 2002. There were 35 students in the OSCE method group and 39 students in the control group. Data analysis was done using SPSS WIN 9.0.

The results showed that the students in the OSCE method group did significantly better in clinical nursing skills performance than the students in the traditional method group. And the OSCE method group showed significantly higher satisfaction score in the evaluation method than the control group.

The OSCE method is an effective tool for evaluating clinical nursing skills performance in student nurses. It is necessary to explore more efficient ways to develop OSCE cases in wider areas of nursing education. It is also recommended to replicate similar studies in nursing education.

This study was to develop a screening model for identifying a high risk group of dementia and to develop and evaluate the web-based prevention program.

It was conducted in 5 phases. 1) Data were collected from dementia patients and non-dementia patients in a community. 2) A screening model of the high risk population was constructed. 3) The validity test was performed and the model was confirmed. 4) Four weeks-prevention program was developed. 5) The program was administered, and evaluated the effects.

The model consisted of age, illiteracy, history of stroke and hypercholesterolemia. The program was designed with 12 sessions, group health education using web-based individual instruction program, and 12 sessions of low-intensity physical exercise program. After the completion, their self-efficacy, and health behaviors in experimental group were significantly improved over those in the control group. The perceived barrier in the treatment group is significantly decreased.

The screening model developed is very simple and can be utilized in diverse community settings. And the web based prevention program will encourage individual learning and timely feedback, therefore it can facilitate their active participation and promote health management behaviors at home.

This study was designed to compare direct cost and indirect cost between home care and hospital care according to subject's characteristics.

The subjects of this study were patients with cerebrovascular disease. They were 50 patients in six university hospitals and 49 in four home care centers. Data were collected by using two type of questionnaires and reviewing medical records, home care service records and medical-fee claims from April 4th to September 13th, 2001.

The results were as follows; First, there was a statistically significant difference of direct cost between home care and hospital care, however, there was not a statistically significant difference of indirect cost. Second, according to subject's characteristics, six variables had statistically significant differences; sex, age, marital status, economy, job and diagnosis.

It was found that cost-saving effect of home care was affected by subject's characteristic factors. More study needs to be done to develop a more detailed selection criteria for home care subjects.

The purpose of this research was to find out tobacco control education taught graduate, baccalaureate and associate degree-nursing programs in Korea.

A valid and reliable questionnaire previously used to assess tobacco use in medical and nursing schools in the United States was translated and revalidated. Surveys were sent out to all the graduate, baccalaureate and associate nursing programs in Korea. All 6-tobacco curricula content areas recommended by the United States National Cancer Institute and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research was included.

Majority of BSN (93.2%-75%) and AD (92.3%-64.1%) programs were teaching health hazards, cancer risk, health effects of tobacco, effects of ETS, contents of cigarette, withdrawal symptoms and high risk groups of smoking as a part of required courses. However, 87.5% (14/16) of graduate, 50.0% (22/44) in baccalaureate, 53.8% (21/39) in associate degree programs were not teaching about the 5 A's. Of those who reported teaching smoking cessation strategies, they were covered most frequently in Community Nursing (50%), Adult Health Nursing (43.8%) on the graduate level, and in Community Nursing (65.9%-BSN, 76.9%-AD) and Adult Health (54.5%-BSN, 74.4%-AD) on the undergraduate level. 31.1% (5/16) in Graduate, 18.2%(8/44) in BSN, 10.3% (4/39) in Associate Degree programs reported that there are no smoking students in their schools and rest of the schools reported either do not know or they have 1 to more than 21% of students smoking.

The study results identifies the quantity and level of tobacco control content in three different nursing programs and will help in developing curricular guidelines in the future. Further survey needs to be done on nursing students' knowledge, attitude and belief on smoking and smoking cessation.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of social support in the experience of job stress among hospital nurses.

This study was carefully designed to overcome methodological shortcomings found in past research, and examined two organizational effectiveness variables(job satisfaction and organizational commitment) as outcome variables. The sample used in this study consisted of 602 nurses from 5 general hospitals. Data were collected with self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using hierarchical regression and LISREL technique.

It was found that: (a) three job stress variables(workload, role conflict and conflict with other medical staff) have negative effects on job satisfaction and organizational commitment; (b) social support have positive main effects on the two output variables; (c) the negative effects of job stress variables on job satisfaction and organizational commitment are not buffered by social support, and (d) social support mediates the effects of job stress on job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and the size of the mediating effects is small.

Further research needs to be done to further refine this study.

This study was to classify elderly in long-term care hospitals for using Resource Utilization Group(RUG-III) and to consider feasibility of payment method based on RUG-III classification system in Korea.

This study designed by measuring resident characteristics using the Resident Assessment Instrument-Minimum Data Set(RAI-MDS) and staff time. The data were collected from 382 elderly over sixty-year old, inpatient in the five long-term care hospitals. Staff time was converted into standard time based on the average wage of nurse and aids.

The subjects were classified into 4 groups. The group of Clinically Complex was the largest(46.3%), Reduced Physical Function(27.2%), Behavior Problem(17.0%), and Impaired Cognition(9.4%). The average resource use for one resident in terms of care time(nurses, aids) was 183.7 minutes a day. Relative resource use was expressed as a case mix index(CMI) calculated as a proportion of mean resource use. The CMI of Clinically Complex group was the largest(1.10), and then Reduced Physical Function(0.93), Behavior Problem(0.93), and Impaired Cognition(0.83) followed. The difference of the resource use showed statistical significance between major groups(p<0.0001).

The results of this study showed that the RUG-III classification system differentiates resources provided to elderly in long-term care hospitals in Korea.

The purpose of this study was to study the projected workforce of nephrology CNS in Korea.

Need models, ratio methods and expert opinion were used for projecting needs for the nephrology CNS.

In 2001, there are 28,046 ESRD(end stage of renal disease)patients, 304 renal replacement centers and 1695 nephrology nurses in Korea. the hemodialysis patients per hemodialysis nurse was 12. The number of nephrology CNS required to meet the demand for caring of ESRD patients in 2002, 2005 and 2020 was estimated at 616, 837 and 3105, respectively. 47 ESRD patients per nephrology CNS was revealed as a workforce standard before 2005. After 2005, It was 31 ESRD patients per nephrology CNS.

This study founded the need to project future increments and development in supply of qualified nephrology CNS.

The purpose of this study was to describe health problems and psychosocial adaptation in children with cancer and to determine the relationship between these two variables.

The data were collected from parents of 61 children with cancer, aged 4-11 years at one university hospital in Seoul. The instruments for this study were the Korea Child Behavior Check List (KCBCL) and a physical symptom checklist developed by the researchers.

The major health problems were coughing, sleeping disturbances, fatigue and weakness. The total behavior problem score for children in the cancer group was higher than the score for those in the norm group. The scores on the scales for withdrawal, somatic complaints, social immaturity, and internalizing problems were higher in the children with cancer compared to normative findings. Scores on social and school competence in the cancer group were lower than the norms for healthy children. The relationship between health problems and psychosocial adaptation was significant in the subscales of withdrawal, anxiety/depression, internalizing problems and social involvement in the off therapy group.

This study shows the various areas that need further study in caring for children with cancer.