The objective of this study was the development and validation of a scale to measure the self-care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) in Korea.

Self-care scale was developed based on the self-care activities patients had to carry out in order to manage their COPD. The original scale contained 34 items rated along a five-point Likert scale and was reviewed by 18 professional nurses and 10 Korean patients with COPD for content validity. Subsequently, patients with COPD were asked to complete this 23-item scale and further tests were done with the 125 useable responses.

Factor analysis identified eight factors- “maintaining a clean air way”, “taking medication”, “support from family”, “preventing infection”, “managing symptoms”, “breathing exercising”, and “taking in nutrition”. The internal consistency of the total scale was Cronbach's alpha=0.7226. These eight factors explained 60.8% of total variance. There was correlation among Korean Self-Care Scale score, administration level, and knowledge level but there was no correlation to patients' satisfaction with medical services.

The 23 item questionnaire positively identified 8 areas defined important for COPD patients. Further studies are required to see how these can be integrated into patient education.

The purpose of this study was to identified the male nurses' encounter in adapting themselves in the hospital settings dominated by the female nurses in number.

Data were collected through the in-depth interview of 16 male nurses and analysed through the grounded theory methodology.

The behaviors of male nurses for job-adaptation can be summarized as a series of struggles to consolidate their own ground. They have made tremendous efforts to hold their own ground in the nursing profession composed of a large numbers of female nurses, while they have experienced many difficulties and problems as minorities. They have struggled to adapt themselves professionally through efforts such as; challenging the social and professional barriers, identifying the job identity, empowering themselves through self-development and dedication, expanding their influence among colleagues. In spite of these efforts, they had the perception that nursing is not a lifelong occupation for them. Thus, they had tendency to find outlets of change to occupations.

A specific strategy is needed to provide an environment that is helpful for males in integrating into and adapting to the nursing profession.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among variables of somatic attribution, chronic pain, depression and chronic fatigue in the elderly.

Empirical data for testing hypothetical models was collected from 311 people over 65 years old in a community settings in Seoul, Korea in June and July, 2000. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and correlational analysis using pc-SAS program. The Linear Structural Modeling(LISREL) 8.0 program was used to find the best fit model which explained causal relationship of variables.

According to Accepted model, the relation of variables is that the somatic attribution is the influencing variable to chronic pain and depression and chronic pain and depression is the influencing variable to chronic fatigue.

The findings of this study give useful information to construct intervention program relating chronic pain, depression and chronic fatigue for the elderly.

The purpose of this study is to explore college women's views of women for forming an upright sex role identity and sex values.

The data were collected through in-depth interviews of 10 college women on Jeju Island from February 2002 to March 2002. The interviews were conducted by the writer of this thesis. Each interview lasted for about 45 minutes. The data were analyzed by the Giorgi method.

Five main meanings were identified : 1) unfairness 2) majesty 3) mothering 4) womenishness 5) backward in capacity. In other words, women's roles are to look after their family and to take care of household affairs. Women should be beautiful and have womenish traits. Women are less intelligent than men. Women are dependent on men though they suffer from unfairness. This study presents an evidence that the traditional sex-role attitudes still prevail.

In order to form an upright sex role identity and sex values, institutional programs in the society and individual efforts are needed.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the suction-induced hypoxemia interventions.

30 suction-induced hypoxemia interventions were reviewed for the purpose of meta-analysis.

The study showed that both preoxygenation and insufflation were the most frequently examined oxygenation time periods, and hyperoxygenation combined with hyperinflation was the most commonly applied oxygenation method in order to prevent suction-induced hypoxemia. The greatest effect was obtained by providing oxygenation before and after suctioning, whereas negative effect(the contrary results from the study hypotheses) was frequently obtained by applying insufflation only. Applying hyperoxygenation combined with hyperinflation had the greatest effect over that of applying hyperoxygenation only, even though the difference between effect sizes of both methods were statistically significant.

The results of meta-analysis showed that the occurrence rate of hypoxemia after suctioning was significantly reduced with the overall interventions for hypoxemia (decreasing 40% of occurrence rate), independent with time periods or methods for providing oxygenation.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between total serum bilirubin(TSB) and transcutaneous bilirubinometry(TcB) in neonates with jaundice.

TcB from various sites(forehead, sternum, abdomen, buttock, hand, dorsalis-pedia) was measured using a JM-102 in a total of 102 neonate, 42 female and 60 male, with the mean 37.5 gestational week and the mean 2,903 gram of birth weight, as well as TSB from capillary punctures.

The mean bilirubin was 11.73 in serum, 20.55 on the forehead, 17.23 on the sternum, 16.19 on the abdomen, 18.22 on the buttock, 15.83 on the hand and 15.49 on the dorsalis-pedia. The relationship between TSB and TcBs were formulated by simple regression with 0.406 < r < 0.668(p < .000). A higher relationship was revealed between TSB and TCB at the forehead in infants of full-term, ABO incompatibility, and Hb greater than 16 mg/dl(r = 0.725, 0.790, and 0.717, retrospectively). Phototherapy altered the measurement of TcB per site.

TcB on the forehead is a reliable, noninvasive and convenient measurement of TSB in normal infants(Institutions need to establish quantitative equations representing the specific relationship between TSB and TCB according to the hemodynamic problems of infants such as ABO incompatibility, or low Hb).

The study is designed to develop an educational CD-Program for prevention and control of obesity among primary school students.

The study is conducted from June 15, 2000 to April 15, 2002. Based on the course of program development suggested by Dick and Cray (1990), the study followed the planning, development, education and evaluation of a program.

The developed CD-Program consists 2 parts each for lower and higher grades of primary school students. The introduction part of the first trial for lower grade students uses quiz to encourage their motivations, the body proceeds with motion pictures and animations to trigger their interests. The introduction part of the second trial for the lower grades consists of remembering the exhibition lecture. The first trial for higher grades of primary school students builds on the contents of the low grades. Its body part, how to determine obesity and calculate ones own obesity, puts ones own weight and height in by the mouse. For the second trial of the higher grades, the body consists of life-style, diet, and regiments.

The merits of this CD-Program are that to be possible an interaction between teachers and students.

The study was done to identify the relationship of treatment side effects, family support, and quality of life in patients with cancer, and factors influencing quality of life.

A convenience sample of 106 patients who were receiving cancer treatment at W hospital were interviewed using the Side Effects scale by Hur, Family Support scale by Kang, and QOL scale by Ro.

Results indicate that women experienced more severe side effects than men. There was a negative relationship between side effects and quality of life, and a positive relationship between family support and quality of life. The most bothersome side effects were changes in taste and appetite, followed by general weakness and fatigue. Side effects such as loss of hair, nausea, dizziness, numbness, pins and needles in fingers and toes, and dry mouth were also experienced. General weakness and family support were analysed as to whether they were factors influencing quality of life.

The results revealed that relieving general weakness should be given high priority in nursing interventions for patients undergoing cancer treatment. In addition, nursing programs should be developed that can reinforce family support.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of Koryo Hand-Acupuncture on health status(pain, trunk flexion, IADL, depression) of patients with chronic low back pain.

This study used a quasi experimental pre-test and post-test design. Data were collected from December 1st, 2000 to December 20th, 2001. 63 chronic low back pain patients(35 experimental group, 28 control group) admitted to the Back-School and consented to this study. The experimental group participated in treatment : Koryo Hand-Acupuncture and AB-Bong. Two groups was homogeneity. After 4 weeks the effects of treatment on the health status was measured between experimental and control group. Data were analyzed using SPSSWIN 10.0 with crosstab, t-test, and paired t-test.

In the experimental group, pain(t=4.85, p=.000) and IADL difficulty(t=2.05, p=.045) was significantly lower than those in the control group. It makes no difference trunk flexion(t=-1.60, p=.114) and depression(t=1.50, p=.138) between experimental and control group.

These findings indicate that Koryo-Hand Acupuncture is an effective method for reducing pain and IADL difficulty in patients with chronic low back pain, and is considered as a independent nursing intervention for chronic low back pain.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing Symptoms of Stress in patients with chronic illness.

Data were collected by questionnaires from 1,748 patients with chronic disease in General Hospital in Seoul. Chronic diseases of were cardiac disease including hypertension, peptic ulcer, pulmonary disease included COPD and asthma, DM, and chronic kidney disease. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression.

1. The level of symptoms of stress was moderate(M=2.17). 2. The score of symptoms of stress showed significantly positive correlation with the score of mood state(r=.58, p=.00), perceived stress(r=.57, p=.00), and ways of coping(r=.33, p=.00). The symptoms of stress showed significantly negative correlation with the score of social support(r=-.37, p=.00) and self-esteem(r=-.19, p=.00). 3. The most powerful predictor of symptoms of stress was mood state and the variance explained was 34%. A combination of mood state, ways of coping, perceived stress, social support, and duration of illness account for 45% of the variance in symptoms of stress of the patients with chronic illness.

This study suggest that mood state, ways of coping, perceived stress, and social support are significantly influencing factors on symptoms of stress of the patients with chronic illness.

The purpose of this study was to identify the perceived importance of nursing intserventions of psychiatric nurses according to domains, classes and interventions using the 3th NIC.

In this study, a 435 of 486 nursing interventions were selected from 75% consent reached by experts. Data were collected from 9 hospitals and 141 nurses(return rates : 94.0%) in Seoul, Kyonggi, Chungnam, Gwang-ju and Chonnam region from January, 2002 to February, 2002 using 4 point Likert scale.

Total perceived importance score was 2.905+/−0.463 and total correlation score with performance frequency was r=0.295. The most important perceived domain and class was found to be ‘ safety’ (3.217+/−0.465) and ‘ community health promotion’ (3.285+/−0.866). The most correlated domain and class with performance frequency appeared to be ‘ behavioral’ (r=0.431, p=0.000) and ‘ communication enhancement’ (r=0.439, p=0.000). The most important perceived nursing intervention was found to be ‘ active listening’ (3.652+/−0.549).

In conclusion, nurses in clinical settings were found to perform less than perceive its importance. Therefore, further researches are needed to identify factors related to impede and develop strategies to improve the performance of nursing interventions.

While most psychiatrists diagnose Hwa-Byung as a chronic psychogenic disorder associated with familial, financial and personality, the purpose of study was to shed light on the nature of Hwa-Byung through pragmatics. Hwa-Byung is characterized as ‘ Hwa’ which means fire ‘ Byung’ which means disease. This condition cannot be empirically experienced, rather it is represented by suffering internally (in the mind). It also could find an aspect of somatization, and self-diagnosing.

As patients themselves diagnose Hwa-Byung, pragmatical approach was taken to analyze the context of the learning through their communication with others. The case examples resulted from in-depth telephone counseling with a client who is housewife with Hwa-Byung over a period of time at the Women's Hot Line.

The study showed that the client experienced continuous improper attacks by her husband. She expressed improperness by applying her personal emotions to social-justice reasoning.

‘ Hwa’ means lack of mutual intimacy in this research. By expressing this ‘ Hwa’, the client would like to recover mutual intimacy with her husband.

The purpose of this study was to explore the link between health and welfare service and barrier's factors by reviewing the connection between the public health center's visiting nurse and social welfare center's social workers

A survey by mail or a face-to-face interview of 151 visiting nurses in 25 public health centers and 48 social welfare workers in general social welfare centers in Seoul, was preformed from Feb. 12, 2001 to Mar. 15, 2001. The data were analyzed with frequency, percentage, mean value, paired t-test and independent t-test using SPSS/WIN 7.5 program.

1. ‘ The necessity and degree of cooperation with social welfare workers of visiting nurse’ scored average 4.49 and 3.19, and ‘ The necessity and degree of cooperation with visiting nurse and social welfare workers’ scored average 4.81 and 3.15 on the five-point scale ; there was a significant difference between the two variable in visiting nurse and social welfare workers. 2. In barrier's factors which health and welfare service offer to, visiting nurses showed statistically significant higher score than social welfare staff ; ‘ job factor’, ‘ resource factor’, ‘ clients factor’, ‘ individual ability factor’

In order to provide link system that hold clients in common in public health center and social welfare center, it is recommended a case management team should be constructed and educate visiting nurses for case manager.

The purpose of this study is to examine the difference of direct nursing activity and patient outcomes as mortality rate, complication rate, readmission rate and length of stay related to graded fee of nursing management for inpatient.

The subjects of this study were 44 general hospitals with more than 500 beds. Data totaled to 86,044 claims provided to inpatients in Jan. 2001 requested by an electronic data interchange from a Health Insurance Review Agency. The data was analyzed by SPSS win(ver.10.0) and statistical methods used were frequency, one-way ANOVA, χ²-Test and regression.

Synthetic judgment through performance index and 95% confidence interval, direct nursing activity showed to provided adequate quality of nursing care on 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th nursing degree. Also, patient outcomes showed difference by graded fee of nursing management for inpatient. Mortality rate of 2nd was the lowest with P.I. 67.9, 3rd, 5th, 6th, 4th in order. In case of complication rate, 2nd, 3rd and 4th were lower than other nursing degree. Readmission rate of 4th and 5th was the lowest. Length of stay of 2nd was the shortest with P.I. 88.3, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 4th, 6th in order.

The findings from this study showed that, the higher nurse-to-patient ratio, the greater amount of direct nursing care activity for the patient. Also, the more direct nursing activities influenced a lower mortality rate, complication rate and readmission rate, shorter length of stay.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Self-Development training on the Human Relationship and Intrinsic Motivation for first-line nurse managers.

This was an empirical study on the Human Relationship and Intrinsic Motivation of Self Development Training. The researcher developed a new Self-Development Training Program, and the two-hour long training session εwas performed twice a week for each group. The program was performed for 4 session in two weeks. The subjects consisted with 24 nurse managers from C University Hospital in Seoul, Korea. The subjects were divided into two groups for the training. Two weeks before and 4 weeks after the training, subjects completed questionnaires that measured Human Relationship and Intrinsic Motivation. Analysis was completed by using SPSS PC 10.0 for percentile, mean, standard deviation and paired t-test.

The results of this study showed that Self-Development Training Program resulted in a significant effects on the Human Relationship. But the Intrinsic Motivation was not significantly affected by the program.

This Self-Development training program had a positive effect on the Human Relationship and Intrinsic Motivation.