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• Effects on Knowledge and Performance in Clinical Nursing of Education on Nursing Recording Focusing on Legal Aspects
  Eun-Young Kim, Yeo-Jin Yi
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• Identifying outcomes from the nursing outcomes classification as indicators of quality of care in Korea: A modified delphi study
  B. Lee
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PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to test the validity and reliability of FACES III when applied to the only one and two family members, and to use more appropriately in the nursing practice. METHOD: Data were collected from 105 college students and 105 of their parents in two local nursing colleges. The original questionnaire, which was originally developed by Olson(1989), was modified by based on literature review and analyzed by correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha, Guttmans split coefficients and factor analysis. RESULT: Cronbach's alpha of the adaptability and cohesion were .77, .73(Guttmans split coefficient were .76, .71) when applied to the only one family member, and were .81, .77 (Guttmans split coefficient were .81, .77) when applied to two. The Pearson's correlation coefficient of the adaptability and cohesion between two family members were .38, .35. The total-item correlations of the other items except for items 5, 7, 13 were significant. The correlation coefficients between adaptability and cohesion when applied to only one and two were .30, .38(p < .01). When the data was analyzed by principle component analysis and Varimax rotation with the number of factors fixed to two, two factors explained 37.2% of total variance in the case of one member, and 42.2% of total variance in two. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the concept and the construction validity of cohesion needed to be more clarified. Also It is required that the reliability and validity of FACES III should be tested in two more family members.

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• Factors Influencing Post-Traumatic Growth in Surviving Students of the Sewol Ferry Disaster: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study
  So Hee Lee, Kyoung-Beom Kim, Jin-Won Noh, Myong-Wuk Chon, Eun Ji Kim, Jeong-Ho Chae
  Psychiatry Investigation.2024; 21(11): 1279.     CrossRef
• Validation Study of Korean Translated Systemic Clinical Outcome Routine Evaluation-15 as Self-Report Family Assessment Measure: Focusing on Adolescent in Daegu and North Gyeongsang Province
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  Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2020; 41(6): 398.     CrossRef
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  Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing.2012; 17(4): 288.     CrossRef

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure family resilience for Korean families with a chronically ill child, and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. METHOD: The items of instruments used based on the researchers' previous study of concept analysis of Korean family resilience. Nineteen item scales were developed with five domains. In order to test reliability and validity of the scale, data were collected from 231 families, who had a child with a chronic illness. Data was collected between August and September of 2001 in a 3rd level University Hospital in Seoul, Korea. RESULT: The results were as follows: As a result of the item analysis, 19 items were selected from the total of 37 items, excluding items with low correlation with the total scale. Five factors were evolved by factor analysis, which explained 56.4% of the total variance. The first factor 'Family strength' explained 28.5%, 2nd factor 'Family maturity' 8.7%, 3rd factor 'The ability to use of external resources' 7.0%, 4th factor 'Control' 6.6%, 5th factor 'The driving force for finance' 5.7%. The attributes in these factors were different with those identified by concept analysis of the family resilience in Korean families from the previous study. Cronbach's alphacoefficient of this scale was .8039 and Guttman spilt- half coefficient was .8184. CONCLUSION: The study support the reliability and validity of the scale. Because the main concept of family resilience was family strength, there were distinct differences in dimensions of family functioning scales.

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• Family management structural model for children with atopic dermatitis
  Sunyeob Choi, Hyewon Shin
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2024; 77: e401.     CrossRef
• Association of nurse–mother partnerships with parenting stress and family resilience among South Korean mothers of children with congenital heart disease
  Youna Chang, Jiyoung Lim, Hye Won Yoon
  Journal of Pediatric Nursing.2024; 79: 16.     CrossRef
• Development and Validation of the Family Relationship Assessment Scale in Korean College Students’ Families
  Suk‐Sun Kim, Minji Gil, Yeounsoo Kim‐Godwin
  Family Process.2021; 60(2): 586.     CrossRef
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  Min Kyung Jeon, Geum Ja Park
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  Kyung Sook Choi, Jung Ae Park, Joohyun Lee
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• Resilience of Families with Elderly Patients with Dementia
  Geun Myun Kim, Eunyoung Park, Young Shin Lee, Jong Nam Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2012; 21(3): 197.     CrossRef
• Concept Analysis of Resilience in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases
  Su-Jin Shin, Duk-Yoo Jung, Eun-Hee Hwang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2009; 39(6): 788.     CrossRef
• To Holroyd E (2005) Commentary on Lee et al. (2004)
  Insook Lee, Eun‐Ok Lee, Hesook Suzie Kim, Young Sook Park, Misoon Song, Youn Hwan Park
  Journal of Clinical Nursing.2006; 15(5): 654.     CrossRef

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop the instrument to measure family functioning for Korean family with a chronic ill child, and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. METHOD: The items of instrument were consisted based on researchers' previous study of concept analysis of the Korean family functioning. Twenty six item scale was developed with six domains. In order to test reliability and validity of the scale, data were collected from the 231 families, who have a child with a chronic illness. Data was collected between August and September in 2001 in a General Hospital in Seoul, Korea. RESULT: The results were as follows:As a result of the item analysis, 24 items were selected from the total of 26 items, excluding items with low correlation with total scale. Six factors were evolved by factor analysis. Six factors explained 61.4% of the total variance. The first factor 'Affective bonding' explained 15.4%, 2nd factor 'External relationship' 11.8%, 3rd factor 'Family norm' 10.5%, 4th factor 'Role and responsibilities' 8.3%, 5th factor ' Communication' 7.9%, and the 6th factor 'Financial resource' explained 7.3%. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this scale was .87 and Guttman spilt- half coefficient was .84. CONCLUSION: The study support the reliability and validity of the scale. There were distinct differences in dimensions of family functioning scales developed in the U. S.

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• Factors influencing self-management behaviors in older people with multiple chronic conditions based on the individual and family self-management theory: A cross-sectional study
  Youngji Seo, Sunyoung Jung
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2024; 26(3): 332.     CrossRef
• Do spouse burden of care, family resilience, and coping affect family function in gynecologic cancer in Korea?: a cross-sectional study
  Minkyung Kim, Sukhee Ahn
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• Family functioning according to clusters of family management styles in Korean families of children with chronic atopic disease: A cross-sectional study
  YeoJin Im, Sunyoung Jung
  International Journal of Nursing Studies.2020; 109: 103674.     CrossRef
• Factors Related to Dementia Worry: Comparing Middle-Aged and Older Adults in South Korea
  So Im Ryu, Yeon-Hwan Park
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• Development and Validation of Korea Midlife Family Resilience Scale(KMFRS)
  Hea Rhan Park, Gwee-Yeon Jeon
  Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2014; 23(6): 1013.     CrossRef
• Infants' Temperament and Health Problems according to Maternal Postpartum Depression
  Kyung-Sook Bang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2011; 41(4): 444.     CrossRef
• Factors Associated with Social Isolation in Older Adults using Senior Welfare Centers
  Yeon-Hwan Park, Hee Sun Kang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(5): 712.     CrossRef
• To Holroyd E (2005) Commentary on Lee et al. (2004)
  Insook Lee, Eun‐Ok Lee, Hesook Suzie Kim, Young Sook Park, Misoon Song, Youn Hwan Park
  Journal of Clinical Nursing.2006; 15(5): 654.     CrossRef

The main objectives of this study were to analyze the concept of hope, so to provide basic data to develop a valid instrument to measure hope, and to develop hope enhancing nursing intervention a program for cancer patients. The hybrid model approach was applied in three phases, the theoretical phase, the empirical phase, and the analytic phase. The study was developed on universal attributes explaining generalized hope and specific hope, which were revealed in a comprehensive review of the literature. In the empirical phase, eight cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy were interviewed to reveal causes, motivation, and their resource of hope according to The Hope Assessment Guide (Farren, Herth, & Popovich, 1995). In the analytical phase, the results of the two previous stages of the study were compared. The results were as follows: In the theoretical phase, six dimensions of hope emerged; affective, cognitive, behavioral, affiliative, temporal and contextual dimension. The antecedent of hope was loss, crisis, uncertainity, and stress. The consequences were renewal, development of new methods, safety, peace and transcendental competence. In the empirical phase, these six dimensions emerged as theoretical phases were verified and specified as these descriptive terms: feeling, intention, expectation, activity, relation, future- orientation, reality and goal-setting. The antecedent factor of hope was occurrence or recurrence of cancer. The consequence of hope was ability to cope with real condition, feeling of safety and comfort, peace, development of new strategy and recovery of disease. The major content of hope in this phase was related to specific hope, but it was also influenced on by general hope. In the analytic phase, general and specific hope was renamed as trait and state hope. All attributes emerged at the empirical phases, and also emerged at the theoretical phase. However, cognitive and contextual dimensions were revised and specified. In conclusion, the concept of hope is divided into trait hope and state hope, and state hope is an anticipatory expectation that occurs at the time of a stressful stimulus, such as being diagnosed with cancer. Hope is a multidimensional dynamic energized mental state which has the dimensions of affective, cognitive, behavioral, affiliative, temporal and contextual. There should be further studies to develope the state and trait hope scale according to definition and attributes of hope investigated in this study. In addition, considering results of the empirical phase, the family is very a important factor as a resource of hope, so it is necessary to consider family in implementing a nursing intervention program to enhance hope.

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• Beyond basic psychological needs: The hope construct during adjuvant treatment in colorectal cancer patients
  María Romero-Elías, David González-Cutre, Vicente J. Beltrán-Carrillo, Alejandro Jiménez-Loaisa
  Current Psychology.2023; 42(4): 2788.     CrossRef
• Symbols of Hope on Pediatric Oncology Ward: Children's Perspective Using Photovoice
  Fatemeh Ebrahimpour, Jila Mirlashari, Akram Sadat Sadat Hosseini, Fariba Zarani, Sally Thorne
  Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing.2021; 38(6): 385.     CrossRef
• Development of the Hope Scale for Korean Cancer Patients
  Young Sook Tae, Yooun Sook Choi, Gum Hee Nam, Ju Young Bae
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2017; 29(2): 211.     CrossRef
• Factors related to Hope and Relationships between Hope, Physical Symptoms, Depressive Mood and Quality of Life in Young Adult and Prime-aged Patients with Hemodialysis
  Jieun Cha, Dallong Han
  Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2014; 23(4): 250.     CrossRef
• Structural Relationship of Burnout and Related Variables among Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients
  Min Joo Hong, Young Sook Tae
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2013; 43(6): 812.     CrossRef

The purposes of the study was to identify the depression of women after a hysterectomy and to clarify the factors related to depression. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The data was collected by a mailed questionnaire that was composed of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS), support scale of husband and socio-demographic variables from 255 women undergoing hysterectomies for any nonmalignant condition in S. University Hospital. They also must have lived with their spouses from 3 months to 2 years after the operation. The results were as follows: 1. The SDS mean was 42.25 and range was 21 to 67. The incidence of clinical depression (over SDS 50) was 20.8% from 3 months to 2 years after a hysterectomy. 2. The depression of women in 18-24 months after surgery (39.80) was lower than that of any other periods such as 3-5 months, 6-12 months, and 13-17 months (p<0.01). 3. The support form husband was negatively correlated with the depression of women after a hysterectomy. 4. Depression among women had hysterectomies were associated with lower income, less sexual satisfaction, the feeling of being asexual, and the bias of concept the uterus controlling general health.

This is a descriptive study on quality of life(QOL) and related factors of ostomates to provide a basic data for development of nursing interventions. The subjects were 110 ostomates who were members of the Daegu or Daejon branches of the Korean Ostomy Association. Data collection was performed between March 1st and April 6th, 1998. Measurements of QOL, self-care, family support, self-esteem, and hope were used as the study tools. Data were analyzed with the SAS program by using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression. The results are as follows : 1) The score on the QOL scale ranged from 97 to 226 with a mean of 164.53(+/-28.29). 2) The score of QOL on the general and ostomate-related characteristic showed significant differences according to monthly income, monthly participation in ostomate meetings, combined treatments after operation, types of evacuation management, problems of ostomy, help in caring for the ostomy, length of time since ostomate surgery, and presence or absence of readmission after discharge. 3) There were significant positive correlations between quality in life and other factors ; self-esteem(r=0.7107, P<0.001), hope(r=0.6584, P<0.001) family support(r=0.6191, P<0.001), perception of health condition(r=0.6017, P<0.001), and self-care(r=0.2286, P<0.05). 4) The variables that affected the quality of life of the subjects were self-esteem, level of family support, perception of health condition, monthly participation in ostomate meetings, combined treatments after operation, monthly income, level of hope, and age in that order. The variance of quality of life was R2=77.20 percent by calculating the sum of those variables. In conclusion, it is necessary for nursing intervention to promote self-esteem, family support, and hope in the care of ostomates in order to improve QOL.

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• Effects of social support and self‐efficacy on the psychosocial adjustment of Korean ostomy patients
  Keum Hee Nam, Heui Yeoung Kim, Jung Ho Kim, Ki‐Noh Kang, Soo Yang Na, Bok Hee Han
  International Wound Journal.2019; 16(S1): 13.     CrossRef

The main objectives of this study were to investigate the concept of family function from the perspective of the contemporary Korean family, and to construct model of change of family function whit chronic illness. The hybrid model approach was applied in which three phases(theoretical phase, empirical phase, and analytic phase) of concept development were explored for family functioning. The study was conducted from 1997 to 1998. In empirical phase, two groups of purposive samples were drawn : normal family group composed of six families without ill family member, and ill family group composed of seven families of which wives have rheumatoid arthritis. Only families with child(or children)in primary or secondary schools were included in the study. The results were as follows: In theoretical phase, six dimensions of family concept were emerged : affective, structural, control, cognitive, financial, and reproductive dimension. In order to analyze the Korean normal family function in middle class with middle-age women, financial and reproductive dimension were not included. In empirical phase, five dimensions(affective, structural, control, cognitive, and external relationship) were fond from the normal family data. External relationship dimension is very important factor as a resource of the support, especially when their parents or siblings had no help or support to them. In the affective dimension, Korean family emphasized harmony and balance rather than affective expression harmony and balance rather than affective expression between couples and between parents and children. They also showed common goals of the families to solve their problems to control the family members. The priority of the goals was getting into the higher education of their children or helping their unhealthy parents or family members. Six dimension(affective, structural, control, cognitive, external relationship, and financial) of family functions were emerged from the ill family data. From the analysis of ill family data, types of restructuring house chore after wives illness were developed : (a) negociated, (b) accomodated, and (c) isolated, enduring types. Although the dimensions of family functioning identified in this study are similar to the conceptualizations that exist in the western literature, there where distinct differences in the nature of major themes and subconcepts under these family function dimensions.

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• Development of the Japanese Version FFS (Family Functioning Scale): Reliability and Validity for Family on Child-Fostering Phase
  Mitsuko Kanzaki, Chifumi Otaki, Kazue Maeda, Taeko Hori, Akemi Take, Hiroko Otsuka, Taeko Noguchi, Sumiko Maehara
  Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing Science.2012; 32(1): 50.     CrossRef
• To Holroyd E (2005) Commentary on Lee et al. (2004)
  Insook Lee, Eun‐Ok Lee, Hesook Suzie Kim, Young Sook Park, Misoon Song, Youn Hwan Park
  Journal of Clinical Nursing.2006; 15(5): 654.     CrossRef

Management of perimenstrual discomfort could be an effective strategy for women's health promotion. This study was designed to develop and test the nursing intervention program for the reduction of the perimenstrual discomfort. The data were collected from a group of 76 female university students(34 in the intervention group, 42 in the control group) during November 20, 1997 and March 10, 1998. Measurements were taken concerning perimenstrual discomfort, self care behavior, and perimenstrual discomfort from both groups, at pre and post intervention. Intervention program involves education, support, counselling, and relaxation training, via individual and group levels over a twelve- week period. Listed are the summarized results: 1. The intervention group had more knowledge concerning perimenstrual discomfort(t=2.290, p=.025), self care behavior(t=3.198, p=.000), and lower perimenstrual discomfort score(t=-4.446, p=.000) than the control group at post intervention. 2. The intervention group showed an enhancement on the knowledge on perimenstural discomfort(t=2.35, p=.025), and decreased the perimenstrual discomfort score(t=-7.36, p=.000). However change of self care behavior was not significant during the intervention. According to this study a developed nursing intervention program is effective for reduction of the perimenstrual discomfort. For a future research, it is necessary that experiments concerning menstruation, and a correlational study of perimensturual discomfort and stress will be performed.

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• Relationships among Premenstrual Syndrome, Perfection and Anxiety among the College Student
  Hye Seon Choi, Eun Dong Lee, Hye Young Ahn
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2013; 19(4): 265.     CrossRef
• Menstrual Attitudes and Maternal Child Rearing Attitudes in Middle School Female Students
  Kyoung Ja Hong, Hae Won Kim, Hye Young Ahn
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(5): 748.     CrossRef

This study was performed to compare the transcultural differences on perimenstrual discomforts, menstrual attitudes and sex role acceptance between Korean and American college students. The subjects, 2557 nursing students were selected from 13 universities all around Korea, and 4 universities in the eastern, western, and middle areas of the United States. The data were collected using the MDQ(Menstrual Distress Questionnaire by Moos), the MAQ(Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire) and the Sex Role Acceptance Scale, the subjects answered the MDQ for three points(premenstrual, menstrual, intermenstrual based on their recollections) between July, 1996 and April, 1997. The findings are as follows : 1. There were significant differences in the age of menarche, duration of menstruation, and menstrual cycle between the Koreans and the Americans. 2. As for sex role acceptance, Americans more frequently denied the traditional female role than did Koreans. 3. There were significant differences between the two groups on five categories of menstrual attitude(menstruation is a phenomena that weakens women physically and psychologically, menstruation is a bothersome phenomena. menstruation is a natural phenomena, and menstruation is a phenomena that does not influence women's behaviors non is expected to). 4, For the menstrual discomfort scores, there were significant differences between the two groups on all six categories of the MDQ(pain, attention deficit, behavioral changes, ANS response, water retention, and negative emotion) for the three points(premenstrual, menstrual, intermenstrual period). 5. The most common complaints for the Korean women were pain during the perimenstrual period and fatigue during the intermenstrual period. In contrast, for the Americans the most common complaint was negative emotions during the perimenstrual period, but less pain than the Koreans, and a similarity to Koreans during the intermenstrual period. 6. Regularity of the menstrual cycle was positively correlated with age of menarche, menstrual cycle, and duration of menstruation. 7. For the interrelationship between of Perimenstrual discomforts, menstrual attitudes, and sex role acceptance, there were significant correlations for both group as follows : First, the MA category "menstruation is a bothering phenomena" was negatively correlated with sex role acceptance, second, the MA category "menstruation is a phenomena that weakens the women physically and psychologically" was positively correlated with the MA category "menstruation onset is a predictable phenomena." For the further research, it is recommended that efficient nursing intervention programs for perimenstrual discomforts, be developed and qualitative re search to demonstrate the cultural differences as the feminism view point be done.

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• Investigating influencing factors on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among female college students
  Su Jeong Yi, Miok Kim, Ina Park
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• Attitudes and Conceptions of Menstruation and Menstrual Hygiene among Schoolgirls (Morocco)
  S. Lghoul, M. Loukid, M. Kamal Hilali
  Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris.2020; 32(1-2): 75.     CrossRef
• A Structural Model for Premenstrual Coping in University Students: Based on Biopsychosocial Model
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  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2017; 47(2): 257.     CrossRef
• Attitude toward Menstruation, Menstrual Symptoms, and Coping Behaviors among Korean Primary School Student
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  The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.2014; 14(8): 297.     CrossRef
• The Ear Acupressure Therapy on Premenstrual Syndrome and Dysmenorrhea on Female college Students
  Hye-Myoung Choung, Ju-Seung Song
  Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information.2013; 18(5): 87.     CrossRef
• Menstrual Attitudes and Maternal Child Rearing Attitudes in Middle School Female Students
  Kyoung Ja Hong, Hae Won Kim, Hye Young Ahn
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(5): 748.     CrossRef

This study was done to analyze the relationship between task stress and morale in psychiatric nursing assistants. The subjects were 118 psychiatric nursing assistants selected from the National Mental Hospital in Seoul and 18 non-medical mental institutions. The data were collected from October 22 to November 12, 1994. The instruments used for this study were modified PNOSS(Psychiatric Nurse Occupational Stress Scale) which was developed by Bai and modified the Morale scale which was developed by Oh. The confidence varification of these instruments were computed and Cronbach alpha=.9255, .9260. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA on 5% significant level and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of the study are as follows; 1. The average work stress scores of subjects were 2.83. Among the work stress factors; the conflict with nurse was identified as the most stress factor. There was significant relationship between the degree of work stress and the variables of psychiatric Nursing Assistants such as the marital status, educational level, religion, job satisfaction, working place, predicted period of work. 2. Average total morale scores for the subjects was 3.08. There was a significant relationship between the degree of morale and variables of psychiatric nursing assistants such as working place, certification as a nursing assistant, job satisfaction, opportunity for practical education and predicted period of work. 3. There was a significant relationship between the degree of morale and work stress factors such as administration problem, work overload.

Pain management of postoperative patients or patients suffering from terminal cancer became one of the most important task of nurses in recent years. This study analyzed basic knowledge of 175 student nurses in Taegu on the pain assessment and management. The questionnaires included five areas: Assessment, pharmacological actions, medication, classification of opioids, and psychological dependence of analgesics. The results indicated that nursing students, in general, lacked knowledge on pain management: Correct responses on pain assessment varied between 9.7 and 100%; classification of opioids was in ranges of 61.7 to 95.4%: Pharmacological actions was 16.6 to 80%; and medication was 14.9 to 85.7%. Less than 12.6% of students correctly identified the frequency of psychological dependence. These results suggested that the need of reinforcement on the pain management in formal nursing education.

A survey of infant practices was conducted to provide information on which to base planned nursing interventions. The subjects were a convenience sample of 168 mothers visiting out-patients departments of five general hospitals and one public health center in Seoul for immunizations or treatment for common colds for their infants from two to 12 months of age. Data collection was carried out from July 8th to September 30th, 1991 using a questionnaire of 84 questions, 31 on the type of feeding, 22 on sup plementary feeding and 21 on demographic information. The results are summarized as follows; 1) The type of feeding was primarily artificial feed ing (63.1%), followed by mixed feeding (22%) and breast feeding (14.9%). of the 59 mothers expecting during pregnancy to breast feed, 54. 2% changed artificial feeding and 30.5% went on to breast feed as they had expected. For mothers expecting to continue breast feeding over seven months, only one infant was being breast fed for over seven months. 2) For the 106 mothers using artificial feeding, 70. 8% hed attempted breast feeding, 64% of them for less than a month. Breast milk had been suppressed by for medication (38.7%): 34 9% had used no special means. 3) The major reasons for replacing breast feeding with artificial feeding were the infants' demand for more milk (47.2%) and insufficient supply of breast milk (49.3%). 4) Most mixed feeding was started at the age of one to three months (59.5%). Only 34.4% gave an artificial feeding after breast feeding, most (46%) alternated breast feeding with artificial feeding. On the whole, the motive for mixed feeding was the lack of breast milk (70.3%). 5) Many mothers (81.8%) were adding vitamin or mineral supplements to artificial milk and 51.5% were adding something to faciliate digestion. As for the method of sterilizing milk bottles and nipples, 56% had sterilized them together in boiling water fium the beginning, 27% were just washing the bottles after boiling only once initially when measuring artificial milk powder, 31. 5% of the mothers over filled the measuring spoon rather than to the level. 6) The mother's occupation was related to her way of feeding. Mothers at home full time did more breast feeding than mothers employed outside the home. (x2=5.72, p=<0.05). 7) Most mothers began supplementary food, from three to four months (48.8%): 11.2% began later than seven months. Supplementary food was given between milk feedings by 67.2% of the mothers: 19.2% gave it before a milk feeding. Some mothers (26.4%) made their own supplementary food: 19.2% used ready ade supplementary food products for convenience. Recommendations for nursing interventions in eluded: 1. Prenatal education about the advantages of breast feeding and breast care, and home visits after delivery for counselling related to breast feeding. Correct preparation of artificial feeding methods need to be taught in both pre and postnatal periods. In addition, specific education about supplementary feeding needed. 2. Further reserch is indicated about the perceived lack of supply of breast milk and about the effectiveness of nursing interventions to promote breast feeding.

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• Support of Breastfeeding through Telephone Counseling in Korea
  Heasook Kim
  Journal of Human Lactation.1997; 13(1): 29.     CrossRef

Quantitative methodology has been the predominent methodology utilized in research in nursing. However since the 1970s qualitative methodology has also emerged as a useful methodology and has been utilized by many researchers. But in the use of this methodology, the philosophical, epistemelogical, and theoretical backgrounds have been neglected by many researchers. This paper reports a review of the literature on methodologies, quanitative and qualitative, used in nursing, and makes suggestions for future research directions. It explains why qualitative methodology has emerged as as effective methodology in nursing and discusses how the qualitative methodology differs from the quanitative one. A comparison of the two is made based on perspectives of humane being and human behavior as well as the development of nursing science. This paper also presents several views on change in nursing science, since viewpoint not only influences the determination of the current stage of nursing science but also the shaping of the future directions of nursing science and research. Scientific revolution by Kuhn, the evolutionary perspective by Toulmin, the transition of research tradition by Laudan, and convolutionary processes are presented. However, this paper indicates that it is too earlv to adopt these points of view, because the history of nursing science is too short. It suggests that nursing needs pluralism in philosophy, paradigms and theory, as well as in methodology. Although we experience paradoxes in adopting different perspectives in nursing, it is wise for us to continue to include a variety of viewpoints including those to which we are not accustomed, such as qualitative methodology, since we are not yet able to decide what is best for the development of nursing science.

The purpose of study were to investigate the prenatal psychological adaptation and the perception of birth experience, and the identify the relationship between them. The subjects consisted of 162 women who visited the obstetrical outpatient clinic for prenatal examinations and who delivered the in babies at SNUH during the period from June 20 to August 10, 1990. The tools used for measurement were Lederman's Prenatal Self Evaluation Questionnaire and Marut & Mercer's scale of the Perception of Birth. The results are summarized as follows ; 1. The orders and item means of psychosocial adaptation in pregnancy were the Acceptance of pregnancy(1.58). Identification of motherhood role(1.63). Relationship with husband(1.65) and Relationship with mother(1.67). The preparation for labor, concern for wellbeing of self and baby, and fear of pain, helplessness and loss of control were found to be less adaptive. 2. The level of the perception of the birth experience was mid-range(item mean : 3.22). The score of the perception of birth experience for primiparas was higher than for multiparas. However there was not a significant difference the group. There were significant differences in the perception of the birth experience between certain general characteristics, namely, sex of the baby(p<0.05), type of delivery(p<0.005), and type of anesthesia(p<0.005). 3. There were significant differences in the perception of the birth experience between the groups below the mean and above the mean of concern for wellbeing of self and baby, Fear of pain, Helplessness and loss of control, Relationship with husband and Identification of motherhood role(p<0.05). The perception of the birth experience was predicted by Fear of pain, Helplessness and loss of control(11%), Type of Delivery(6%), Concern for wellbeing of self and baby(3%), Preparation for labor(1%), sex of baby(1%), Relationship with mother(1%), Parity(1%) and Identification of motherhood role(1%). The Childbirth education should be revised to improve the psychosocial adaptation in pregnancy.

Perineal discomfort from episiotomy continues to be a problem for many postpartum women. The purpose of this study were to compare the effect of ice bag and heat lamp for the relief of perineal discomfort and to identify the sustaining time of each effect. Forty women took ice bag heat lamp with random assignment of initial therapy. Women rated the degree of perineal discomfort before and after each therapy and at half-hour, two-hour and four-hour intervals after each therapy. A discomfort scale, 18 cm graphic rating scale, was used. The results of the study were as follows ; 1. The ice bag group showed significantly lower discomfort score than the heat lamp group at the half-hour and two-hour intervals after therapy. 2. The ice bag group showed significantly lower discomfort score for 4hrs after than before therapy, but the heat lamp group did not show significantly lower discomfort score. 3. Neither the type of episiotomy nor the previous experience of heat therapy influenced on the effect of ice bag relieving the perineal discomfort. Therefore ice bag was significantly more effective in relieving perineal discomfort than heat lamp. Subjective responses of patients who took both therapy were very favorable toward ice bag. I suggested that nurses should provide women with adequate information about the use of ice bag and encourage to apply ice bag instead of heat lamp after episiotomy in order to promote the relief of perineal discomfort and the healing of perineal wound.

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• ANALYSIS OF PAIN RELIEF IN EPISIOTOMY WOUND WITH INFRARED RADIATION VERSUS ROUTINE PERINATAL CARE AMONG POSTNATAL MOTHERS IN TAMILNADU, MARCH 2017
  Mariappan Gomathi, Thanga Poosamy Jaya Kumar, Periyaswamy Jayaseeli
  Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences.2018; 7(01): 107.     CrossRef

ll-primigravidas who visited antenatal clinic and their husbands were taught Lamaze childbirth education by the investigator in the third trimester of pregnancy. Lamaze childbirth educational course consisted of six weekly class totaling twelve hours of instruction. A questionnaire was adminstered to subjects for the evaluation of Lamaze educational program. 21-questions were rated on a Likert-type scale containing five responses and subjects described the advantages, the disadvantage, and the difficulties of Lamaze childbirth education course. The results of the study were as follows; 1. The core contents of Larnaze childbirth educ-ational program were process of labor, anatomy and physiology of the female body, the care of newborn, maternal- infant attachment, breathing patterns to be used at the appropriate stage of labor, techniques for conscious relaxation of muscles during labor and delivery, and exercise to limber and prepare the body for the work of labor and delivery. All couples understood the above core contents very well and there were not significant differences between the understanding scores of wives and those of husbands (p>0,05). 2, 81,8% of couples practiced breathing pattern to be used at the appropriate stages of labor one or three times a day and 72.7% of couples practiced conscious relaxation of muscles one or three times a day. 3. The contents of Lamaze childbirth educational program were easy for the couples to understand, and the total length, the amounts and the structures of 6-classes were appropriate. 4. Lamaze childbirth educational program was very useful, necessary, interesting, and successful to achieve the couples' objectives. 5. The couples expressed that they had positive attitude and high self-esteem, and reduced their - anxiety on the pregnancy and labor.

The Purposes of this study are for the assessment of anxiety level and for identification for factors relating to the anxiety of the normal pregnant women who are impendign or entering labor. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory is used as the measure of anxiety. The results of the study are as follows; 1. The correlation between state-anxiety and trait-anxiety is 0.459 and the linear regression is y(State-anxiety) =0.251x(Trait-anxiety)+29.27. 2. The maternal state-anxiety is not related to the variables of the age the educational level, the occupation, the prenatal care, parity, show, labor pain and delivery type except for the premature or early rupture of the fetal membranes. 3. The maternal trait-anxiety is not related to the above-mentioned variables.

This study considered the problem of whether the method of Lamaze education changes maternal attitudes toward childrearing, material-infant interaction and is feasible for Korean culture in nineteen mother-infant dyads. Among those mothers, nine wee assigned experimental group who received Lamaze education at the period of 7th and 8th month of gestation, and ten were assigned control group who received obstetric routine care. Maternal attitudes were assessed with selected items from Cohler's Maternal Attitude Scale. Maternal Play Interaction Scale was used during play session to evaluate maternal sensitivity, infant response and mother-infant dyadic synchrony. There were no significant differences not only between the two groups, but also between the period of pre-Lamaze education and post-delivery on the Cohler's maternal attitude scale. Experimental mothers and babies scored significantly higher on maternal sensitivity and infant response. But no differences in mother-infant dyadic synchrony were found. this findings mean that the effect of the lamaze education on the maternal attitudinal change related to be needed the change of cognitive structure is delayed while the effect of that on the maternal infant behavioral response showed immediately. Modification of Lamaze method is necessary for practical use in our sociocultural system.

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• Evaluation of a child abuse prevention program for unmarried mothers in South Korea: a single-case experimental design
  Il Tae Park, Won-Oak Oh
  Child Health Nursing Research.2024; 30(3): 187.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the maternal perception of her newborn and identify the risk of mother-infant relationship. Broussard's Neonatal Perception Inventories were completed by 113 mothers on the first or second postpartum day (Time I) while they were still in the University Hospital. These inventories were again administered when the infants were approximately one month of age (Time II). The data was analyzed by S.P.S.S. program and the results were as follows: 1) There were differences between the mothers' expertations of the average baby and perceptions of their babies at Time I and Time II (p<0.01). 2) The maternal perception of her newborn at Time I was not related with the education, the parity, the experience of abortion, the type of delivery and the sex of baby but related with the method of feeding (p<0.05). 3) The maternal perception of her newborn at TimeII was not related with the education, the parity, the experience of abortion, the type of delivery and the method of feeding but related with the sex of baby (p<0.05). 4) The changes of maternal perception between Time I and Time II were not related with the education, the parity, the experience of abortion, the method of delivery and the sex of baby but related with the method of feeding (p<0.1). 5) The maternal perception of the newborn was not correlated with the age and the duration of labor.

The Purpose of this study was to observe the body temperature changes of newborn infants in general crib and electric-heat crib after birth.for the period required to reach the optimum body temperature. Forty-seven newborn infants who were delivered at Seoul National University Hospital during the period from June 12 to September 13, 1973 were chosen as Subjects for this study. The criteria for the choice of subjects were the babies with normal spontaneous delivery; body weight 2.5kg and over at birth; Apgar sc ore seven and over and gestation period over thirty- six weeks. Of these subjects, by random sampling thi rty- one newborn infants were placed in the general crib and sixteen in the electric-heat crib. The rectal body temperature of these newborn infants were taken and recorded at fifteen-minute interval for the first one hour period after birth, at thirty- minute interval for the next two hours and at one-hour interval for the remaining period up to eight hours. The results of the study were as follows: 1. The mean body temperature of the newborn infants on admission to nursery ranged from 98. 7degrees F. to 99degrees F. irrespective of the body weight and the room temperature. 2. There was a significant difference in the body temperature changes of the newborn infants as a total between the general crib and the electric-heat crib from three to eight hours after birth. It was found that the body temperature of the newborn infants in the electric-heat crib was significantly higtier than that of the newborn infants in the general crib. 3. In comparison with the body temperature changes of the newborn infants in the general crib, the n-ewborn infants in the electric-heat crib exhibited significantly higher body temperatures in all three body weight groups; from four to eight hours after birth in the 2.5-2.9kg body weight group;from three to seven hours after birth in the 3. 0- 3. 4*9 body weight group; from two and half to six hours after birth in the group with body weight over 3.5kg. 4. Time required to reach 98degrees F. of body temperature was four hours in the 2.5~2. 9kg body weight group, three hours in the 3.0-3.4kg, body weight group and two and half hours in the group with body weight over 3.5kg in the electric- heat crib. In the general crib, it look over eight hours in the 2.5~ 2.9kg body weight group and five ho rs in both the 3.0- 3.4kg and over 3.5kg body weight group to reach 98degrees F of body temperature. 5. The lowest mean body temperature of newborn infants in both general and electric- heat crib appeared in forty- five minute after birth and the temperature ranged from 96.4degrees F to 96. 5degrees F. 6. The mean body temperature of the newborn infants in the general crib was increased as the room temperature. 7. The body weight, the room temperature and the time elapsed after birth were proved to be significant factors influencing the body temperature changes of newborn