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PURPOSE: This study was carried out to identify and re-establish the professional identity in clinical nurses. METHOD: From Dec. 1999, for 4 months, the study had been conducted by narrative analysis method based on hermeneutic principles. Subjects were ten nurses with 3-4 years of nursing experience at a university hospital. The data were collected and transcribed through narrative interviews. RESULT: As a result, the maternal role was identified as the most dominant discourse in which nurses formed their identity. Subjects felt that a maternity is socio-culturally needed in case of nursing. Reconstruction of professional identity consists of 3 stages, Telling, Retelling and Rebuilding. At first, nurses felt confused by skeptism of the profession, interpersonal difficulties, and heavy work loads. However, during the interviews, nurses recognized that nursing is not regarded as significant, effort to make nursing meaningful were small, and there was a lack of understanding others. From this new insight, they re-established a new image of nursing "through better understanding of others, seeking knowledge, and making positive efforts towards qualified nursing". CONCLUSION: The above narrative interviews may help nurses reflect and contextually interpret themselves, so that a new identity could be established. Furthermore researchers can obtain new insight from the subjects, while the subjects form a new nursing image from self-reflection.

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PURPOSE: This research study explores the job stress, job satisfaction, and health of women who works in the professional work place and identify the influence of the job stress and job satisfaction on the mental health status focused on the social and psychological structure of the workplace. METHOD: 535 participants of registered nurses and teachers from 10 General Hospitals and 15 Middle and High School located in Seoul, Korea were completed the modified version of the short form Work-family stress inventory of questionnaire as used for job stress and mental health problems and perceived overall health status and job satisfaction. RESULT: Job stress was significantly correlated with job satisfaction, overall health, and mental health. There were also significant group differences in job stress and job satisfaction between nurses and teachers. Multiple regression only moderately supported the effect of job stress and job satisfaction on the mental health of professional working women. Also marital status demonstrated a significant factor of group differences in job stress, work-family stress, job satisfaction, and mental health problem. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that job stress in the work place has profound impact on job satisfaction and health of women who work in the professional job. This study also identified major sources and types of work-related stress on women's health which should be considered in a management for health promotion.

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PURPOSE: The exercise status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, associations between exercise behavior and personal factors, and associations between exercise behavior and exercise-specific cognitions and their effects were assessed. METHOD: Four hundred thirty nine outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis were studied. The exercise status was measured by a single item. The intensity was multiplied by the frequency and duration of each exercise. The product of these intensity values for all exercises was defined as exercise behavior. Based on the Pender's revised health promotion model, exercise benefit, barrier, self-efficacy, enjoyment and social support were chosen as exercise specific cognitions and affect variables. Path analysis was used to identify the predictors of exercise behavior. Results: Compared to the duration before being diagnosed, the number of subjects who exercised regularly increased after being diagnosed. However over half of the subjects refrain from any sort of exercise and the type of exercise is very limited. Among the variables, exercise barrier, self-efficacy, and social support were found to be significant predictors of exercise behavior, and only previous exercise experience was found to be significant predictors of all behavior specific cognitions and affect variables. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that studies should explore exercise behaviors and strategies to emphasize the cognitive-motivational messages to promote exercise behaviors.

This study was conducted by analyzing all 33 articles based on the LISREL, published from January 1991 to March 1999 in Korea. The analyses consisted of the publication date of articles, principal dependent variables, subjects of the research, adequacy of sampling, adequacy of research purposes and
results
, accordance between theoretical model and hypothetical model, fit measures, theoretical base of model modification, and adequacy of conclusion. The results were as follows : The thesis of 33 articles in total were outnumbered as 25 (75.8%) to 8 (24.2%) research articles. As for a sex classification of the subjects, 45.5% of the research were conducted around a female group of subjects, while 54.5% were done for both sex, The range of the sample size was 105 to 803, and the average was 259 subjects. A single theoretical variable was measured for each measurement variable, any difference between variables was hardly found in 8 articles (24.2%), and 19 articles (57.6%) did not consider any measurement error. To analyze if the representative has been considered while collecting the data, most data were collected by a convenient sampling. Seven articles (21.2%) were seen with a sign of a representative. Questionnaires were used in a majority (31 articles) of the data collecting process. Only 2 articles (6.1%) were measured with a physiologic index simultaneously. 14 articles (42.2%) were centered on theory development, 10 articles on theory synthesis, and 9 articles on theory test. The research purposes and results were consistent in 25 articles (75.5%) and 8 articles (24.2%) were inconsistent. The quality of life and health promotion behavior were the concepts most frequently studied as a dependent variable, and 7 articles centered on them. In applied theories a health promotion model was used on 4 articles (12.1%), while role theory and stress-coping models were in 3 articles respectively. The articles were analyzed to see if the hypothetical model was elaborated and tested by the theoretical model. Twenty-five articles proved to be rationale for the inconsistencies. Also, 56.5% proposed hypotheses were supported among the subject articles, and 30 articles (90.0%) suggested a revised model. Path coefficient (17 articles) and theoretical adequacy (17 articles) were the standards mostly used. In conclusion, the principal factors were obtained from the research are to be considered as the principes of LISREL application. First, a model has to be established on a theoretical base rather than empirical results dependent on the data. The results are also required to be globally interpreted. Secondly, at least 200 samples are necessary to satisfy the need. Third, more than 3 measurement variables are to be adjusted to a single theoretical variable; the measurement errors must be suggested as well. Finally, normal distribution characteristics of the data and the estimation method need to be reported. Based on the research result, the follows are suggested; Systematic criteria on the LISREL application and procedure need to be developed Agreement form is required to report the results of research using the LISREL

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The purpose of this study was to construct model of sexual adjustment in people with spinal cord injury and to determine factors that relate to sexual adjustment using methodological triangulation. A total of 134 persons who were registered members of spinal cord injury organization and admitted rehabilitation unit in the hospital were included in the study. Participants answered questionnaire concerning importance of life events, sexual concern, sexual adjustment. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured indepth interviews from 10 individuals with spinal cord injury who were previously included in the quantitative study. Constant compatative method was used to analyze the data. The results were as follows: 1) With respect to eleven other areas of life, sex life ranked the sixth and economic status ranked the highest in terms of importance. However social life ranked the lowest among the 11areas. 2) Among seven topics related to sexuality were methods and techniques to achieve sexual satisfaction, and helping a partner cope emotionally with limitation on sexual dysfunction was the second greastest. 3) The mean score for sexual adjustment was 19.47 which can be considered. 4) A process on how individuals with spinal cord injury adjust to their changed sexual life immerged from the qualitative data. It includs 4 stages: 'stage of loss' 'stage of endeavoring' 'stage of effort' and 'stage of adjustment'. Categories showing context for the action/interaction strategies were 'steadiness' and 'rediscovery as a sexual being'. There were three factors which may stimulate the adjustment process while the others may interrupt it. Those factors included personal matters, family matters and social matters. The individuals may follow each stage step by step but may go back to the previous step depending on the outcomes of their adjustment. 5) There were three factors which may stimulate the adjustment process while the others may interrupt it. Those factors included personal matters, family matters and social matters.

This study is based on grounded theory methodology by Strauss & Corbin(1998). Ten hospitalized subjects were interviewed for data collection. In the process of data analysis, 'acceptance' is found to be the causal condition, while 'health professionals' skillfulness', 'ward environment', 'history of hospitalization', and 'general conditions' were identified as context, 'felling of relief' as the core phenomenon, 'self-efficacy', 'support of others', and 'life style' as the intermediate situation, 'passive reaction', 'alternative reaction' and 'active reaction' as the strategy and 'stabilization', 'satisfaction', 'hope' and 'carrying out' as consequences. 'Feeling of relief' is found to go through the three stages of recognition-generation-maintenance after the five different patterns. 1) In case the health professionals are skillful, the ward environment is favorable, the general conditions of the patients improved and as a result the feeling of relief is strong, during the first hospitalization, the self-efficacy of the subjects tends to be strong. They proceed toward the goal set for themselves with a renewed hope and active or alternative reaction toward the feeling of relief. 2) The subjects tend to proceed toward the goal set for themselves with a renewed hope and active and alternative reaction toward the feeling of relief in case health professionals are skillful, the ward environment is favorable the general conditions of the subjects improved, self-efficacy is strong, and lifestyle is autonomous, during the second hospitalization even though support of others is merely superficial. 3) The subjects tend to stabilize, and satisfy themselves with the given situation with passive and alternative reaction to the feeling of relief in case health professionals are skillful and the ward environment is favorable but the general conditions worsened and accordingly the feeling of relief, is weak and life style is dependent during the second hospitalization although the subjects' self-efficacy is strong and support of others is specific. 4) The subjects tend to stabilize and satisfy themselves with the given situation with passive and alternative reaction to the feeling of relief in case health professionals are unskillful the ward environment is unfavorable, the general conditions improved, support of others is specific but life style is dependent and self-efficacy is weak during the first hospitalization. 5) The subjects tend to stabilize and satisfy themselves with the given situation in case health professionals are unskillful the ward environment is unfavorable but the general conditions improved support of others is specific and as a result self-efficacy is strong but life style is dependent.

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• Identifying the Factors Affecting Comfort and the Comfort Levels of Patients Hospitalized in the Coronary Care Unit
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THE NECESSITY AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Recently the number of patients with chronic diseases and the aged patients is increasing steadily. Furthermore, due to the expansion of health insurance system, the number of patients hospitalized in the general hospital is increasing at a surprising speed. However, hospitals urge the early discharge of the patients for the efficiencies of hospital administration, and therefore, the number of patients who must be taken care of in their home is also increasing. Homecare nursing is one of the health care service for the patients at home who require continual attention and care, and now increasing attentions are given to it as one of the professional nursing fields. However, it was almost impossible to find a study on the actual experiences of the homecare nurses written by their own language in Korea, that it also posed a great difficulty in understanding their diverse experience. Considering these situation, this study will help understanding of them, and provide the fundamental data on their experiences for making policies to develop homecare nursing.
METHODS
OF RESEARCH: Phenomenological research method was employed to analyze the lived experiences of homecare nurses fundamentally. DATA COLLECTION: Data were collected from August 1998 to December 1998 from ten homecare nurses who worked for patients under the homecare nursing setting as model cases designated by Seoul Nurses Association and who agreed to the purpose of this study after listening to and understanding the explanation completely. The in-depth interview was carried at the time which was convenient both for the researcher and participants for one or two hours, and recovered with the approval participants. The first interview covered diverse and broad areas like the situation of homecare nursing, and their feelings and thoughts over it, and in the second and third interviews, more specific questions are asked. DATA ANALYSIS: For the phenomenological analysis, contents analysis was employed. The data collected from the participants were analyzed into the following procedures according to Van Manen 's phenomenological analysis. 1) Reserve the preconception of the researcher by restricting it inside parenthesis. 2) Make a thorough observation of the lived experiences by insight process. 3) Analyze the contents (Find out the repetitive factors) 4) Interpret the essence found. 5) State the meaning of the interpretation.
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION: 1. Fear and expectation for the first visit. (unfamiliarity, awkwardness, anxiety, shivering) 2. Mingle with the family (feeling friendly with the family, becoming like a family member) 3. Being proud of her own know-how (learning the know-how, organizing alternatives, building up confidence) 4. Pity for the poor. (criticizing the current government, feeling ashamed, feeling anger) 5. Difficulty of constructing cooperative system with physicians (strenuousness, frustration) 6. Helplessness due to the lack of support system (difficulty to get supplies, annoyance, embarrassment by institutional restraints) 7. Anxiousness for heavy traffic and parking (annoyance, hastiness) 8. Ethical conflicts (pity for the patients and family, skepticism about lengthening life maintenance) 9. Burden for the possible accident (pressure, anxiety, conflict, physical exhaustion) 10. Establishment of identity as a professional (fulfillment, worth, joy) 11. Being distressed at other's ignorance

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• Communication Competence, Nursing Professionalism and Job Performance among Home Healthcare Nurses
  Eunha Jeong, Sujeong Han
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2020; 26(4): 409.     CrossRef
• Difficulties and Coping Experienced by Advanced Practice Nurses in Home Health Nursing Field
  Moon-Sook Hwang, Hak Young Park, Soo Jung Chang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2020; 31(2): 143.     CrossRef
• Self Role Perception of Health Teachers in Elementary Schools
  Jeong Hee Lee, Byoung Sook Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2010; 21(4): 398.     CrossRef
• A Study on Participation in Clinical Decision Making by Home Healthcare Nurses
  Se Young Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2010; 40(6): 892.     CrossRef
• Developing an Electronic Nursing Record System for Clinical Care and Nursing Effectiveness Research in a Korean Home Healthcare Setting
  EUN JOO LEE, MIKYOUNG LEE, SUE MOORHEAD
  CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing.2009; 27(4): 234.     CrossRef

This study was done to investigate the lives of the daughters- in- law caring for parents with dementia and participate in their lives through having quality time with them. Data were collected by depth interviews and interpreted through the hermeneutic circle as follows. These daughters-in-law have conflict between social custom and subjective self. They had ambivalence toward their demented partents-in- law and were fighting a battle between rationality and emotions in their mind. These daughters-in law and mothers-in- law did not get along and the parents' dementia aggravated the relationships. They were alienated from their family by the parents with dementia. The indifference of their family especially their husbands, made these subjects live in misery. They cared for the demented mother-in-law with hatred. Even though they had this yoke, there daughters- in-law were not able to throw off the shackles of convention.

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• The relationship between dementia caregivers and quality of life in South Korean populations
  Sujin Lee, Jae Ho Chung
  Medicine.2024; 103(25): e38605.     CrossRef
• Association between Living with Patients with Dementia and Family Caregivers’ Depressive Symptoms—Living with Dementia Patients and Family Caregivers’ Depressive Symptoms
  Minah Park, Fatima Nari, Soo Hyun Kang, Sung-In Jang, Eun-Cheol Park
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(8): 4372.     CrossRef
• The Experience of Adult Korean Children Caring for Parents Institutionalized with Dementia
  Suhye Kwon, Young-Sook Tae
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2014; 44(1): 41.     CrossRef
• Overcoming Experiences of Family Members Caring for Elderly Patients with Dementia at Home
  Mi Ra Sung, Myungsun Yi, Dong Young Lee, Hye Young Jang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2013; 43(3): 389.     CrossRef
• The Relationship among Perceived Entrapment, Depression and Subjective Well-being of Women as Family Caregivers Caring for Dementia Elderly
  Suk-Hee Cheon
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2011; 17(3): 285.     CrossRef
• Family Caregiver Burden by Relationship to Care Recipient with Dementia in Korea
  Gwi-Ryung Son Hong, Hyojeong Kim
  Geriatric Nursing.2008; 29(4): 267.     CrossRef
• Daughters‐in‐law in Korean caregiving families
  Jin‐Sun Kim
  Journal of Advanced Nursing.2001; 36(3): 399.     CrossRef

This study was performed to analyse the tendency of the self-care studies, to investigate the variables related to self-care, which could be applied for the data establishing the theory of self-care. to accomplish the objectives of this study, the researchers analyzed 83 studies, available that contained the area of self-care, which was published in local and foreign areas between 1981 and Feb. 1997. The findings of this study are as follows: 1) Studies published in Korea were about twice more than foreign studies. According to the statistics, the number of studies in this study tended to increase year by year. Between 1991 and 1995 were most. Analysis on the subject of this studies showed, that they were most dealt with chronic diseases an adults. 2) The theoretical definition of self-care were most referred to Orem's self-care. For the main concept of studies, self care performance was the most. 3) The correlational study was most often used design and experimental study is tended to increase. The questionnaires were the most often used data collection method. There was lots of different variable measuring technique to evaluate main concepts. 4) In the results of analysis on the propositions related to the self-care performance, a client's education, social support, self-efficacy, and level of knowledge as a causal variable were found. Also, the physiological index improved and quality of life were fond to be significant effective variables.

Since patients with strokes occupy a high priority among patients for home nursing, the development of guidelines for such nursing is required and the need of these patients should be reflected in the guidelines. Therefore, this study was done to identify the content and levels of home nursing for patients with strokes and to utilize the data in developing the most effective home nursing guidelines for these patients. The level of A.D.L. and the ability to control upper extremities were measured, and through a questionnaire. the needs for home nursing and related variables were also evaluated. The subjects for the study were 121 patients, 58 inpatients and 63 home care patients who had a Stroke. Data collection was done from September 1996 to January 1997. The collected data were analyzed utilizing SPSS/PC, and the results are as follows : 1. Home nursing need of inpatients The priority order of home nursing need for inpatients was : "Training in emergency treatments and how to cope with a stroke"(2.28+1.06), next "Explanation of diets as limited or recommended", and last, "Nursing care for sleeping problems". 2. Home nursing need home of patients The priority order of home nursing needs for home patients was ; "Care for the paralyzed side"(2.89+.34), next, "Maintenance of right posture and how to change position"(2.87+.34), and last, "Counseling on sex". 3. Comparison of the levels of home nursing needs between inpatients and home patients The results of analyses of home nursing needs according to causes were grouped into seven categories ; and t-tests of the seven categories showed significant differences between the two groups in all categories, that is, the level of home nursing needs were significantly higher for home patients than inpatients in all categories of home nursing. 4. Level of home nursing needs by characteristic The variables that have affected the level of home nursing needs for these patients were sex, profession, level of education, accompanying diseases, paralyzed position, A.D.L. levels and ability levels in coordinating upper extremities. There variables, displayed a reverse correlation with the level of home nursing needs, and the degree of correlation was high. In conclusion, the above results, show there were differences in the priority order of home nursing needs between inpatients and home patients : but the content of home nursing needs wanted by these patients was similar. Meanwhile, the levels of demand for home nursing was exceptionally higher on the part of home patients than inpatients, Although it is realized that nursing guidelines for home nursing needs in all items need to be developed, there is also a necessity to guidelines in accordance with priority orders, and with consideration of the factors that affect the level of home nursing needs.

In order to approach the nursing care of clients who are using oriental medicine and to understand the perception of the client who uses oriental medicine practices and the need to develop a model of nursing related to oriental medicine it is important to examine the major nursing concepts as they are found in oriental medicine and as they are differently defined according to the basic thought, theory and philosophical perspectives between East and West. Oriental medicine developed based on Sung Confucianism; the teachings of Chu-tzu, especially Tai-Chi-Tu Shuo and energy thought which are similar to traditional Korean Sasang Constitutional medicine. The basic theory on which oriental medicine is build is the theory of the five elements of Yin/Eum-Yang Theory (cosmic dual forces) and Meridian Theory. The most important attribute of Yin Yang is the concept of duality, confrontation and dependence, within Yin Yang but which do not exist separately. That is, the universe is a vast, indivisible entity within which all things exist in harmonious interdependence and balance. Harmony is achieved only when the two primorial forces, Yin and Yang, are brought into perfect balance. Each is contained within the other and there is a continuing interchange between the two. This also applies to the human body including human health which is defined as balanced harmony. The most universal connection of Yin and Yang is found in the universe where the five elements of life, fire, water, earth, wood and metal can be explained as having either Yin or Yang and thererfore being in a state of connectedness but systematically circulating between the two, that is essentalilly one (the control of the unified) or as co-existant poles of individual wholes (the pluralism of Yin Yang Theory) so that it is all unified (balanced) in the Great Absoulte. Human beings also maintain a balance of Yin and Yang in the five elements and this relationship is very important in. approaching oriental medicine. The meridians are the channels in the body through which the life force flow throughout the body. In oriental medicine the meridians are seen as the railroad, the acupuncture points on the meridians as the stations and energy as the train. In the normal healthy organism, all are maintained in balance and in a contiuous circulation of energy. Illness is the result of the enrgy flow becoming disarranged. Although practitioners of oriental medicine approach the client differently than do practitioners of Western medicine and their method of examining the patient is different, the basic objectives of the examination are the same for practitioners of both types of medicine. Therefore if each could be used to supplement the deficncies in the other and achieve a harmonious cooperation between the two, a higher level of care which is culturally appropriate to korean culture could be achieved. The traditional korean concept of health is a naturalistic view which emphasizes being in harmony with nature. Any manifestation of disease is considered a sign that the body is in a state of disequilibrium and is thus no longer in harmony with the universe. The wholistic view of the world held by practitioners of oriental medicine can be used by nursing in the development of a world view of nursing in which the human being is seen within the macrocosm as part of the natural phenomenon of the universe and but also as a microcosm of the universe, a universe which is a vast and indivisible entity within which all things exist in harmonious interdependence and balance. Interaction between human beings and their environment and the relationship of this interaction to health are concepts that are also found in nursing. Nursing views human beings, not as an accumulation of separate cells and organs but, as unified wholes interacted in very close relationship with their environment. Nursing also maintains a view of human beings in which emphasis is placed on the role of the mind in explaining the concepts of harmony and balance in health. Although there are differences between oriental medicine and nursing in approaches to clients, the basic point of view and philosophy have many fundamental similarites. An understanding of the basic thought and philosophy of oriental medicine if applied to nursing, would allow for the development, not only of nursing related to oriental medicine, but of a nursing theory appropriate to the korean context.

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• A Concept Analysis of Yangsaeng (Nurturing Life) Using Rogers’ Evolutionary Method
  Youngmi Kang, Minkyung Gu
  Holistic Nursing Practice.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Nurse Characteristics related to Level of Use of Essential Oriental Nursing Terms in Oriental Medicine Hospitals
  Jee-In Hwang, Won-Ock Kim, Myoung-Ja Wang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2011; 17(2): 209.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study were to identify causal factors of Anxiety and to analyze correlation between perceived family support and anxiety in hemiplegic patients. The subjects of this study were 88 hospitalized hemiplegic patients at Kyung-Hee Oriental medicine Hospital. Data were collected by using interview with questionnaire from Jan. 15 to Mar. 31, 1990. The measurement tools used by this researcher were Kang's family support scale. Spielberger's trait anxiety scale and the other anxiety scale which was developed by this researcher, approved it's reliability and validity. For the purposes of the study, the collected data were analyzed by frequency, t-test, ANOVA and the hypothesis was tested by pearson correlation, partial correlation. The results of the study were as follow. 1) The analysis of causal factor of anxiety higher anxiety these three cases ; (1) 1st causal factor was the delayed recovery of paralyzed upper limbs(2.42+/-1.27). (2)2nd causal factor was the dysfunction of physical ability(2.30+/-1.29). (3) 3rd causal factor was difficulty for walking(2.30+/-0.83) and the anxiety level(2.02+/-0.83) of physical factor was the highest level than any other factors. 2) The hypothesis that the more perceived family support level is the less anxiety level of patient was supported(r=-.29, p=.003). 3) The analysis of the general characteristics exerting influences on anxiety level patients ; (sex, age, marital status, religious, education level, occupation, economic status, experience of hospitalization, care giver, the period of hospitalization side, of paralysis). In this analysis, any factor has not a statistical significance.(p>.05). 4) The analysis of the relationship about effective factors of family support level by the general characteristics of patient(sex, age, marital status, religious, education level, occupation, economic status, experience of hospitalization, care giver, the period of hospitalization, side of paralysis). In this analysis, there was significant difference on perceived family support between married and bereaved patients(t=-2.68, p=.009). As a result of this study, anxiety level of physical factor was higher than any other factors (psychological factor, social factor) and the delayed recovery of paralyzed upper limbs is the largest causal factor of anxiety of physical factor. Meanwhile, the relationship between the degree of family support and the level of anxiety was negatively correlated but degree of relationship was low. Therefore, one can infer from this study that sufficient information about recovery of physical problems and family support were effective in preventing and reducing anxiety in hemiplegic patient.

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• Factors Affecting Depression in College Students who were Confirmed with COVID-19
  Minkyung Gu
  Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2024; 33(1): 60.     CrossRef
• PERCEIVED INCOME ADEQUACY, FAMILY SUPPORT, FINANCIAL ANXIETY, AND TAX NON-COMPLIANCE OF INDONESIAN WORKING WOMEN DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
  Priandhita Sukowidyanti Asmoro
  Business: Theory and Practice.2023; 24(1): 123.     CrossRef

This study was conducted to investigate the present situation and problems related to the use of nursing diagnosis in practice. The data were obtained from 332 subjects (27 director of nursing service, 302 staff nurses) who worked in university hospitals in Korea from July through August 1988 using a mailed questionnaire. Data were analyzed by frequency, X2 test and t-test. The findings were as follows : 1. Clinical use of nursing diagnosis by directors of nursing service and staff nurses. 1) The majority of the nursing departments (88.9 %) conducted group education on nursing diagnosis during the last 5 years and 81.5% of them kept a record formet for nursing diagnosis ; 88 .9 % of them had had prior experience with the nursing diagnosis. 2) Most of nurses (97.0%) had received education on nursing diagnosis, 2. Factors related to the clinical use of nursing diagnosis in nursing service departments and by staff nurses. 1) The one factor related to the use of nursing diagnosis in the nursing service department was the existence: of a record. 2) Factors related to the use of nursing diagnosis by the staff nurses were the organization style of the nursing service department, group education during the last 5 years, existence of a record, the attitude of the director of nursing service, and prior experience of the use of the nursing diagnosis as characteristics of nursing service department and educational experience of nursing diagnosis as a character of nurse. 3. Problems with the use of nursing diagnosis. 1) The primary problem was the lack of time and personnel (mean : 3.757) I the second problem was the lack of knowledge and will to use nursing diagnosis in practice by the staff nurses(mean : 3.546). 2) There was no significant difference in problems expressed by the director of nursing services and the nurses. The majority of nurses who worked in the university hospitals expressed interest in and concern about the use of nursing diagnosis. Most of the nurses had had education about on nursing diagnosis but use in practice was limited. The primary problem was lack of time and manpower Strategies for improving use of the nursing diagnosis in practice: 1) Strengthening the education about nursing diagnosis and a holistic approach to understanding human beings. 2) Develop protocols for the use of nursing diagnosis. 3) Eliminate the language barrier regarding nursing diagnosis by translation into in Korean. 4) Decentralization of the nursing service to promote accountability by individual nurses for use of nursing diagnosis.

This study was conducted to measure the effects of clinical application of a Nursing Diagnosis Protocol. The dependent variables were the degree of patient's satisfaction and the degree of nurse's satisfaction with the nursing activity. Analysis of the effect of the use of the nursing diagnosis protocol was based on the nursing record. The subjects for this study were 61 nurses (experimental group 31, control group 30) and 155 patients (experimental group 55, control group 100) on four internal medicine wards in K University Hospital in Seoul. Data collection was done from August to October 12.1988. - The results obtained in this study can be summarized as follows, 1. Effect of the clinical application of the nursing diagnosis protocol. 1) The first hypothesis ; " nurses who use the nursing diagnosis protocol will have higher degrees of satisfaction than those who use traditional methods" was rejected.(t= .54, df=58, p=.59). 2) The second hypothesis ; " patients nursed by nurses using the nursing diagnosis protocol will have higher degrees of satisfaction than those nursed with traditional methods" was supported(t=1.93, df=154, p= ,05). 3) The third hypothesis: Major hypothesis ; "the nursing records of the experimental group, who used the nursing diagnosis protocol, will be more detailed than those of the control group " was supported (t=6.40, df=79.90, p=.000). (1) The first subhypothesis ; "The recorded data collection of the experimental group will be more detailed than . that of the control group" was rejected (t= 1.79, df=118, p=.07). (2) The second subhypothesis : "The recorded patient's problem statement of the experimental group will be more detailed than that of the control group" was supported. (3) The third subhypothesis : "The nursing record of the experimental group will be more convenient for implementation than that of the control group" was supported. 2. Factors related to the nurse's degree of satisfaction with protocol. 1) No general characteristics(age, religion, education level, duty career, present duty career) were related to the Burse's degree of satisfaction. 2) Variables related to the nurse's degree of satisfaction were "satisfaction as a nurse" and "consider nursing as lifelong job" (t=-2.6, df=13.2 2, p=.02, t=2,41, df=23.85, p=.02). 3. Factors related to the patient's degree of satisfaction. 1) General characteristics related to the patient's degree of satisfaction with nurses using the protocol were ass. educational level, and being married.(F=5.17, df=3/153, p=.00, t=-2.39, df=154, p=.01, f=5.91, df=2/153, p=.00) 2) The variables previous hospitalization, duration of hospitalization, the hospital unit, presence of a relative, medical insurance, or medical diagnosis were not related to the patient's degree of satisfaction. I. The experimental group's nursing record was more detailed than the control group's record with regard to the physical and psychological state of the patients. As noted above, the experimental group nurses, who use a nursing diagnosis had protocol were less satisfied than the: control group who used traditional methods of the recording, but experimental group patients had a higher degree of satisfaction than the control group patients. The nursing records of experimental group, using the nursing diagnosis protocol was more detailed than that of the control group. If the nursing diagnosis protocol is used in clinical nursing practice, the quality of nursing care may be improved.

No abstract available.

The conclusions were obtained from the detailed survey of 1,285 students experiencing menstruation, who were chosen among 1,717 students in middle & high school girls in Seoul. The survey was conducted during July 20-July 24, 1971. 1. Age of Menarche An average age of menarche was 13.3+-1.07. The earlist age of menarche was 9 and the leates age 18. Ages of menarche were between 12 and 14 in 84.3 percent of the students surveyed. a. By present age distribution, the aged students were lower than younger students in the average age of menarche. b. By father's educational levels, among the students whose fathers were graduated from high schools, college & over the earlist average age of menarche was found with 13.2, and among the students whose fathers were graduated from primary schools that was latest with 13.6. c. By fater's occupations, among the students whose fathers engaged in "workers not classifiable" the earlist age of menarche was found with 12.5+-0.27, among the students whose fathers were in "service business" the second was 12.9+-1.07, and among the students whose fathers were in "miners, quarrymen and related workers" that was latest with 13.8+-1.14. d. By economic status, among the students of "wealthy" families the age of menarche was 13.1+- 0.25, the among the students of "ordinary" families the age of menarche 13.3+-1.06, and the among the students of "poor" families that was 13.8+-0.31. e. By home dicipline, among the students being treated "rigid" the age of menarche was 13.5+- 1.13, among the students being treated "moderate" the age of menarche was 13.3+-0.22, and those being treated "indifferent" that was 13.0+-0.26. f. By students physical condition, among the students of "good" condition the average of menarche was 13.3+-0.16, and among the students "poor" that was 13.5+-0.31. 2. Menstruation a. Por the six months after the average of menarche 39.0 percent of the students had normat menstruations, and 61.3 percent of them had abnormal ones. Of the students with abnormal menstruation 21.7 percent had abnomal menstruaion from time to time, 25.4 percent had no menstruation for one month to three months, 7.2 percent had menstruation for four to six months and 6.7 per cent had no menstruation for more than six months. Most students became to have normal menstruations a few months later the age of menarche. b. At the time interviewed, the percentile of cycle of menstruation as follwing: 23 days types: 46.8 percent 30 days types: 40.6 percent others : 12.6 percent The average cycle of menstruation was every 28.9 days. c. The average duration of menstrution in 4.69 days. d. The subjective symptoms during menstruaton period: Out of the total 89.7 per cent had some pains, while 10.3 percent had no symptom. Among the wymptoms, abdominal pain occupied 29.9 percent, neurotic symptoms 19.0 percent and lumbago 15.1 percent. e. By attitude or Action at first physical change, "Treated it by own experience" :36.0 percent "Didn't know what to do because of ignorance" :20.1 percent "Asked others about it" :43.0 percent.