Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Eun Young Park

10 Articles

Decision Making Experience on Breast Reconstruction for Women with Breast Cancer: Myungsun Yi, Woo Joung Joung, Eun Young Park, Eun Jin Kwon, Haejin Kim, Ji Young Seo; J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(6):894-904. Published online December 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.6.894

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore decision making experiences of Korean women with breast cancer who underwent breast reconstruction with/after a mastectomy.

Methods

Data were collected during 2015-2016 through individual in-depth interviews with 10 women who had both mastectomy and breast reconstruction, and analyzed using phenomenological method to identify essential themes on experiences of making a decision to have breast reconstruction.

Results

Five theme clusters emerged. First, “expected loss of sexuality and discovery of autonomy” illustrates various aims of breast reconstruction. Second, “holding tight to the reputation of doctors amid uncertainty” specifies the importance of a trust relationship with their physician despite a lack of information. Third, “family members to step back in position” describes support or opposition from family members in the decision making process. Fourth, “bewilderment due to the paradox of appearance-oriented views” illustrates paradoxical environment, resulting in confusion and anger. Lastly, “decision to be made quickly with limited time to oneself” describes the crazy whirling process of decision making.

Conclusion

Findings highlight aims, worries, barriers, and facilitators that women with breast cancer experience when making a decision about breast reconstruction. Deciding on breast reconstruction was not only a burden for women in a state of shock with a diagnosis of breast cancer, but also an opportunity to decide to integrate their body, femininity, and self which might be wounded from a mastectomy. These findings will help oncology professionals provide effective educational counselling before the operation to promote higher satisfaction after the operation.

Citations

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Influence of body image on quality of life in breast cancer patients undergoing breast reconstruction: Mediating of self‐esteem
Yunhee Jang, Mihyeon Seong, Sohyune Sok
Journal of Clinical Nursing.2023; 32(17-18): 6366. CrossRef
Effects of decision aids on breast reconstruction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Shu Yang, Lin Yu, Chunmiao Zhang, Mengmeng Xu, Qi Tian, Xuan Cui, Yantong Liu, Shuanghan Yu, Minglu Cao, Wei Zhang
Journal of Clinical Nursing.2023; 32(7-8): 1025. CrossRef
“Struggling to Accept the New Breast as Part of My Body” – The Challenge of Immediate Breast Reconstruction in Women With Breast Cancer
Jeehee Han, Juhye Jin, Sanghee Kim, Dong Won Lee, Sue Kim
Cancer Nursing.2022; 45(4): 262. CrossRef
Do COVID-19–Related Treatment Changes Influence Fear of Cancer Recurrence, Anxiety, and Depression in Breast Cancer Patients?
Soo Yeon Kim, Sue Kim
Cancer Nursing.2022; 45(2): E628. CrossRef
A Decision Tree Model for Breast Reconstruction of Women with Breast Cancer: A Mixed Method Approach
Eun Young Park, Myungsun Yi, Hye Sook Kim, Haejin Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(7): 3579. CrossRef
The Lived Experience of Body Alteration and Body Image with Regard to Immediate Breast Reconstruction among Women with Breast Cancer
Jeonghee Ahn, Eunyoung E Suh
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(2): 245. CrossRef
Factors Influencing Quality of Life Among Breast Cancer Patients Following Immediate Breast Reconstruction
A Young Kim, Jeong Hye Kim
Asian Oncology Nursing.2020; 20(1): 1. CrossRef
Korean Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of Korean Version EORTC QLQ-BRECON23
Soo-Kyung Bok, Youngshin Song, Ancho Lim, Hyunsuk Choi, Hyunkyung Shin, Sohyun Jin
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(24): 9163. CrossRef
Operation Experiences of Women with Breast Cancer
Hyeon-Young Kim, Sun Hwa Shin
Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2020; 27(2): 129. CrossRef
“Waiting for breast reconstruction”: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of heterosexual couples’ experiences of mastectomy for breast cancer
Kristopher Lamore, Cécile Flahault, Léonor Fasse, Aurélie Untas
European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2019; 42: 42. CrossRef
Breast reconstruction statistics in Korea from the Big Data Hub of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service
Jae-Won Kim, Jun-Ho Lee, Tae-Gon Kim, Yong-Ha Kim, Kyu Jin Chung
Archives of Plastic Surgery.2018; 45(05): 441. CrossRef

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Phenomenology on the Lived Experience of Korean Women with Spinal Cord Injuries: Hye Min Hwang, Myungsun Yi, Eun Young Park, Eun Jin Kwon; J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42(4):508-516. Published online August 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.4.508

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to understand and explain the essences and structures of the experience of Korean women who have had a spinal cord injury.

Methods

The data were collected in 2010 through individual in-depth interviews using open-ended questions. A total of 9 women with spinal cord injuries participated in the study. Each interview lasted about 2 hours. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using phenomenological analysis.

Results

Five theme clusters emerged from the analysis using Colaizzi's method: frozen mind with rigid body; shame due to restrictions of physical function and dependency; struggle to go back to the previous normal body; disabilities that are noticeable in everyday family life; rebirth by discarding the obsessions of the past. These theme clusters illustrate that although most participants faced very strange and unbearable situations in most aspects of life after the injury, they were empowered finally by finding their hope and by giving new meanings to the current existence.

Conclusion

This study provides deep understanding of women with spinal cord injuries who are relatively alienated from society. Based on the results of the study, health professionals could develop effective nursing interventions to improve quality of life of these women.

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The lived experience: Nurses' experience of caring for patients with a traumatic spinal cord injury
Shareena Bibi, P. Rasmussen, P. McLiesh
International Journal of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing.2018; 30: 31. CrossRef
Ischemic Stroke Patients' Decision-Making Process in Their Use of Western Medicine and Alternative and Complementary Medicine
Chen-Ying Hsieh, Shou-Yu Wang, Yeu-Hui Chuang, Ho-Hsiang Chen
Holistic Nursing Practice.2018; 32(1): 17. CrossRef
Research Development from Acceptance to the Meaning of Acquired Disability in People with Impaired Mobility in Japan
Masakuni Tagaki
Japanese Psychological Research.2016; 58(S1): 85. CrossRef
Content Analysis of Communication between Nurses during Preceptorship
Yeon Ok Jeoung, Song Chol Park, Jeong Kun Jin, Joo Young Kim, Ji Uhn Lee, Soon Young Park, Sohyune Sok
Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2014; 23(2): 82. CrossRef
Factors Influencing Quality of Life of People with Noncongenital Spinal Cord Injury
Hye Min Hwang, Myungsun Yi
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2014; 26(4): 444. CrossRef

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Development and Effectiveness of Expressive Writing Program for Women with Breast Cancer in Korea: Eun Young Park, Mungsun Yi; J Korean Acad Nurs 2012;42(2):269-279. Published online April 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.2.269

Abstract PDF

Purpose

To develop a expressive writing program for women with breast cancer and to identify its effects on stress physical symptom, cancer symptom, anxiety, depression, and QOL.

Methods

A non-equivalent control pre-post design was used. Participants were recruited from self-help groups in six hospitals and were assigned to the experimental group (29) or control group (29). Data were collected before, after, and at four weeks after the intervention program. Changes in the variables were evaluated to test effects of the developed program, using χ²-test, Fisher's exact test, repeated measures ANOVA, and paired t-test.

Results

The expressive writing program was developed for women with breast cancer based on Pennebaker's expressive writing. Significant differences were found between the two groups for stress related to physical symptoms (p<.00) and quality of life (p=.024). No significant differences were found in cancer symptoms, anxiety, or depression between the two groups.

Conclusion

The results indicate that the expressive writing program designed to express cancer-related deep thoughts and emotions helps in decreasing physical symptoms and improving QOL. Further studies are needed to identify the effect on emotions such as anxiety and depression for women with breast cancer with above average levels of anxiety and depression.

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Effects of a Remote Videoconferencing-based Expressive Writing Program on Posttraumatic Stress, Resilience, and Post-traumatic Growth among Traumatized Nurses
Nam Hee Chae, Ji Young Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2024; 30(2): 152. CrossRef
Care Needs of Advanced Cancer Patients in a Long-term Care Hospital: Patient-Nurse Comparison
Hee-Jung Kang, Kyung-Ah Kang
Asian Oncology Nursing.2023; 23(4): 196. CrossRef
Can emotional expressivity and writing content predict beneficial effects of expressive writing among breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy? A secondary analysis of randomized controlled trial data from China
Yanni Wu, Dongliang Yang, Biao Jian, Chaixiu Li, Liping Liu, Wenji Li, Xiaojin Li, Chunlan Zhou
Psychological Medicine.2023; 53(4): 1527. CrossRef
Development and effects of a post-traumatic growth program for patients with breast cancer
Sung Hee Choi, Young Whee Lee, Hwa Soon Kim, Soo Hyun Kim, Eun-Hyun Lee, Eun Young Park, Young Up Cho
European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2022; 57: 102100. CrossRef
Effect of Expressive Writing on Professional Quality of Life and Resilience among Intensive Care Unit Nurses
Danbi You, Hye-Ja Park
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2021; 46(3): 276. CrossRef
Effect of prolonged expressive writing on health outcomes in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial
Yanni Wu, Liping Liu, Wanting Zheng, Chunrao Zheng, Min Xu, Xiaohong Chen, Wenji Li, Lijun Xie, Pengyan Zhang, Xiaoli Zhu, Chuanglian Zhan, Chunlan Zhou
Supportive Care in Cancer.2021; 29(2): 1091. CrossRef
Non-pharmacological therapies for depressive symptoms in breast cancer patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Liliana Coutiño-Escamilla, Maricela Piña-Pozas, Aurelio Tobías Garces, Brenda Gamboa-Loira, Lizbeth López-Carrillo
The Breast.2019; 44: 135. CrossRef
The Effects of Expressive Writing Interventions for Patients With Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Pok-Ja Oh, Soo Kim
Oncology Nursing Forum.2016; 43(4): 468. CrossRef
Does therapeutic writing help people with long-term conditions? Systematic review, realist synthesis and economic considerations
Olga P Nyssen, Stephanie JC Taylor, Geoff Wong, Elizabeth Steed, Liam Bourke, Joanne Lord, Carol A Ross, Sheila Hayman, Victoria Field, Ailish Higgins, Trisha Greenhalgh, Catherine Meads
Health Technology Assessment.2016; 20(27): 1. CrossRef
Effect of Expressive Writing Intervention on Health Outcomes in Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Chunlan Zhou, Yanni Wu, Shengli An, Xiaojin Li, Gozde Ozakinci
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(7): e0131802. CrossRef
Expressive writing interventions in cancer patients: a systematic review
Erin L. Merz, Rina S. Fox, Vanessa L. Malcarne
Health Psychology Review.2014; 8(3): 339. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Symptom Experiences of Breast Cancer Patients: Based on the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms
HyoJin Kim, Sanghee Kim, Hyangkyu Lee, SangEun Oh
Asian Oncology Nursing.2014; 14(1): 7. CrossRef
Written emotional disclosure for women with ovarian cancer and their partners: randomised controlled trial
Emily Arden‐Close, Yori Gidron, Louise Bayne, Rona Moss‐Morris
Psycho-Oncology.2013; 22(10): 2262. CrossRef
Effect of Depression and Anxiety on Symptoms in Thyroid Cancer Patients Undergoing Radioactive Iodine (I131) Therapy
Nami Chun
Asian Oncology Nursing.2012; 12(4): 297. CrossRef
The Relationships between Stigma, Distress, and Quality of Life in Patients with Lung Cancer
Jung Lim Lee, Keum Soon Kim
Journal of Korean Oncology Nursing.2011; 11(3): 237. CrossRef

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Hospital Workers' Experience with Hospital Evaluation Program: A Focus Group Study: Myungsun Yi, Ji Hyeon Oh, Hye Min Hwang, Eun Jin Kwon, Jeong-hee Lee, Eun Young Park; J Korean Acad Nurs 2011;41(4):568-579. Published online August 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.4.568

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to understand and describe the hospital workers' experience related to the hospital evaluation program implemented in Korea between 2004 and 2009.

Methods

During 2010, data were collected using focus group interviews. Four focus group interviews were held with a total of 28 hospital workers participating. All interviews were recorded and transcribed as they were spoken, and data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

Nine themes emerged from the analysis: 1) Positive change in the necessity of the evaluation; 2) Improvement in the hospital system, facilities, and human resources; 3) Unity through cooperation among departments; 4) Nursing work overload; 5) Lack of physicians' awareness and responsibilities; 6) Unfair and unrealistic evaluation items; 7) Lack of credibility of the outcome; 8) Shifting responsibility for negative outcomes to the workers; 9) Lack of pragmatic utility.

Conclusion

The results of the study demonstrate that the hospital evaluation program played a key role in improving some work environments and communication among departments. At the same time, they show various negative themes resulting from the context of very authoritarian hospital systems and a connection-oriented society in Korea.

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Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service Research.2023; 3(1): 37. CrossRef
A comparative analysis of the work environments for registered nurses, nurse aides, and caregivers using the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey
Sung Shin Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Jun Sik Park, Seoung Hee Ho, Hyosun Kweon, Young-Hyeon Bae
BMC Nursing.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effect of Occupational Stress among Occupational Groups Related to Healthcare Accreditation on Turnover Intention
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2019; 25(5): 373. CrossRef
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Kyung-Sook Kim
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2016; 22(5): 437. CrossRef
Perception related to the Healthcare Accreditation Effects on Turnover Intention and Job Stress of employees' Quality Improvement Department
Young-Hi Heo, Jung-Ae Park
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(12): 659. CrossRef
Factors Influencing Turnover Intention of Nurses after Evaluation for Certification at Geriatric Hospitals: Focused on Job Stress and Burnout
Eun Joung Choi, Ji Won Park, Mi Lim Cho
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(3): 438. CrossRef
Assimilating to Hierarchical Culture: A Grounded Theory Study on Communication among Clinical Nurses
MinYoung Kim, Seieun Oh, Sheila Alexander
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(6): e0156305. CrossRef
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Journal of Digital Convergence.2014; 12(6): 439. CrossRef

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Psychosocial Adjustment of Low-Income Koreans with Cancer: Myungsun Yi, Eun Young Park, Dal Sook Kim, Young Sook Tae, Bok Yae Chung, Hyang Sook So; J Korean Acad Nurs 2011;41(2):225-235. Published online April 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.2.225

Abstract PDF

Purpose

To describe psychosocial adjustment of low-income Koreans who have cancer.

Methods

Data were collected during 2008 using individual in-depth interviews with 18 Korean people with cancer. The income status of the participants was low, 11 were recipients of the National Basic Livelihood Protection program. Mean age was 58.3 yr and 11 were female. Five participants had stomach cancer, five, colorectal cancer, and four, breast cancer. Data were analyzed using grounded theory methodology.

Results

The core category emerged as 'bearing up alone with double suffering'. 'Poverty and cancer: A double suffering' emerged as a causal condition. The adjustment process consisted of three stages: 'forming a treatment will to live' ,'practicing for the cure',and 'restructuring self and repaying favors'. Each stage indicated action-interaction strategies which were employed to bear up alone with double suffering during the illness process. Self-reflection, parental responsibility, and support from the public sector played important roles in overcoming the double suffering. Two types of consequences were identified: Transcended life and strained life suppressed by poverty and cancer.

Conclusion

The results provide insights into the psychosocial adjustment process for low income Korean with cancer and can be used in developing and implementing efficient home-care services for these people.

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Ji Eun Kim, Ilaria Campesi
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A Decision Tree Model for Breast Reconstruction of Women with Breast Cancer: A Mixed Method Approach
Eun Young Park, Myungsun Yi, Hye Sook Kim, Haejin Kim
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Hye Sook Kim, Hye-Young Jang, Myungsun Yi, Hye Yeon Seo
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Young-Sun Rhee
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Yeon Hee Choi, Young Sun Ha
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2014; 25(2): 109. CrossRef
Psychosocial needs of low-income people with cancer in Korea
Myungsun Yi, Keeho Park, Eun Young Park
European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2014; 18(6): 549. CrossRef
An Analysis of Cancer Survival Narratives Using Computerized Text Analysis Program
Dal Sook Kim, Ah Hyun Park, Nam Jun Kang
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2014; 44(3): 328. CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Health Service Management.2013; 7(1): 1. CrossRef

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The Reactions of Emergency Department Nurses to Violence: Q-Methodological Approach: Eun Young Park, Ji Min Seo, Hyeon Ok Ju, Eun Nam Lee; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2007;37(5):762-771. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2007.37.5.762

Abstract PDF

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify the reactions of emergency department nurses to violence.

Methods

Q-methodology which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item was used. Thirty emergency department nurses classified 33 selected Q-statements into a normal distribution using a 9 point scale. The collected data was analyzed using the Quanl PC Program.

Results

Three types of reactions to violence were identified. The first type(emotional and physical reactions) showed a sense of regret on the selection of an occupation and emotional and physical reactions such as anxiety, fear, depression, hopelessness, heart palpitations and trembling hands due to the violence. The second type(problem solving) actively coped to prevent the occurrence of violence, grasped the causes of violence and sought out a problem solving plan. The third type(anger reactions) felt a lot of anger against violence, and resented their reality of working under conditions of inadequately secured facilities and systems.

Conclusion

The emotional and physical reactions type and the anger reactions type should be required to attend educational programs to improve attitudes and abilities to solve the problems in a more active and positive manner.

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Su Hyang Kim, Yoon Goo Noh
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Experiences of violence, burnout and job satisfaction in Korean nurses in the emergency medical centre setting
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A Correlational Study among Perceived Stress, Anger Expression, and Depression in Cancer Patients: Pyong Sook Lee, Jung Nam Sohn, Yong Mi Lee, Eun Young Park, Ji Sun Park; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(1):195-205. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.1.195

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was to identify the relationship between perceived stress, anger expression, and level of depression in cancer patients.

Method

A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used. Data was collected by questionnaires from 185 in- and out-patients who were diagnosed with cancer at 3 university hospitals and the National Cancer Center using Spielberger et al.'s Anger Expression Scale, Cohen, Kamarch & Mermelstein's Perceived Stress, and Derogatise's SCL-90. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression with SAS/PC.

Result

The perceived stress in cancer patients indicated a significant positive correlation to anger-in(r=.288, p=.000), anger-out(r=.232, p=.001), and depression(r=.68, p=.000), but no significant correlation to anger-control. The anger-in of cancer patients showed a significant positive relationship to anger-out(r=.53, p=.000), and depression(r=.383, p=.000), but no significant correlation to anger-control. Anger-out showed a significantly negative correlation to anger-control(r=-.248, p=.001) and a positive correlation to depression(r=.240, p=.001). The most significant predictor which influenced depression in cancer patients was perceived stress, followed by anger-in and hobby, and these factors explained their depression with a variance of 54%.

Conclusion

These results suggested that cancer patients with a high degree of perceived stress are likely to be high in anger-out and anger-in. Perceived stress and anger-in are major factors which affect depression in cancer patients.

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Perceived Stress, Ways of Coping, and Health Promoting Behavior in Patients with Chronic Cardiovascular Disease: Kuem Sun Han, Eun Young Park; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(5):702-711. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.5.702

Abstract PDF: Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship among perceived stress, ways of coping, and health promoting behaviors in patients with chronic cardiovascular disease(CCVD).
Method
Data was collected by questionnaires from 436 patients with CCVD in a General Hospital in Seoul. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression.
Result
The health promoting behavior showed a significant positive correlation with self-efficacy and social support. Also, the health promoting behavior showed a significant negative correlation with perceived stress and symptoms of stress. The stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of health promoting behaviors was symptoms of stress.
Conclusion
A combination of symptoms of stress, social support, self-efficacy, and perceived stress account for 41% of the variance in health promoting behaviors of patients with CCVD. Data from this study suggest that symptoms of stress, social support, ways of coping, and perceived stress are significant influencing factors on health promoting behaviors of patients with CCVD.

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The Relationship of Stress, Social Support and Depression in the Elderly: Pyoung Sook Lee, Yong Mi Lee, Ji Young Lim, Ra IL Hwang, Eun Young Park; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(3):477-484. Published online March 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.3.477

Abstract PDF

Purpose

This study was to identify the relationship between stress, social support and depression in the elderly.

Method

The subjects were 283 elderly adults over 60 in Seoul. Data was collected by questionnaire surveys using convenience sampling. The instruments used in this study are the ELSI developed by Aldwin(1990), the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List developed by Cohen & Hoberman (1983), and the Geriatric Depression Scale by Yesavage & Brink(1982). Data was analyzed by the SAS program, using descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, t-test, ANOVA and progressed Multiple Regression.

Result

The relationship between stress and depression had a positive correlation (r= 0.33), but the relationship between stress and social support had no significant correlations. The relationship between social support and depression had a negative correlation (r= -0.38). The most powerful predictor of depression was the economic status and then a combination of stress, and social support account for 39% of the variance in depression in the elderly.

Conclusion

These results suggested that stress and social support deficits can be potential risk factors in old age depression. Therefore, these findings give useful information for constructing an intervention program focused on depression in the elderly.

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A Study on the Relationships among the Influential Variables on Stage of Change of Exercise in the Elderly: Sung Ok Chang, Pyoung Sook Lee, Eun Young Park; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2002;32(5):609-623. Published online March 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2002.32.5.609

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among variables of transtheoretical model for exercise in the elderly. METHOD: A hypothetical model explaining the stage of change was constructed based on a transtheoretical model. Empirical data for testing the hypothetical model was collected from 246 old adults over 65 years old in a community settings in Seoul, Korea in June and July, 2000. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and correlational analysis using pc-SAS program. The Linear Structural Modeling(LISREL) 8.0 program was used to find the best fit model which explain causal relationship of variables. RESULT: The fitness of modified model to the data was X2= 96.75(df=49, p=.00005), GFI= .98, NFI=.99, AGFI=.95, NNFI=.99. The the predictable variables of stage of change explained 64% of stage of change for exercise. CONCLUSION: Results are consistent with the studies of application of the transtheoretical model, which has been used to understand how people change health behaviors. The findings of this study give useful informations to construct exercise intervention program for the elderly about relationships among variables influencing to the stage of change of exercise.

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