Sung, Ki Wol

doi:10.4040/jnas.1997.27.1.36

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Original Article
Degree of Cognitive function, Self-esteem and Depression of the Elderly by Aging: Sung, Ki Wol¹; The Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1997;27(1):36-48.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1997.27.1.36
Published online: December 18, 1997

¹Department of Nursing, Taegu Junior College Taegu, Korea

Position : Assistant professor, Department of Nursing, Taegu junior College Fax 井 : 053-320-1009(work) or 053-634-6342(Home) Tel 井 : 053-320-1022(work) or 053-634-6342(Home)

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

This survey was performed to evaluate and compare cognitive function, self— esteem and depre– ssion in the elderly related to aging. The data were collected from 200 elders in eight homes for the elderly in Taegu. Data collection was done from June 1 to 31, 1996. The scale used to measure cognitive function was the MMSE - Κ (Mini - Mental State Examination—Korea), Self—esteem was measmed using Rosenberg's self-esteem scale and depression using SDS (Self—rating Depression Scale). A comparison of cognitive functionôself- esteem and depression by aging were summarised as follows :

1. There were significant differences on the cognitive function score in the elderly according to age group(F=24.81 P<.01).

2. There were significant differences on the self— esteem scorc in the elderly accoidiug Ιυ age group(F=3.84 P<.5).

3. There were significant differences on the depression score in the elderly according to age group (F-5,90, P<.1).

4. The general characteristics which affected the cognitive function scores of the elders were sex (F=8.45, PC.5) educational level(F-8.86, P< .5) spousing(F=34.59, P<.01), and the perception of health(F-4.63, PC.5).

5. The general characteristic which affected the self-esteem scores of the eiders was the perception of health(F-3.81, P<.5).

6. The general characteristic which affected the depression scores was the educational level (F=3.96 P<.5).
Keywords: Cognitive Rinction; Self-esteem; Depression

Table 1.

General characteristics of subjects

/Yrs. Characteristics	50-59 N(%)	60-69 N(%)	70-79 N(%)	above 80 N(%)	Total N(%)	x²
Sex
male	14 (7.0)	54 (27.0)	30(15.0)	18 (9.0)	116 (58.0)	4.21
female	18 (9.0)	30(15.0)	24 (12.0)	12 (6.0)	84 (42.0)
Education
no school	4 (2.0)	26 (13.0)	34(17.0)	22(11.0)	86 (43.0)
elementary	10 (5.0)	32 (16.0)	16 (8.0)	6 (3.0)	64 (32.0)	65.16∗∗
middle school	14 (7.0)	10 (5.0)	-	-	24 (12.0)
above high school	4 (2.0)	16 (8.0)	4 (2.0)	1 (0.5)	26 (13.0)
Religion
buddism	18 (9.0)	44(22.0)	32 (16.0)	12 (6.0)	106 (53.0)
catholic	2(1.0)	2 (1.0)	2(1.0)	2(1.0)	8(4.0)
protestant	4 (2.0)	8 (4.0)	4 (2.0)	4 (2.0)	20 (10.0)	8.27
others	2(1.0)	4(2.0)	2(1.0)	-	8(4.0)
none	6 (3.0)	26(13.0)	14 (7.0)	12 (6.0)	58 (29.4)
Spouse
yes	30(15.0)	64 (32.0)	24(12.0)	8 (4.0)	126 (63.0)	44.21∗∗
no	2(1.0)	20(10.0)	30 (15.0)	22 (11.0)	74 (37.0)
Monthly pocket money
high	6 (3.0)	26(13.0)	22(11.0)	6 (3.0)	60 (30.0)
middle	20 (10.0)	34(17.0)	8 (4.0)	16 (8.0)	78 (39.0)	23.74∗
low	6 (3.0)	24(12.0)	24(12.0)	8(4.0)	62 (31.0)
Health perseption
good	16 (8.0)	26 (13.0)	8 (4.0)	12 (6.0)	62 (31.0)
moderate	14 (7.0)	32(16.0)	24 (12.0)	6(3.0)	76 (38.0)	21.26∗
poor	2(1.0)	26 (13.0)	22 (11.0)	12 (6.0)	62 (31.0)
Total	32(16.0)	84 (42.0)	54 (27.0)	30 (15.0)	200(100.0)

^∗P<.05 ∗∗P<.01

Table 2.

ANOVA table of cognitive function, self-esteem and depression by age

		cognitive function			self-esteem			depression
Age (Yrs.)	Number	Mean	S.D	F	Mean	S.D	F	Mean	S.D	F
50 - 59	32	23.06	2.90		24.66	1.50		38.81	6.19
60-69	84	22.88	2.44	24.81∗∗∗	23.77	1.48	3.48∗	39.88	6.15	5.90∗∗
70-79	54	20.00	2.45		23.69	1.60		43.25	8.48
above 80	30	18.66	4.16		23.75	1.76		37.40	5.30
Total	200	21.50	3.31		23.87	1.58		40.25	7.00

^∗∗∗P<.001, ∗∗P<.01, ∗P<.05

Table 3.

ANOVA summary table for cognitive function, self—esteem and depression according to demographic variables

Characteristics	cognitive function				self-esteem			depression
Characteristics	Number	Mean	S.D	Mean	F	S.D	F	Mean	S.D	F
Sex
male	116	22.06	2.82		23.84	1.62		40.39	6.96
female	84	20.71	3.76	8.45∗∗	23.90	1.54	0.06	40.04	7.10	0.12
Education
no school	86	20.46	3.67		23.88	1.65		42.92	7.06
elementary	64	21.50	3.00	8.86∗∗	23.81	1.75	0.43	40.89	6.41	3.96∗
middle school	24	23.75	2.25		23.66	1.20		40.81	5.23
above high school	26	22.84	1.91		24.15	1.25		39.83	8.69
Religion
buddism	106	21.09	3.17		23.81	1.52		41.20	7.32
catholic	8	19.00	3.92		24.25	1.16		44.25	8.36
protestant	20	21.20	3.72	3.37	24.10	1.55	0.90	39.90	6.70	2.60
others	8	22.50	1.19		23.00	0.75		40.00	3.92
none	58	22.55	3.24		23.96	1.82		38.10	6.21
Spouse
yes	126	22.47	2.95		23.85	1.54		39.65	6.65
no	74	19.83	3.23	34.59∗∗∗	23.89	1.66	0.02	41.27	7.51	2.50
Monthly pocket money
high	60	21.26	2.92		23.93	1.56		39.96	6.40
middle	78	21.46	3.84	0.36	24.12	1.33	2.96	39.25	5.69	2.32
low	62	21.77	2.95		24.48	1.84		41.77	8.71
Health perseption
good	62	21.74	2.93		24.32	1.50		39.06	6.20
moderate	76	22.13	2.68	4.63∗	23.71	1.44	3.81∗	40.39	6.91	1.S5
poor	62	20.48	4.08		23.61	1.76		41.25	7.77
Total	200	21.50	3.31		23.87	1.58		40.25	7.00

^∗∗∗P<.001, ∗∗P<.01, ∗P<.05

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Figure & Data

Table 1.

General characteristics of subjects

/Yrs. Characteristics	50-59 N(%)	60-69 N(%)	70-79 N(%)	above 80 N(%)	Total N(%)	x²
Sex
male	14 (7.0)	54 (27.0)	30(15.0)	18 (9.0)	116 (58.0)	4.21
female	18 (9.0)	30(15.0)	24 (12.0)	12 (6.0)	84 (42.0)
Education
no school	4 (2.0)	26 (13.0)	34(17.0)	22(11.0)	86 (43.0)
elementary	10 (5.0)	32 (16.0)	16 (8.0)	6 (3.0)	64 (32.0)	65.16∗∗
middle school	14 (7.0)	10 (5.0)	-	-	24 (12.0)
above high school	4 (2.0)	16 (8.0)	4 (2.0)	1 (0.5)	26 (13.0)
Religion
buddism	18 (9.0)	44(22.0)	32 (16.0)	12 (6.0)	106 (53.0)
catholic	2(1.0)	2 (1.0)	2(1.0)	2(1.0)	8(4.0)
protestant	4 (2.0)	8 (4.0)	4 (2.0)	4 (2.0)	20 (10.0)	8.27
others	2(1.0)	4(2.0)	2(1.0)	-	8(4.0)
none	6 (3.0)	26(13.0)	14 (7.0)	12 (6.0)	58 (29.4)
Spouse
yes	30(15.0)	64 (32.0)	24(12.0)	8 (4.0)	126 (63.0)	44.21∗∗
no	2(1.0)	20(10.0)	30 (15.0)	22 (11.0)	74 (37.0)
Monthly pocket money
high	6 (3.0)	26(13.0)	22(11.0)	6 (3.0)	60 (30.0)
middle	20 (10.0)	34(17.0)	8 (4.0)	16 (8.0)	78 (39.0)	23.74∗
low	6 (3.0)	24(12.0)	24(12.0)	8(4.0)	62 (31.0)
Health perseption
good	16 (8.0)	26 (13.0)	8 (4.0)	12 (6.0)	62 (31.0)
moderate	14 (7.0)	32(16.0)	24 (12.0)	6(3.0)	76 (38.0)	21.26∗
poor	2(1.0)	26 (13.0)	22 (11.0)	12 (6.0)	62 (31.0)
Total	32(16.0)	84 (42.0)	54 (27.0)	30 (15.0)	200(100.0)

^∗P<.05 ∗∗P<.01

Table 2.

ANOVA table of cognitive function, self-esteem and depression by age

		cognitive function			self-esteem			depression
Age (Yrs.)	Number	Mean	S.D	F	Mean	S.D	F	Mean	S.D	F
50 - 59	32	23.06	2.90		24.66	1.50		38.81	6.19
60-69	84	22.88	2.44	24.81∗∗∗	23.77	1.48	3.48∗	39.88	6.15	5.90∗∗
70-79	54	20.00	2.45		23.69	1.60		43.25	8.48
above 80	30	18.66	4.16		23.75	1.76		37.40	5.30
Total	200	21.50	3.31		23.87	1.58		40.25	7.00

^∗∗∗P<.001, ∗∗P<.01, ∗P<.05

Table 3.

ANOVA summary table for cognitive function, self—esteem and depression according to demographic variables

Characteristics	cognitive function				self-esteem			depression
Characteristics	Number	Mean	S.D	Mean	F	S.D	F	Mean	S.D	F
Sex
male	116	22.06	2.82		23.84	1.62		40.39	6.96
female	84	20.71	3.76	8.45∗∗	23.90	1.54	0.06	40.04	7.10	0.12
Education
no school	86	20.46	3.67		23.88	1.65		42.92	7.06
elementary	64	21.50	3.00	8.86∗∗	23.81	1.75	0.43	40.89	6.41	3.96∗
middle school	24	23.75	2.25		23.66	1.20		40.81	5.23
above high school	26	22.84	1.91		24.15	1.25		39.83	8.69
Religion
buddism	106	21.09	3.17		23.81	1.52		41.20	7.32
catholic	8	19.00	3.92		24.25	1.16		44.25	8.36
protestant	20	21.20	3.72	3.37	24.10	1.55	0.90	39.90	6.70	2.60
others	8	22.50	1.19		23.00	0.75		40.00	3.92
none	58	22.55	3.24		23.96	1.82		38.10	6.21
Spouse
yes	126	22.47	2.95		23.85	1.54		39.65	6.65
no	74	19.83	3.23	34.59∗∗∗	23.89	1.66	0.02	41.27	7.51	2.50
Monthly pocket money
high	60	21.26	2.92		23.93	1.56		39.96	6.40
middle	78	21.46	3.84	0.36	24.12	1.33	2.96	39.25	5.69	2.32
low	62	21.77	2.95		24.48	1.84		41.77	8.71
Health perseption
good	62	21.74	2.93		24.32	1.50		39.06	6.20
moderate	76	22.13	2.68	4.63∗	23.71	1.44	3.81∗	40.39	6.91	1.S5
poor	62	20.48	4.08		23.61	1.76		41.25	7.77
Total	200	21.50	3.31		23.87	1.58		40.25	7.00

^∗∗∗P<.001, ∗∗P<.01, ∗P<.05

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Degree of Cognitive function, Self-esteem and Depression of the Elderly by Aging

Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 1997;27(1):36-48. Published online December 18, 1997

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1997.27.1.36

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Degree of Cognitive function, Self-esteem and Depression of the Elderly by Aging

Table 1.

General characteristics of subjects

/Yrs. Characteristics	50-59 N(%)	60-69 N(%)	70-79 N(%)	above 80 N(%)	Total N(%)	x²
Sex
male	14 (7.0)	54 (27.0)	30(15.0)	18 (9.0)	116 (58.0)	4.21
female	18 (9.0)	30(15.0)	24 (12.0)	12 (6.0)	84 (42.0)
Education
no school	4 (2.0)	26 (13.0)	34(17.0)	22(11.0)	86 (43.0)
elementary	10 (5.0)	32 (16.0)	16 (8.0)	6 (3.0)	64 (32.0)	65.16∗∗
middle school	14 (7.0)	10 (5.0)	-	-	24 (12.0)
above high school	4 (2.0)	16 (8.0)	4 (2.0)	1 (0.5)	26 (13.0)
Religion
buddism	18 (9.0)	44(22.0)	32 (16.0)	12 (6.0)	106 (53.0)
catholic	2(1.0)	2 (1.0)	2(1.0)	2(1.0)	8(4.0)
protestant	4 (2.0)	8 (4.0)	4 (2.0)	4 (2.0)	20 (10.0)	8.27
others	2(1.0)	4(2.0)	2(1.0)	-	8(4.0)
none	6 (3.0)	26(13.0)	14 (7.0)	12 (6.0)	58 (29.4)
Spouse
yes	30(15.0)	64 (32.0)	24(12.0)	8 (4.0)	126 (63.0)	44.21∗∗
no	2(1.0)	20(10.0)	30 (15.0)	22 (11.0)	74 (37.0)
Monthly pocket money
high	6 (3.0)	26(13.0)	22(11.0)	6 (3.0)	60 (30.0)
middle	20 (10.0)	34(17.0)	8 (4.0)	16 (8.0)	78 (39.0)	23.74∗
low	6 (3.0)	24(12.0)	24(12.0)	8(4.0)	62 (31.0)
Health perseption
good	16 (8.0)	26 (13.0)	8 (4.0)	12 (6.0)	62 (31.0)
moderate	14 (7.0)	32(16.0)	24 (12.0)	6(3.0)	76 (38.0)	21.26∗
poor	2(1.0)	26 (13.0)	22 (11.0)	12 (6.0)	62 (31.0)
Total	32(16.0)	84 (42.0)	54 (27.0)	30 (15.0)	200(100.0)

^∗P<.05 ∗∗P<.01

Table 2.

ANOVA table of cognitive function, self-esteem and depression by age

		cognitive function			self-esteem			depression
Age (Yrs.)	Number	Mean	S.D	F	Mean	S.D	F	Mean	S.D	F
50 - 59	32	23.06	2.90		24.66	1.50		38.81	6.19
60-69	84	22.88	2.44	24.81∗∗∗	23.77	1.48	3.48∗	39.88	6.15	5.90∗∗
70-79	54	20.00	2.45		23.69	1.60		43.25	8.48
above 80	30	18.66	4.16		23.75	1.76		37.40	5.30
Total	200	21.50	3.31		23.87	1.58		40.25	7.00

^∗∗∗P<.001, ∗∗P<.01, ∗P<.05

Table 3.

ANOVA summary table for cognitive function, self—esteem and depression according to demographic variables

Characteristics	cognitive function				self-esteem			depression
Characteristics	Number	Mean	S.D	Mean	F	S.D	F	Mean	S.D	F
Sex
male	116	22.06	2.82		23.84	1.62		40.39	6.96
female	84	20.71	3.76	8.45∗∗	23.90	1.54	0.06	40.04	7.10	0.12
Education
no school	86	20.46	3.67		23.88	1.65		42.92	7.06
elementary	64	21.50	3.00	8.86∗∗	23.81	1.75	0.43	40.89	6.41	3.96∗
middle school	24	23.75	2.25		23.66	1.20		40.81	5.23
above high school	26	22.84	1.91		24.15	1.25		39.83	8.69
Religion
buddism	106	21.09	3.17		23.81	1.52		41.20	7.32
catholic	8	19.00	3.92		24.25	1.16		44.25	8.36
protestant	20	21.20	3.72	3.37	24.10	1.55	0.90	39.90	6.70	2.60
others	8	22.50	1.19		23.00	0.75		40.00	3.92
none	58	22.55	3.24		23.96	1.82		38.10	6.21
Spouse
yes	126	22.47	2.95		23.85	1.54		39.65	6.65
no	74	19.83	3.23	34.59∗∗∗	23.89	1.66	0.02	41.27	7.51	2.50
Monthly pocket money
high	60	21.26	2.92		23.93	1.56		39.96	6.40
middle	78	21.46	3.84	0.36	24.12	1.33	2.96	39.25	5.69	2.32
low	62	21.77	2.95		24.48	1.84		41.77	8.71
Health perseption
good	62	21.74	2.93		24.32	1.50		39.06	6.20
moderate	76	22.13	2.68	4.63∗	23.71	1.44	3.81∗	40.39	6.91	1.S5
poor	62	20.48	4.08		23.61	1.76		41.25	7.77
Total	200	21.50	3.31		23.87	1.58		40.25	7.00

^∗∗∗P<.001, ∗∗P<.01, ∗P<.05