KSNS
E-SUBMISSION
Articles
- Page Path
- HOME > J Korean Acad Nurs > Volume 27(1); 1997 > Article
-
Original Article
- Degree of Cognitive function, Self-esteem and Depression of the Elderly by Aging
- Sung, Ki Wol1
-
The Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1997;27(1):36-48.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1997.27.1.36
Published online: December 18, 1997
1Department of Nursing, Taegu Junior College Taegu, Korea
1Department of Nursing, Taegu Junior College Taegu, Korea
- Position : Assistant professor, Department of Nursing, Taegu junior College Fax 井 : 053-320-1009(work) or 053-634-6342(Home) Tel 井 : 053-320-1022(work) or 053-634-6342(Home)
Copyright © 1997 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
- 11 Views
- 0 Download
Abstract
-
- This survey was performed to evaluate and compare cognitive function, self— esteem and depre– ssion in the elderly related to aging. The data were collected from 200 elders in eight homes for the elderly in Taegu. Data collection was done from June 1 to 31, 1996. The scale used to measure cognitive function was the MMSE - Κ (Mini - Mental State Examination—Korea), Self—esteem was measmed using Rosenberg's self-esteem scale and depression using SDS (Self—rating Depression Scale). A comparison of cognitive functionôself- esteem and depression by aging were summarised as follows :
- 1. There were significant differences on the cognitive function score in the elderly according to age group(F=24.81 P<.01).
- 2. There were significant differences on the self— esteem scorc in the elderly accoidiug Ιυ age group(F=3.84 P<.5).
- 3. There were significant differences on the depression score in the elderly according to age group (F-5,90, P<.1).
- 4. The general characteristics which affected the cognitive function scores of the elders were sex (F=8.45, PC.5) educational level(F-8.86, P< .5) spousing(F=34.59, P<.01), and the perception of health(F-4.63, PC.5).
- 5. The general characteristic which affected the self-esteem scores of the eiders was the perception of health(F-3.81, P<.5).
- 6. The general characteristic which affected the depression scores was the educational level (F=3.96 P<.5).
Table 1.General characteristics of subjects
Table 2.ANOVA table of cognitive function, self-esteem and depression by age
Table 3.ANOVA summary table for cognitive function, self—esteem and depression according to demographic variables
- 권목순, 이중훈, 정성먹. 1986;양로원현황과새원자건강상태에관한예비조사. 한국노년학. 6:79.
- 김시현. 1984;노인의사회적지지와건강상태의관계분석연구.중앙대학교대학원학위논문.
- 박종한, 권용천. 1989;노인용한국판MMSE의표준화연구(제1편). 신경정신의학. 28(1):125–131.
- 박종한, 권용철. 1989;노인용한국판MMSE의표준화연구(제2편). 신성성신의학. 28(3):508–513.
- 박종한: 문희원, 고효진. 1991;한국판MMSE상치매진단이불확실한노인들. 신경정신의학. 30(3):552–557.
- 박태환. 1986;노년기정신장애. 신경정신학. 25(2):60–64.
- 박현숙. 1993;집단인지요법이노인의우울, 자아존중감, 고독감에미치는효과. 경북대학교대학원'박사학위는문.
- 성기월. 1992;정서적지지간호를병행한집단등공예작업이시설노인의인지기능과우울에미치는영할. 경북대학교대학원: 박사학위논문.
- 송미순(1991). 노인의생활기능상태예측모형구축. 서울대학교대학원, 박사학위논문.
- 송옥현. 1977;정신과외래환자의The Self-rating DepressionScale (SDSl.에관한연구. 신경정신의. 16(1):84–94.
- 송지영. 1981;노인환자의신경정신과적관찰. 신경정신의학. 20(3):280–286.
- 신효식. 1993;노부모.성인자녀간의결속도, 자아존중감, 심리적손상간의인과모형탐색. 한양대학교대학원, 박사학위논문.
- 신효시, 서병숙. 1992;노부모와성인자녀간의걸속노가노부모의심리적손상에미치는영향. 한국노. 0156;12(2):99–108.
- 양재곤. 1982;정신과환자의자가평가우울척도에관한조사. 신경정신의학. 21(2):217–227.
- 윤ᅵ진. 1985;성인노인심리학. 서을, 중앙적성출판사..
- 윤진. 1986;노년기의심리적특성. 신경정신의학. 25(2):44–53.
- 윤진. 1987;노화과정과심리적특성변화와의관계. 대한간호. 28(4):6–11.
- 이동식. 1994;현대인외정신건강. 서올: 한강수..
- 이부영. 1980;). 노인의정신질환. 한국노년학. 1:18.
- 이윤정. 1994;노부모와성인자녀와의갈등과우울에관한연구. 전남대학교대학원, 석사학위논문.
- 이종범, 서헤수: 정성먹. 1984;노인의우울에관한연구. 한국노년학. 4:44–52.
- 이종범: 정성덕. 1985;노인의불안과우울에관한연구. 신경정신의학. 24(3):431–444.
- 이호녕: 신승철. 1989;일농촌지역(강화도) 노인정신장애의역학적연구, 신경정신의학. 28(4):617–630.
- 장인협: 최성재. 1987;노인복지학, 서울대학교출판부전병재(1.74). Self–esteem: A test of its measurability. 연세논총: U: 109–129..
- 정희숙. 1984;정상인의인식기능과신경증경향에관한연구. 대한간호학희지. 14(2):47–54.
- 최영희: 김문실: 변영순, 원종순. 1990;한국노인의건강상태에대한조사연구. 간호학희지. 20(3):307–323.
- 최영희: 백영주: 이지숙. 1990;한국노인의정신성서적건강상태도구개발과건강상태에대한연구. 성인간호학회지. 20:14.
- 하양숙. 1990;집단회상이노인의심리적안녕에미치는영향에관한연구.서울대학교대학원: 박사학위논문ᅳ홍성열(1989). 자아존중감과그의다차원성. 한국심리학희지. 4(2):110–128.
- Baltes B.B., Schaie Κ.W.. 1974;Aging and IQ: The myth of the twilight years. Psychology Today. 7:35. Article
- Bibring Ε.. 1953;The mechanism of depression: Affective disorders. New York, International Universities Press: 13-48..
- Blazer D.G., Burchett, B.'Service C., George K.. 1991;The association of age and Depression Among the Elderly: An Epidemiologic Exploration. Journal of Gerontolgy. 46(6):210–215.Article
- Blazer D.G.. 1989;Current concept of depression in the elderly. The New England Journal of Medicine. 320:164–166.PubMed
- Cavanaugh S.V., Wettstei R.M.. 1983;). The relationship between severity of depression, Cognitive dysfunctry. 140(4):495–496.
- Cohen S., Wills T.A.. 1985;Stress, social support and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological bulletin. 98:310. ArticlePubMed
- Coopersmith S.. 1967;The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco, W.H. Freeman Co.. 19–44.
- Cronch M. A.. 1983;Enhancement of self-esteem through the life span. Family and Community Health. 6(2):11–28.PubMed
- Folstein M.F., Folstein: S.Eᅳ, McHugh P.R.. 1975;Minimental State: a practical method for granding the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 12:189. PubMed
- Gallo' J.J., Anthony J.C., Muthen B.O.. 1994;Age difference in the Symptoms of Depression: A laten trait Analysis. Journal of Gerontology. 49:251.
- Golden C.J., Ariel R.N., Mckay S.E.. 1982;The Suria–Nebraska Neuropsychdgical Battery: Theoretical Orientation and Comment. Journal of Consult Clinical Psychology. 50:291–300.
- Green R.F.. 1969;Age–intelligence relationship between ages sixteen and sixty–four. Developmental Psychology. 1:618–627.Article
- Gurland B.J.. 1976;The comparative frequency of depression in various adult age group. Journal of Gerontology. 31:283. ArticlePubMed
- Husaini B.A., Moore S.T., Castor R.S., Neser W., Whitten–Strovall R., Linn, J.G.'Griffin D.. 1991;Social Density, Stressors, and Depression: Gender Differences Among the Black Elderly. Journal of Gerontology. 46(5):236–242.Article
- Jacobsᄋη Ε.. 1953;Contributions to the metapsychology of cyclothymic depression: Affective disorder. New York, International Universities Press: 49-83..
- .
- Jarvic L.F.. 1976;Aging and depression: Some unanswered questions. Journal of Gerontology. 31:324. ArticlePubMed
- Kafonek S., et al. 1989;Instruments for screening for depression and dementia in a long –term care facitility'Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 37:29–34. 1989.
- Kemp B.. 1985;Rehabilitation and the older adult: In J.E. Birren and K.W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Aging: 647–663..
- Koening H.G., et al. 1988;Self–rated depression scales and screening for major depression in the older hospitalized patients with medical illness. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 36:699. ᅳ..PubMed
- La Rue A. L., et al. 1985;Aging and mental disease: In Birren & Schaie (Eds.): Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (2nd Ed.). New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company; 664–702..
- Labouvie –Vief G., Gonda J.N.. 1976;Cognitive stratehy traming and intellectual performance in the elderly. Journal of Gerontology. 31:327. ArticlePubMed
- Larson R.. 1978;Thirty years of research on the subjective well - being of older Americans. Journal of Gerontology. 33:109. ArticlePubMed
- Lowenthal M.F., Chiriboga D.. 1973;Social stress and adaptation: Toward a life–course perspective, In C. Eisdorfer & M.F. Lawton (Eds.): The Psychology of adult development and aging. Washington D.C.'American Psychological Association..
- Murrell K.F.H.. 1970;The effects of extensive practice on age differences in RT. Journal of Gerontology. 25:268–274.ArticlePubMed
- Pender N.J., Pender A.R.. 1987;Health Promotion in Nursing Practice. (2nd ed). Nor walk, CT: Apple ton and Loulge..
- Poon L.W., Fozard J.L.. 1978;Speed of retrieval from longterm memory in relation to age, familiarity, and datedness of information. Journal of Gerontology. 33:711–717.ArticlePubMed
- Raskin A., Rae D.S.. 1981;Psychiatric symptoms in the elderly. Psychopharmacᄋlogy Bulletin. 17:96.
- Revenson T. A., Wollman C.A., Relton B.T.. 1983;Scial Supports as Stress Buffers for Adult Cancer Patients. Psychosom. Med,. 45(4):321–331.
- Rhee Seonja. 1989;Current status of research on Korean elderly: Health aspects. Journal of Korean Gerontology Society'. 9:140–156.
- Ron M.A.. 1979;Diagnostic accuracy in presenile dementia. British Journal of psychiatry. 124:161. Article
- Rosenberg M.. 1973;Which significant others. American Behavior Scientistp. 16:829. ᄋ..ArticlePDF
- Rosenberg Μ., Simons R.G.. Q971;Black and white self–esteem, the urban school child. Washington D.C. 'Ros - Monograph Seties..
- Schultz N.R., et al. 1979;WAIS performance for different age groups of hyper Lentive and control subfects during the administration of a diuretic. Journal of Gerontology. 34:246–253.ArticlePubMed
- Taft L.B.. 1985;Self-esteem in later life: A mursing perspective. Advanced Nursing Science. 8(1):77–84.
- Wechsler D.. 1958.The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence. 4th edition.Baltimore, Wiliams & Wilkins.
- Weissman M.M., et al. 1985;Psychiatric disorders (DSM - ID) and cognitive impairment among the elderly in a U.S. arban community, Acta. Psychiatry Scand. 71:366–379.
- Wilkie F., Eisdorfer C.. 1971;Intelligence and bood pressure in the aged. Science. 172:959. ArticlePubMed
- Zung W.W.K.. 1965;Ά Self-rating Depression Scale': Archive of General Psychiatry. American Medical Association. 12:63–70.
- Zung W.W.K.. 1971;A rating instruments for anxiety disorders, Psychosomatics'. 12:371–379.
REFERENCES
Figure & Data
REFERENCES
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by 
Cite
XML DownloadDegree of Cognitive function, Self-esteem and Depression of the Elderly by Aging
Degree of Cognitive function, Self-esteem and Depression of the Elderly by Aging
General characteristics of subjects
| /Yrs. Characteristics | 50-59 N(%) | 60-69 N(%) | 70-79 N(%) | above 80 N(%) | Total N(%) | x2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||||
| male | 14 (7.0) | 54 (27.0) | 30(15.0) | 18 (9.0) | 116 (58.0) | 4.21 |
| female | 18 (9.0) | 30(15.0) | 24 (12.0) | 12 (6.0) | 84 (42.0) | |
| Education | ||||||
| no school | 4 (2.0) | 26 (13.0) | 34(17.0) | 22(11.0) | 86 (43.0) | |
| elementary | 10 (5.0) | 32 (16.0) | 16 (8.0) | 6 (3.0) | 64 (32.0) | 65.16∗∗ |
| middle school | 14 (7.0) | 10 (5.0) | - | - | 24 (12.0) | |
| above high school | 4 (2.0) | 16 (8.0) | 4 (2.0) | 1 (0.5) | 26 (13.0) | |
| Religion | ||||||
| buddism | 18 (9.0) | 44(22.0) | 32 (16.0) | 12 (6.0) | 106 (53.0) | |
| catholic | 2(1.0) | 2 (1.0) | 2(1.0) | 2(1.0) | 8(4.0) | |
| protestant | 4 (2.0) | 8 (4.0) | 4 (2.0) | 4 (2.0) | 20 (10.0) | 8.27 |
| others | 2(1.0) | 4(2.0) | 2(1.0) | - | 8(4.0) | |
| none | 6 (3.0) | 26(13.0) | 14 (7.0) | 12 (6.0) | 58 (29.4) | |
| Spouse | ||||||
| yes | 30(15.0) | 64 (32.0) | 24(12.0) | 8 (4.0) | 126 (63.0) | 44.21∗∗ |
| no | 2(1.0) | 20(10.0) | 30 (15.0) | 22 (11.0) | 74 (37.0) | |
| Monthly pocket money | ||||||
| high | 6 (3.0) | 26(13.0) | 22(11.0) | 6 (3.0) | 60 (30.0) | |
| middle | 20 (10.0) | 34(17.0) | 8 (4.0) | 16 (8.0) | 78 (39.0) | 23.74∗ |
| low | 6 (3.0) | 24(12.0) | 24(12.0) | 8(4.0) | 62 (31.0) | |
| Health perseption | ||||||
| good | 16 (8.0) | 26 (13.0) | 8 (4.0) | 12 (6.0) | 62 (31.0) | |
| moderate | 14 (7.0) | 32(16.0) | 24 (12.0) | 6(3.0) | 76 (38.0) | 21.26∗ |
| poor | 2(1.0) | 26 (13.0) | 22 (11.0) | 12 (6.0) | 62 (31.0) | |
| Total | 32(16.0) | 84 (42.0) | 54 (27.0) | 30 (15.0) | 200(100.0) | |
∗P<.05 ∗∗P<.01
ANOVA table of cognitive function, self-esteem and depression by age
| cognitive function | self-esteem | depression | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Yrs.) | Number | Mean | S.D | F | Mean | S.D | F | Mean | S.D | F |
| 50 - 59 | 32 | 23.06 | 2.90 | 24.66 | 1.50 | 38.81 | 6.19 | |||
| 60-69 | 84 | 22.88 | 2.44 | 24.81∗∗∗ | 23.77 | 1.48 | 3.48∗ | 39.88 | 6.15 | 5.90∗∗ |
| 70-79 | 54 | 20.00 | 2.45 | 23.69 | 1.60 | 43.25 | 8.48 | |||
| above 80 | 30 | 18.66 | 4.16 | 23.75 | 1.76 | 37.40 | 5.30 | |||
| Total | 200 | 21.50 | 3.31 | 23.87 | 1.58 | 40.25 | 7.00 | |||
∗∗∗P<.001, ∗∗P<.01, ∗P<.05
ANOVA summary table for cognitive function, self—esteem and depression according to demographic variables
| Characteristics | cognitive function | self-esteem | depression | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Mean | S.D | Mean | F | S.D | F | Mean | S.D | F | |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| male | 116 | 22.06 | 2.82 | 23.84 | 1.62 | 40.39 | 6.96 | |||
| female | 84 | 20.71 | 3.76 | 8.45∗∗ | 23.90 | 1.54 | 0.06 | 40.04 | 7.10 | 0.12 |
| Education | ||||||||||
| no school | 86 | 20.46 | 3.67 | 23.88 | 1.65 | 42.92 | 7.06 | |||
| elementary | 64 | 21.50 | 3.00 | 8.86∗∗ | 23.81 | 1.75 | 0.43 | 40.89 | 6.41 | 3.96∗ |
| middle school | 24 | 23.75 | 2.25 | 23.66 | 1.20 | 40.81 | 5.23 | |||
| above high school | 26 | 22.84 | 1.91 | 24.15 | 1.25 | 39.83 | 8.69 | |||
| Religion | ||||||||||
| buddism | 106 | 21.09 | 3.17 | 23.81 | 1.52 | 41.20 | 7.32 | |||
| catholic | 8 | 19.00 | 3.92 | 24.25 | 1.16 | 44.25 | 8.36 | |||
| protestant | 20 | 21.20 | 3.72 | 3.37 | 24.10 | 1.55 | 0.90 | 39.90 | 6.70 | 2.60 |
| others | 8 | 22.50 | 1.19 | 23.00 | 0.75 | 40.00 | 3.92 | |||
| none | 58 | 22.55 | 3.24 | 23.96 | 1.82 | 38.10 | 6.21 | |||
| Spouse | ||||||||||
| yes | 126 | 22.47 | 2.95 | 23.85 | 1.54 | 39.65 | 6.65 | |||
| no | 74 | 19.83 | 3.23 | 34.59∗∗∗ | 23.89 | 1.66 | 0.02 | 41.27 | 7.51 | 2.50 |
| Monthly pocket money | ||||||||||
| high | 60 | 21.26 | 2.92 | 23.93 | 1.56 | 39.96 | 6.40 | |||
| middle | 78 | 21.46 | 3.84 | 0.36 | 24.12 | 1.33 | 2.96 | 39.25 | 5.69 | 2.32 |
| low | 62 | 21.77 | 2.95 | 24.48 | 1.84 | 41.77 | 8.71 | |||
| Health perseption | ||||||||||
| good | 62 | 21.74 | 2.93 | 24.32 | 1.50 | 39.06 | 6.20 | |||
| moderate | 76 | 22.13 | 2.68 | 4.63∗ | 23.71 | 1.44 | 3.81∗ | 40.39 | 6.91 | 1.S5 |
| poor | 62 | 20.48 | 4.08 | 23.61 | 1.76 | 41.25 | 7.77 | |||
| Total | 200 | 21.50 | 3.31 | 23.87 | 1.58 | 40.25 | 7.00 | |||
∗∗∗P<.001, ∗∗P<.01, ∗P<.05
Table 1. General characteristics of subjects
P<.05 ∗∗P<.01
Table 2. ANOVA table of cognitive function, self-esteem and depression by age
P<.001, ∗∗P<.01, ∗P<.05
Table 3. ANOVA summary table for cognitive function, self—esteem and depression according to demographic variables
P<.001, ∗∗P<.01, ∗P<.05
