, 황선경2
, Sun-Kyung Hwang2
1부산대학교병원 응급의료센터
2부산대학교 간호대학, 간호과학연구소
1Emergency Medical Center, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
2College of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
© 2025 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
We sincerely appreciate the statistical support provided by Dr. Sang-Jin Lee, Research Professor, from Pusan National University Hospital, for their assistance in data analysis and interpretation.
Funding
This work was supported by a 2-Year Research Grant from Pusan National University.
Data Sharing Statement
Please contact the corresponding author for data availability.
Supplementary Data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.25072.
Supplementary Table 1.
jkan-25072-Supplementary-Table-1.pdf
Supplementary Table 2.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization or/and Methodology: HJ, SKH. Data curation or/and Analysis: HJ, SKH. Funding acquisition: SKH. Investigation: HJ, SKH. Project administration or/and Supervision: SKH. Resources or/and Software: HJ, SKH. Validation: HJ, SKH. Visualization: HJ. Writing original draft or/and Review & Editing: HJ, SKH. Final approval of the manuscript: all authors.
| No. | Author (year) | Country | Study design | Study date | Type of DM | Sample | Readmission (%) | Significant factors (p<.05) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Size | Gender | Age (yr) | ||||||||
| 1 | Azevedo et al. [31] (2014) | Canada | Retrospective matched cohort | 2002–2009 | T1DM | 76 | F (35) | 38.6±12.9 | One or more prior DKA episodes (36.0) | New diagnosis of DM, insulin use, no medication, noncompliance, infection, follow-up with a general practitioner |
| T2DM | M (41) | |||||||||
| 2 | Del Degan et al. [19]a) (2019) | Canada | Retrospective cohort | 2007–2017 | T1DM | 212 | F (102) | 36.0±12.2 | Within 1 year after discharge (33.4) | Alcohol or illicit drug abuse, higher HbA1c, poor adherence to insulin, psychiatric illness |
| M (110) | ||||||||||
| 3 | Everett et al. [10]a) (2019) | USA | Retrospective cohort | 2010–2015 | T1DM | 181,284 | F (88,132) | 35 (25–49)b) | Two or more hospitalizations (22.0) | Young age, female gender, resident of the state of hospitalization, low income, Medicare/Medicaid insurance, disposition (facility transfer), AMA discharge |
| M (93,152) | ||||||||||
| 4 | Gibb et al. [18] (2016) | UK | Retrospective cohort | 2007–2012 | T1DM | 298 | F (134) | 21–55 | Within 30 days after DKA discharge (–) | Longer duration of DM, younger age at DM diagnosis, high social deprivation, high HbA1c, antidepressant use |
| M (164) | ||||||||||
| 5 | Golbets et al. [36]a) (2021) | Israel | Retrospective cohort | 2004–2017 | T1DM | 385 | F (226) | 45.1±20.0 | Only the second DKA episode (27.0) | HbA1c >9, younger age at DM diagnosis |
| T2DM | M (159) | |||||||||
| 6 | Hare et al. [38]a) (2021) | Australia | Retrospective cohort | 2013–2017 | T1DM | 128 | F (59) | 35 (26–48)b) | Multiple DKA admissions within the same year (13.0) | Current smoker, unemployed, illicit substance use |
| M (69) | ||||||||||
| 7 | Hurtado et al. [37]a) (2019) | USA | Retrospective cohort | 2010–2014 | T1DM | 479,590 | F (228,525) | 42.4±16.3 | Repeated DKA admission within 30 days of discharge (12.3) | CCI ≥3, AMA discharge, drug use, older age, female gender, T1DM, prolonged LOS (≥5 days), hypertension, heart failure, respiratory failure, ESRD, depression, smoking, low obesity, Medicare/Medicaid insurance |
| T2DM | M (251,065) | |||||||||
| 8 | Liao et al. [28] (2022) | Taiwan | Retrospective cohort | 2016–2019 | T1DM | 256 | F (111) | 52.2±17.6 | 30-day readmission: 90 days: 4.1; 1 year: 11.5; 2 year: 15.3 | Young age, smoking, hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia during hospitalization, higher effective osmolality, previous admission history |
| T2DM | M (145) | |||||||||
| 9 | Lohiya et al. [20] (2013) | USA | Retrospective cohort | 2006–2012 | T1DM | 80 | F (51) | 43.0±15.7 | At least one recurrent hospitalization (-) | - |
| T2DM | M (29) | |||||||||
| 10 | Lyerla et al. [21] (2021) | USA | Retrospective case control | 2017–2019 | T1DM | 265 | F (107) | 45.0±15.0 | During long-term follow-up (18.0) | African American race (vs. white non-Hispanic), other race/ethnicity, young age, T1DM, homeless, drug abuse |
| T2DM | M (158) | |||||||||
| 11 | Michaelis et al. [22]a) (2021) | Israel | Retrospective cohort | 2011–2017 | T1DM | 160 | F (91) | 38.0±18.0 | Two or more DKA episodes within 1 year (31.0) | Young age, pre-existing DM, longer duration of DM, poor glycemic control (before admission and after discharge), noncompliance to insulin |
| M (69) | ||||||||||
| 12 | Peedikayil et al. [39]a) (2024) | USA | Retrospective cohort | 2019–2020 | T1DM | 243 | F (104) | 34.0±11.6 | Within 30 days considered as recurrent (26.0) | Substance use disorder (cannabis, tobacco, psychoactive substance) |
| M (139) | ||||||||||
| 13 | Shaka et al. [16]a) (2021) | USA | Retrospective cohort | 2018 | T1DM | 112,964 | F (56,615) | 35b) | At least one DKA hospitalization during 2-year period (12.5) | High mean age, female gender, CCI ≥3, AMA discharge, hypertension, CKD, smoking |
| M (56,349) | ||||||||||
| 14 | Xu et al. [29] (2020) | USA | Retrospective cohort | 2015–2016 | T1DM | 531 | F (282) | 46.0±18.0 | Readmission with primary diagnosis of DKA (13.9) | Medicare insurance, high Elixhauser index, endocrine consultation (reducing readmission rate) |
| T2DM | M (249) | |||||||||
| 15 | Zhong et al. [30] (2018) | UK | Retrospective cohort | 1998–2013 | T1DM | 264,687 | - | T1DM: 46.7±17.7 | Two or more times with DKA (T1DM: 12.7; T2DM: 6.2) | Young age, female gender, longer duration of DM, T1DM, glucose-lowering drugs, high CCI |
| T2DM | T2DM: 66.4±13.2 | |||||||||
Values are presented as number, mean±standard deviation, or median (IQR), unless otherwise stated.
AMA, against medical advice; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; DM, diabetes mellitus; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; F, female; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; IQR, interquartile range; LOS, length of stay; M, male; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
a)Studies included in Meta-Analysis. b)Indicates median (IQR).
| Study | Selection | Comparability | Outcome (exposure) | Total score (0–9) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort study (n=14) | Representativeness of the exposed cohort | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Ascertainment of exposure | Outcome of interest not present at start of study | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design | Assessment of outcome | Follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur | Adequacy of follow-up of cohorts | |
| Azevedo et al. [31] (2014) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Del Degan et al. [19] (2019) | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 8 | |
| Everett et al. [10] (2019) | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 8 | |
| Gibb et al. [18] (2016) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Golbets et al. [36] (2021) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Hare et al. [38] (2021) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Hurtado et al. [37] (2019) | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 8 | |
| Liao et al. [28] (2022) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Lohiya et al. [20] (2013) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Michaelis et al. [22] (2021) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Peedikayil et al. [39] (2024) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Shaka et al. [16] (2021) | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 8 | |
| Xu et al. [29] (2020) | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 8 | |
| Zhong et al. [30] (2018) | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 8 | |
| Case-control study (n=1) | Adequate definition of cases | Representativeness of the cases | Selection of controls | Definition of controls | Comparability of cases and controls on the basis of the design | Assessment of exposure (blinding) | Same method of ascertainment for cases and controls | Non-response rate | |
| Lyerla et al. [21] (2021) | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 8 | |
| Risk factors | k | ES | 95% CI | 95% PI | t | p | Homogeneity test | Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 | Q | p | ||||||||
| Demographic | ||||||||||
| Age | 7 | –0.10a) | –0.28 to 0.08 | –0.56 to 0.35 | –1.35 | .224 | 99.14 | 59.04 | <.001 | Random |
| Female gender | 8 | 0.09b) | –0.18 to 0.36 | –0.62 to 0.81 | 0.82 | .441 | 99.39 | 48.47 | <.001 | Random |
| Socioeconomic | ||||||||||
| Medical insurance | 4 | 0.74b) | –0.68 to 2.16 | –2.32 to 3.80 | 1.66 | .195 | 99.97 | 4,557.26 | <.001 | Random |
| Low income | 4 | 0.18b) | 0.10 to 0.26 | –0.05 to 0.41 | 7.05 | .006 | 95.14 | 19.19 | <.001 | Random |
| Diabetes-related | ||||||||||
| DM duration | 3 | –0.63a) | –2.85 to 1.59 | –4.95 to 3.69 | –1.22 | .346 | 95.07 | 44.45 | <.001 | Random |
| HbA1c | 5 | 0.32a) | –0.02 to 0.66 | –0.40 to 1.04 | 2.63 | .058 | 67.83 | 10.98 | .027 | Random |
| Comorbidity | ||||||||||
| Renal disease | 4 | 0.50b) | –1.10 to 2.11 | –2.67 to 3.67 | 0.99 | .393 | 99.83 | 1,198.50 | <.001 | Random |
| Psychiatric disorder | 3 | 1.04b) | 0.61 to 1.46 | 0.47 to 1.60 | 10.44 | .009 | 1.99 | 0.27 | .876 | Random |
| Health behavior | ||||||||||
| AMA discharge | 2 | 0.59b) | 0.49 to 0.69 | 0.47 to 0.70 | 73.82 | .009 | 3.71 | 0.30 | .585 | Random |
| Smoking | 4 | 0.48b) | –0.69 to 1.64 | –1.99 to 2.94 | 1.31 | .283 | 99.88 | 27.42 | <.001 | Random |
| Alcohol | 4 | 0.54b) | –0.31 to 1.38 | –0.95 to 2.02 | 2.02 | .137 | 59.71 | 13.36 | .004 | Random |
| Drug abuse | 3 | 0.67b) | –0.07 to 1.42 | –0.68 to 2.02 | 3.87 | .061 | 49.84 | 2.35 | .309 | Random |
| No. | Author (year) | Country | Study design | Study date | Type of DM | Sample | Readmission (%) | Significant factors (p<.05) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Size | Gender | Age (yr) | ||||||||
| 1 | Azevedo et al. [31] (2014) | Canada | Retrospective matched cohort | 2002–2009 | T1DM | 76 | F (35) | 38.6±12.9 | One or more prior DKA episodes (36.0) | New diagnosis of DM, insulin use, no medication, noncompliance, infection, follow-up with a general practitioner |
| T2DM | M (41) | |||||||||
| 2 | Del Degan et al. [19] |
Canada | Retrospective cohort | 2007–2017 | T1DM | 212 | F (102) | 36.0±12.2 | Within 1 year after discharge (33.4) | Alcohol or illicit drug abuse, higher HbA1c, poor adherence to insulin, psychiatric illness |
| M (110) | ||||||||||
| 3 | Everett et al. [10] |
USA | Retrospective cohort | 2010–2015 | T1DM | 181,284 | F (88,132) | 35 (25–49) |
Two or more hospitalizations (22.0) | Young age, female gender, resident of the state of hospitalization, low income, Medicare/Medicaid insurance, disposition (facility transfer), AMA discharge |
| M (93,152) | ||||||||||
| 4 | Gibb et al. [18] (2016) | UK | Retrospective cohort | 2007–2012 | T1DM | 298 | F (134) | 21–55 | Within 30 days after DKA discharge (–) | Longer duration of DM, younger age at DM diagnosis, high social deprivation, high HbA1c, antidepressant use |
| M (164) | ||||||||||
| 5 | Golbets et al. [36] |
Israel | Retrospective cohort | 2004–2017 | T1DM | 385 | F (226) | 45.1±20.0 | Only the second DKA episode (27.0) | HbA1c >9, younger age at DM diagnosis |
| T2DM | M (159) | |||||||||
| 6 | Hare et al. [38] |
Australia | Retrospective cohort | 2013–2017 | T1DM | 128 | F (59) | 35 (26–48) |
Multiple DKA admissions within the same year (13.0) | Current smoker, unemployed, illicit substance use |
| M (69) | ||||||||||
| 7 | Hurtado et al. [37] |
USA | Retrospective cohort | 2010–2014 | T1DM | 479,590 | F (228,525) | 42.4±16.3 | Repeated DKA admission within 30 days of discharge (12.3) | CCI ≥3, AMA discharge, drug use, older age, female gender, T1DM, prolonged LOS (≥5 days), hypertension, heart failure, respiratory failure, ESRD, depression, smoking, low obesity, Medicare/Medicaid insurance |
| T2DM | M (251,065) | |||||||||
| 8 | Liao et al. [28] (2022) | Taiwan | Retrospective cohort | 2016–2019 | T1DM | 256 | F (111) | 52.2±17.6 | 30-day readmission: 90 days: 4.1; 1 year: 11.5; 2 year: 15.3 | Young age, smoking, hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia during hospitalization, higher effective osmolality, previous admission history |
| T2DM | M (145) | |||||||||
| 9 | Lohiya et al. [20] (2013) | USA | Retrospective cohort | 2006–2012 | T1DM | 80 | F (51) | 43.0±15.7 | At least one recurrent hospitalization (-) | - |
| T2DM | M (29) | |||||||||
| 10 | Lyerla et al. [21] (2021) | USA | Retrospective case control | 2017–2019 | T1DM | 265 | F (107) | 45.0±15.0 | During long-term follow-up (18.0) | African American race (vs. white non-Hispanic), other race/ethnicity, young age, T1DM, homeless, drug abuse |
| T2DM | M (158) | |||||||||
| 11 | Michaelis et al. [22] |
Israel | Retrospective cohort | 2011–2017 | T1DM | 160 | F (91) | 38.0±18.0 | Two or more DKA episodes within 1 year (31.0) | Young age, pre-existing DM, longer duration of DM, poor glycemic control (before admission and after discharge), noncompliance to insulin |
| M (69) | ||||||||||
| 12 | Peedikayil et al. [39] |
USA | Retrospective cohort | 2019–2020 | T1DM | 243 | F (104) | 34.0±11.6 | Within 30 days considered as recurrent (26.0) | Substance use disorder (cannabis, tobacco, psychoactive substance) |
| M (139) | ||||||||||
| 13 | Shaka et al. [16] |
USA | Retrospective cohort | 2018 | T1DM | 112,964 | F (56,615) | 35 |
At least one DKA hospitalization during 2-year period (12.5) | High mean age, female gender, CCI ≥3, AMA discharge, hypertension, CKD, smoking |
| M (56,349) | ||||||||||
| 14 | Xu et al. [29] (2020) | USA | Retrospective cohort | 2015–2016 | T1DM | 531 | F (282) | 46.0±18.0 | Readmission with primary diagnosis of DKA (13.9) | Medicare insurance, high Elixhauser index, endocrine consultation (reducing readmission rate) |
| T2DM | M (249) | |||||||||
| 15 | Zhong et al. [30] (2018) | UK | Retrospective cohort | 1998–2013 | T1DM | 264,687 | - | T1DM: 46.7±17.7 | Two or more times with DKA (T1DM: 12.7; T2DM: 6.2) | Young age, female gender, longer duration of DM, T1DM, glucose-lowering drugs, high CCI |
| T2DM | T2DM: 66.4±13.2 | |||||||||
| Study | Selection | Comparability | Outcome (exposure) | Total score (0–9) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort study (n=14) | Representativeness of the exposed cohort | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Ascertainment of exposure | Outcome of interest not present at start of study | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design | Assessment of outcome | Follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur | Adequacy of follow-up of cohorts | |
| Azevedo et al. [31] (2014) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Del Degan et al. [19] (2019) | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 8 | |
| Everett et al. [10] (2019) | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 8 | |
| Gibb et al. [18] (2016) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Golbets et al. [36] (2021) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Hare et al. [38] (2021) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Hurtado et al. [37] (2019) | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 8 | |
| Liao et al. [28] (2022) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Lohiya et al. [20] (2013) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Michaelis et al. [22] (2021) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Peedikayil et al. [39] (2024) | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 7 | ||
| Shaka et al. [16] (2021) | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 8 | |
| Xu et al. [29] (2020) | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 8 | |
| Zhong et al. [30] (2018) | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 8 | |
| Case-control study (n=1) | Adequate definition of cases | Representativeness of the cases | Selection of controls | Definition of controls | Comparability of cases and controls on the basis of the design | Assessment of exposure (blinding) | Same method of ascertainment for cases and controls | Non-response rate | |
| Lyerla et al. [21] (2021) | * | * | * | * | ** | * | * | 8 | |
| Risk factors | k | ES | 95% CI | 95% PI | t | p | Homogeneity test | Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 | Q | p | ||||||||
| Demographic | ||||||||||
| Age | 7 | –0.10 |
–0.28 to 0.08 | –0.56 to 0.35 | –1.35 | .224 | 99.14 | 59.04 | <.001 | Random |
| Female gender | 8 | 0.09 |
–0.18 to 0.36 | –0.62 to 0.81 | 0.82 | .441 | 99.39 | 48.47 | <.001 | Random |
| Socioeconomic | ||||||||||
| Medical insurance | 4 | 0.74 |
–0.68 to 2.16 | –2.32 to 3.80 | 1.66 | .195 | 99.97 | 4,557.26 | <.001 | Random |
| Low income | 4 | 0.18 |
0.10 to 0.26 | –0.05 to 0.41 | 7.05 | .006 | 95.14 | 19.19 | <.001 | Random |
| Diabetes-related | ||||||||||
| DM duration | 3 | –0.63 |
–2.85 to 1.59 | –4.95 to 3.69 | –1.22 | .346 | 95.07 | 44.45 | <.001 | Random |
| HbA1c | 5 | 0.32 |
–0.02 to 0.66 | –0.40 to 1.04 | 2.63 | .058 | 67.83 | 10.98 | .027 | Random |
| Comorbidity | ||||||||||
| Renal disease | 4 | 0.50 |
–1.10 to 2.11 | –2.67 to 3.67 | 0.99 | .393 | 99.83 | 1,198.50 | <.001 | Random |
| Psychiatric disorder | 3 | 1.04 |
0.61 to 1.46 | 0.47 to 1.60 | 10.44 | .009 | 1.99 | 0.27 | .876 | Random |
| Health behavior | ||||||||||
| AMA discharge | 2 | 0.59 |
0.49 to 0.69 | 0.47 to 0.70 | 73.82 | .009 | 3.71 | 0.30 | .585 | Random |
| Smoking | 4 | 0.48 |
–0.69 to 1.64 | –1.99 to 2.94 | 1.31 | .283 | 99.88 | 27.42 | <.001 | Random |
| Alcohol | 4 | 0.54 |
–0.31 to 1.38 | –0.95 to 2.02 | 2.02 | .137 | 59.71 | 13.36 | .004 | Random |
| Drug abuse | 3 | 0.67 |
–0.07 to 1.42 | –0.68 to 2.02 | 3.87 | .061 | 49.84 | 2.35 | .309 | Random |
| DB | No. | Search query | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| PubMed | #1 | "diabetic ketoacidosis"[MeSH Terms] | 7,902 |
| #2 | "hyperglycemic cris*"[Title/Abstract] OR "hyperglycemia cris*"[Title/Abstract] OR "hyperglycaemic cris*"[Title/Abstract] OR "hyperglycemic state*"[Title/Abstract] OR "hyperglycemia state*"[Title/Abstract] OR "hyperglycaemic syndrome*"[Title/Abstract] OR "hyperglycemic syndrome*"[Title/Abstract] OR "hyperglycemia syndrome*"[Title/Abstract] OR "hyperglycemic emergenc*"[Title/Abstract] OR "hyperglycaemic emergenc*"[Title/Abstract] OR "diabet* emergenc*"[Title/Abstract] OR "diabet* ketoacidos*"[Title/Abstract] OR "diabet* acidos*"[Title/Abstract] OR "diabet* ketos*"[Title/Abstract] | 10,210 | |
| #3 | #1 OR #2 | 12,893 | |
| #4 | "patient readmission"[MeSH Terms] | 24,780 | |
| #5 | "readmission*"[Title/Abstract] OR "re admission*"[Title/Abstract] OR "rehospitaliz*"[Title/Abstract] OR "rehospitalisa*"[Title/Abstract] OR "re hospitaliza*"[Title/Abstract] OR "recurrent admission*"[Title/Abstract] OR "recurrent dka admission*"[Title/Abstract] OR "recurrent hospital admission*"[Title/Abstract] OR "recurrent hospitalization*"[Title/Abstract] | 60,353 | |
| #6 | "readmit*"[Title/Abstract] AND ("hospital"[Title/Abstract] OR "patient*"[Title/Abstract]) | 10,636 | |
| #7 | #4 OR #5 OR #6 | 65,213 | |
| #8 | #3 AND #7 | 135 | |
| Embase | #1 | 'diabetic ketoacidosis'/exp OR 'diabetic ketoacidosis' | 22,787 |
| #2 | ((hyperglycemic OR hyperglycemia OR hyperglycaemic) NEAR/2 (crisis OR crises)):ti,ab | 415 | |
| #3 | (hyperglycaemic:ti,ab OR hyperglycemic:ti,ab OR diabet*:ti,ab) AND next:ti,ab AND emergenc*:ti,ab AND ((diabet* NEAR/1 (ketoacidos* OR acidos* OR ketos*)):ti,ab) | 67 | |
| #4 | #1 OR #2 OR #3 | 22,951 | |
| #5 | 'hospital readmission'/exp | 114,003 | |
| #6 | readmission*:ti,ab OR 're admission*':ti,ab OR rehospitaliz*:ti,ab OR rehospitalisa*:ti,ab OR 're hospitaliza*':ti,ab OR 'recurrent admission*':ti,ab OR 'recurrent dka admission*':ti,ab OR 'recurrent hospital admission*':ti,ab OR 'recurrent hospitalization*':ti,ab | 109,100 | |
| #7 | readmit*:ti,ab AND (hospital:ti,ab OR patient*:ti,ab) | 23,475 | |
| #8 | #5 OR #6 OR #7 | 147,786 | |
| #9 | #4 AND #8 | 481 | |
| CINAHL | #1 | (MH "diabetic ketoacidosis") OR (TI (hyperglycemic crisis OR hyperglycemia crisis OR hyperglycaemic crisis OR hyperglycemic state OR hyperglycemia state OR hyperglycaemic syndrome OR hyperglycemic syndrome OR hyperglycemia syndrome OR hyperglycemic emergency OR hyperglycaemic emergency OR diabetes emergency OR diabetes ketoacidos OR diabetes acidosis OR diabetes ketosis) OR AB (hyperglycemic crisis OR hyperglycemia crisis OR hyperglycaemic crisis OR hyperglycemic state OR hyperglycemia state OR hyperglycaemic syndrome OR hyperglycemic syndrome OR hyperglycemia syndrome OR hyperglycemic emergency OR hyperglycaemic emergency OR diabetes emergency OR diabetes ketoacidos OR diabetes acidosis OR diabetes ketosis)) | 8,801 |
| #2 | ((MH "readmission") OR (TI((readmission OR re-admission OR rehospitalization OR rehospitalisation OR re-hospitalization OR recurrent admission OR recurrent DKA admission OR Recurrent Hospital Admission OR recurrent hospitalization))) OR AB ((readmission OR re-admission OR rehospitalization OR rehospitalisation OR re-hospitalization OR recurrent admission OR recurrent DKA admission OR Recurrent Hospital Admission OR recurrent hospitalization))) | 17,777 | |
| #3 | #1 AND #2 | 56 | |
| Cochrane | #1 | (hyperglycemic OR hyperglycemia OR hyperglycaemic) NEAR/2 (crisis OR crises):ti,ab,kw | 45 |
| #2 | (hyperglycaemic OR hyperglycemic OR diabet*) NEXT emergenc*:ti,ab,kw | 16 | |
| #3 | diabet* NEAR/1 (ketoacidos* OR acidos* OR ketos*):ti,ab,kw | 1,028 | |
| #4 | [Diabetic Ketoacidosis] explode all trees | 224 | |
| #5 | #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 | 1,062 | |
| #6 | [Patient Readmission] explode all trees | 1,693 | |
| #7 | readmission*:ti,ab,kw OR re-admission*:ti,ab,kw OR rehospitaliz*:ti,ab,kw OR rehospitalisa*:ti,ab,kw OR re-hospitaliza*:ti,ab,kw OR "recurrent admission":ti,ab,kw OR "recurrent DKA admission":ti,ab,kw OR "Recurrent Hospital Admission":ti,ab,kw OR "recurrent hospitalization":ti,ab,kw | 13,491 | |
| #8 | (readmit*:ti,ab,kw AND (hospital:ti,ab,kw OR patient*:ti,ab,kw)) | 937 | |
| #9 | #6 OR #7 OR #8 | 13,857 | |
| #10 | #5 AND #9 | 16 | |
| Web of Science | #1 | (ALL=(diabetic ketoacidosis)) OR ALL=("hyperglycemic cris*"[tiab] OR "hyperglycemia cris*"[tiab] OR "hyperglycaemic cris*"[tiab] OR "hyperglycemic state*"[tiab] OR "hyperglycemia state*"[tiab] OR "hyperglycaemic syndrome*"[tiab] OR "hyperglycemic syndrome*"[tiab] OR "hyperglycemia syndrome*"[tiab] OR "hyperglycemic emergenc*"[tiab] OR "hyperglycaemic emergenc*"[tiab] OR "diabet* emergenc*"[tiab] OR "diabet* ketoacidos*"[tiab] OR "diabet* acidos*"[tiab] OR "diabet* ketos*"[tiab]) | 10,325 |
| #2 | ((ALL=(patient readmission)) OR ALL=((readmission*[tiab] OR re-admission*[tiab] OR rehospitaliz*[tiab] OR rehospitalisa*[tiab] OR re-hospitaliza*[tiab] OR "recurrent admission*"[tiab] OR "recurrent DKA admission*"[tiab] OR "recurrent hospital admission*"[tiab] OR "recurrent hospitalization*"[tiab]) OR (readmit*[tiab] AND (hospital[tiab] OR patient*[tiab])))) | 36,876 | |
| #3 | #1 AND #2 | 58 | |
| RISS | #1 | 당뇨병케톤산증 OR 당뇨병케톤산혈증 OR 당뇨병케톤혈증 | 114 |
| #2 | 재입원 | 167 | |
| #3 | #1 AND #2 | 0 | |
| Korea-Med | #1 | (diabetic ketoacidosis[MH]) OR (((((((((("hyperglycemic crisis"[TIAB] OR "hyperglycemia crisis"[TIAB]) OR "hyperglycaemic crises"[TIAB]) OR "hyperglycemic state"[TIAB]) OR "hyperglycemia state"[TIAB]) OR "hyperglycaemic syndrome"[TIAB]) OR "hyperglycemia syndrome"[TIAB]) OR "hyperglycemic emergency"[TIAB]) OR "hyperglycaemic emergency"[TIAB]) OR "diabetic emergency"[TIAB]) OR "diabetic Ketoacidosis"[TIAB]) | 220 |
| #2 | ((readmission[ALL] OR rehospitalization[ALL]) OR "recurrent admission"[ALL]) | 443 | |
| #3 | #1 AND #2 | 0 | |
| KMbase | #1 | diabetic ketoacidosis | 143 |
| #2 | (readmission) OR (rehospitalization) OR (recurrent admission) | 226 | |
| #3 | #1 AND #2 | 0 | |
| KISS | #1 | 당뇨병케톤산증 OR 당뇨병케톤산혈증 OR 당뇨병케톤혈증 | 160 |
| #2 | 재입원 | 167 | |
| #3 | #1 AND #2 | 0 | |
| DBpia | #1 | 당뇨병케톤산증 OR 당뇨병케톤산혈증 OR 당뇨병케톤혈증 | 104 |
| #2 | 재입원 | 225 | |
| #3 | #1 AND #2 | 0 |
Values are presented as number, mean±standard deviation, or median (IQR), unless otherwise stated. AMA, against medical advice; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; DM, diabetes mellitus; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; F, female; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; IQR, interquartile range; LOS, length of stay; M, male; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus. a)Studies included in Meta-Analysis. b)Indicates median (IQR).
AMA, against medical advice; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; ES, effect size; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; PI, prediction interval. a)Standardized mean difference. b)Log odds ratio.
