Jungok Yu; Jungsoon Kim

doi:10.4040/jkan.2015.45.1.84

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Original Article
Effects of a Physical Activity Program using Exergame with Elderly Women: Jungok Yu¹, Jungsoon Kim²; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2015;45(1):84-96.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.1.84
Published online: February 15, 2015

¹Daun Elementary School, Ulsan

²College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea

¹Daun Elementary School, Ulsan

²College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea

• Received: June 19, 2014 • Revised: July 2, 2014 • Accepted: December 29, 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
This study was done to investigate the motivational, physical and affective benefits of exergaming in community dwelling older adult women.
Methods
The research design was a nonequivalent control group pre-test and post-test design. Sixty-one older adult women over the age of 65 were recruited from 6 community senior centers to participate in the 8 week exercise intervention or control group. Six centers were divided into one of three groups: exergame, qigong exercise, or control. The exergame and the qigong exercise group received 16 sessions, scheduled twice a week, with each session lasting 50 minutes. Test measures were completed before and after the 8 week intervention period for all participants. Measures included: Grip strength, chair stand, 6 m walking, balance, geriatric depression scale, vitality and intrinsic motivation.
Results
There were significant improvements in the exergame and qigong exercise group for grip strength, chair stand, 6m walking, balance, vitality and intrinsic motivation at the end the 8-week program compared with the control group.
Conclusion
The exergame could be an effective alternative for older adult women to group exercise classes.
Keywords: Physical activity; Video games; Qigong; Older adults

Table 1.

Homogeneity Test for Characteristics of Participants (N=61)

Characteristics	Categories	Exergame (n=21)	Qi-gong (n=20)	Control (n=20)	^χ² or F	p
Characteristics	Categories	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	^χ² or F	p
Age (yr)	65~69	5 (23.8)	4 (20.0)	3 (15.0)	2.01	.794
	70~79	14 (66.7)	13 (65.0)	12 (60.0)
	≥80	2 (9.5)	3 (15.0)	5 (25.0)
		72.95±5.20	74.55±5.59	74.20±4.96	0.52	.594
Marital status	Married	6 (28.6)	8 (40.0)	6 (30.0)	0.71	.787
	Bereaved	15 (71.4)	12 (60.0)	14 (60.0)
Living with	No one	5 (23.8)	7 (35.0)	9 (45.0)	6.37	.178
	Spouse	4 (19.0)	8 (40.0)	6 (30.0)
	Children	12 (57.1)	5 (25.0)	5 (25.0)
Housing type Education	House	8 (38.1)	9 (45.0)	9 (45.0)	0.26	.898
	Apartment	13 (61.9)	11 (55.0)	11 (55.0)
	No formal education	7 (33.3)	6 (30.0)	15 (75.0)	10.01	.006
	≥Elementary	14 (66.7)	14 (70.0)	5 (25.0)
Income (10,000 won	n) <100	12 (57.1)	14 (70.0)	19 (95.0)	8.26	.018
	≥100	9 (42.9)	6 (30.0)	1 (5.0)
Self-rated health	Good	8 (38.1)	4 (20.0)	5 (25.0)	5.04	.283
	Fair	11 (52.4)	9 (45.0)	8 (40.0)
	Poor	2 (9.5)	7 (35.0)	7 (35.0)
		2.66±0.73	3.10±0.85	3.15±0.87	2.16	.124
Number of diseases	0	3 (14.3)	3 (15.0)	1 (5.0)	5.44	.503
	1	7 (33.3)	4 (20.0)	2 (10.0)
	2	9 (42.9)	10 (50.0)	13 (65.0)
	≥3	2 (9.5)	3 (15.0)	4 (20.0)
Drinking alcohol	No	17 (81.0)	18 (90.0)	19 (95.0)	1.88	.480
	Yes	4 (19.0)	2 (10.0)	1 (5.0)
Smoking	No	21 (100.0)	20 (100.0)	19 (95.0)	1.88	.656
	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (5.0)
Intrinsic motivation		92.85±16.13	101.75±13.47	91.60±17.87	2.42	.097
Physical function	Grip strength (kg)	21.05±4.32	18.69±3.87	19.47±3.87	1.82	.171
	Chair stand test (sec)	10.96±2.58	10.21±3.72	9.66±2.55	0.97	.382
	Balance (sec)	66.64±19.81	68.93±12.87	61.39±20.63	1.07	.584
	Walk test
	Usual-walk (sec)	8.71±2.03	8.32±1.56	10.32±1.58	7.44	.001
	Narrow-walk (sec)	9.99±2.34	9.32±2.00	11.28±1.81	4.64	.013
Emotional state	Depression	4.04±2.63	4.05±3.56	4.25±3.05	0.20	.903
	≤4	15 (61.9)	13 (65.0)	10 (50.0)	2.26	.132
	5~9	7 (33.3)	5 (25.0)	9 (45.0)
	≥10	1 (4.8)	2 (10.0)	1 (5.0)
	Subjective vitality	27.95±9.00	32.10±7.25	27.20±7.45	2.20	.119

Table 2.

Effects of Exergame Program on Outcome Variable (N=61)

Variables	Time	Exergame^a (n=21)	Qi-gong^b (n=20)	Control^c (n=20)	^χ²*	p	post hoc
Variables	Time	M±SD	M±SD	M±SD	^χ²*	p	post hoc
Intrinsic motivation	Pre	92.85±16.13	101.75±13.47	91.60±17.87	17.61	<.001	a, b>c
	Post	105.47±15.00	106.55±12.14	93.45±9.09
Physical function
Grip strength (kg)	Pre	21.05±4.32	18.69±3.87	19.47±3.87	3.51	.037	a, b>c
	Post	22.43±4.61	20.15±3.58	19.03±3.70
Chair stand (sec)	Pre	10.96±2.58	10.21±3.72	9.66±2.55	19.34	<.001	a, b<c
	Post	9.28±1.87	8.41±2.17	11.03±2.30
Balance (sec)	Pre	66.64±19.81	68.93±12.87	61.39±20.63	7.68	.021	a, b<c
	Post	71.01±16.01	73.28±11.56	57.43±17.28
Usual walk (sec)	Pre	8.71±2.03	8.32±1.56	10.32±1.58	8.95	.023	b<a, c
	Post	7.51±1.19	6.91±1.26	9.17±1.58
Narrow walk (sec)	Pre	9.99±2.34	9.32±2.00	11.28±1.81	13.90	.001	a, b<c
	Post	8.61±1.55	8.62±1.74	11.23±2.29
Emotional state
Depression	Pre	4.04±2.63	4.05±3.56	4.25±3.05	5.90	.052
	Post	3.33±3.36	3.15±4.09	5.65±3.49
Subjective vitality	Pre	27.95±9.00	32.10±7.25	27.20±7.45	19.56	<.001	a, b>c
	Post	33.47±5.81	33.50±7.81	25.45±7.17

*χ

²score is generalized linear model with pretest score, education level and economy level as covariates.

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Effects of a Physical Activity Program using Exergame with Elderly Women

J Korean Acad Nurs. 2015;45(1):84-96. Published online February 15, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.1.84

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Effects of a Physical Activity Program using Exergame with Elderly Women

Table 1.

Homogeneity Test for Characteristics of Participants (N=61)

Characteristics	Categories	Exergame (n=21)	Qi-gong (n=20)	Control (n=20)	^χ² or F	p
Characteristics	Categories	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	^χ² or F	p
Age (yr)	65~69	5 (23.8)	4 (20.0)	3 (15.0)	2.01	.794
	70~79	14 (66.7)	13 (65.0)	12 (60.0)
	≥80	2 (9.5)	3 (15.0)	5 (25.0)
		72.95±5.20	74.55±5.59	74.20±4.96	0.52	.594
Marital status	Married	6 (28.6)	8 (40.0)	6 (30.0)	0.71	.787
	Bereaved	15 (71.4)	12 (60.0)	14 (60.0)
Living with	No one	5 (23.8)	7 (35.0)	9 (45.0)	6.37	.178
	Spouse	4 (19.0)	8 (40.0)	6 (30.0)
	Children	12 (57.1)	5 (25.0)	5 (25.0)
Housing type Education	House	8 (38.1)	9 (45.0)	9 (45.0)	0.26	.898
	Apartment	13 (61.9)	11 (55.0)	11 (55.0)
	No formal education	7 (33.3)	6 (30.0)	15 (75.0)	10.01	.006
	≥Elementary	14 (66.7)	14 (70.0)	5 (25.0)
Income (10,000 won	n) <100	12 (57.1)	14 (70.0)	19 (95.0)	8.26	.018
	≥100	9 (42.9)	6 (30.0)	1 (5.0)
Self-rated health	Good	8 (38.1)	4 (20.0)	5 (25.0)	5.04	.283
	Fair	11 (52.4)	9 (45.0)	8 (40.0)
	Poor	2 (9.5)	7 (35.0)	7 (35.0)
		2.66±0.73	3.10±0.85	3.15±0.87	2.16	.124
Number of diseases	0	3 (14.3)	3 (15.0)	1 (5.0)	5.44	.503
	1	7 (33.3)	4 (20.0)	2 (10.0)
	2	9 (42.9)	10 (50.0)	13 (65.0)
	≥3	2 (9.5)	3 (15.0)	4 (20.0)
Drinking alcohol	No	17 (81.0)	18 (90.0)	19 (95.0)	1.88	.480
	Yes	4 (19.0)	2 (10.0)	1 (5.0)
Smoking	No	21 (100.0)	20 (100.0)	19 (95.0)	1.88	.656
	Yes	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (5.0)
Intrinsic motivation		92.85±16.13	101.75±13.47	91.60±17.87	2.42	.097
Physical function	Grip strength (kg)	21.05±4.32	18.69±3.87	19.47±3.87	1.82	.171
	Chair stand test (sec)	10.96±2.58	10.21±3.72	9.66±2.55	0.97	.382
	Balance (sec)	66.64±19.81	68.93±12.87	61.39±20.63	1.07	.584
	Walk test
	Usual-walk (sec)	8.71±2.03	8.32±1.56	10.32±1.58	7.44	.001
	Narrow-walk (sec)	9.99±2.34	9.32±2.00	11.28±1.81	4.64	.013
Emotional state	Depression	4.04±2.63	4.05±3.56	4.25±3.05	0.20	.903
	≤4	15 (61.9)	13 (65.0)	10 (50.0)	2.26	.132
	5~9	7 (33.3)	5 (25.0)	9 (45.0)
	≥10	1 (4.8)	2 (10.0)	1 (5.0)
	Subjective vitality	27.95±9.00	32.10±7.25	27.20±7.45	2.20	.119

Table 2.

Effects of Exergame Program on Outcome Variable (N=61)

Variables	Time	Exergame^a (n=21)	Qi-gong^b (n=20)	Control^c (n=20)	^χ²*	p	post hoc
Variables	Time	M±SD	M±SD	M±SD	^χ²*	p	post hoc
Intrinsic motivation	Pre	92.85±16.13	101.75±13.47	91.60±17.87	17.61	<.001	a, b>c
	Post	105.47±15.00	106.55±12.14	93.45±9.09
Physical function
Grip strength (kg)	Pre	21.05±4.32	18.69±3.87	19.47±3.87	3.51	.037	a, b>c
	Post	22.43±4.61	20.15±3.58	19.03±3.70
Chair stand (sec)	Pre	10.96±2.58	10.21±3.72	9.66±2.55	19.34	<.001	a, b<c
	Post	9.28±1.87	8.41±2.17	11.03±2.30
Balance (sec)	Pre	66.64±19.81	68.93±12.87	61.39±20.63	7.68	.021	a, b<c
	Post	71.01±16.01	73.28±11.56	57.43±17.28
Usual walk (sec)	Pre	8.71±2.03	8.32±1.56	10.32±1.58	8.95	.023	b<a, c
	Post	7.51±1.19	6.91±1.26	9.17±1.58
Narrow walk (sec)	Pre	9.99±2.34	9.32±2.00	11.28±1.81	13.90	.001	a, b<c
	Post	8.61±1.55	8.62±1.74	11.23±2.29
Emotional state
Depression	Pre	4.04±2.63	4.05±3.56	4.25±3.05	5.90	.052
	Post	3.33±3.36	3.15±4.09	5.65±3.49
Subjective vitality	Pre	27.95±9.00	32.10±7.25	27.20±7.45	19.56	<.001	a, b>c
	Post	33.47±5.81	33.50±7.81	25.45±7.17

*χ

²score is generalized linear model with pretest score, education level and economy level as covariates.

Table 1. Homogeneity Test for Characteristics of Participants (N=61)

Table 2. Effects of Exergame Program on Outcome Variable (N=61)

*χ

score is generalized linear model with pretest score, education level and economy level as covariates.