Myonghwa Park

doi:10.4040/jkan.2011.41.6.795

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Effects of Interactive Pictorial Education on Community Dwelling Older Adult’s Self Efficacy and Knowledge for Safe Medication: Myonghwa Park; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2011;41(6):795-804.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.6.795
Published online: December 12, 2011

Associate Professor, College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea

Address reprint requests to : Park, Myonghwa College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, 55 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 301-747, Korea Tel: +82-42-580-8328 Fax: +82-42-580-8309 E-mail: mhpark@cnu.ac.kr

• Received: May 30, 2011 • Revised: June 7, 2011 • Accepted: December 19, 2011

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of interactive pictorial education on community dwelling older Korean adults’ self-efficacy and knowledge for safe medication.
Methods
A quasi-experimental, three-group pre- and post-intervention design was used in this study. The interactive pictorial education was designed to suit the learning patterns and psychomotor skills of older adults. The education content, dealing with safe medication, was delivered over three sessions. A total of 136 older adults from local senior centers were assigned to one of the three groups: a) interactive pictorial education plus information booklet (experimental); b) education only with information booklet (conventional); or c) no intervention (control).
Results
Participants receiving interactive pictorial education had significantly higher self-efficacy (F=24.32, p<.001) and knowledge (F=24.26, p<.001) scores than the information booklet or control group at post intervention. Post-hoc analyses indicated that both the interactive pictorial and the information booklet groups had significantly higher self-efficacy and knowledge scores than the control group at the post-test point (p<.05). Furthermore, the interactive pictorial group had higher self-efficacy and knowledge scores than the information booklet group at the post-test point (p<.05).
Conclusion
These results suggest that the interactive pictorial education is an innovative approach that provides a means for older adults to learn appropriate medication use to improve their own health. It empowers older adults with different literacy levels to enhance their self-efficacy and knowledge for the safe use of medication.
Keywords: Medication; Education; Aged; Self efficacy; Knowledge

Figure 1.

Interactive pictorial map for education.

Figure 2.

Interactive pictorial cards for education.

Figure 3.

Changes in the scores of self-efficacy for three groups.

Figure 4.

Changes in the scores of knowledge for three groups.

Table 1.

Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics between the Experimental Group and Control Groups (N=136)

Characteristic	Categories	Interactive pictorial (n=45)	Information booklet (n=45)	Control (n=46)	χ² or F	p
Characteristic	Categories	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	χ² or F	p
Gender	Male	21 (46.7)	22 (48.9)	22 (47.8)	10.50	.228
	Female	24 (53.3)	23 (51.1)	24 (52.2)
Age (yr)	65-69	7 (15.6)	9 (20.0)	7 (15.6)	5.52	.523
	70-74	12 (26.7)	14 (31.1)	11 (24.4)
	75-79	10 (22.2)	10 (22.2)	13 (28.9)
	≥80	16 (35.6)	12 (26.7)	14 (31.1)
	M (SD)	76.0 (6.5)	74.6 (5.8)	76.8 (6.0)	76.0 (6.0)
Education	None (illiterate)	4 (8.9)	5 (11.1)	5 (10.9)	6.91	.103
level	None (literate)	6 (13.3)	6 (13.4)	7 (15.2)
	Elementary	23 (51.1)	22 (48.9)	22 (47.8)
	Middle school	10 (22.2)	11 (24.4)	10 (21.7)
	≥High school	2 (4.4)	1 (2.2)	2 (4.4)
Marital status	Married	20 (44.4)	20 (44.4)	19 (41.3)	1.90	.070
	Bereavement	22 (48.9)	23 (51.2)	25 (54.3)
	Divorced	3 (6.7)	2 (4.4)	2 (4.4)
Income	Low	15 (33.3)	14 (31.1)	14 (30.4)	6.01	.786
	Medium	17 (37.8)	20 (44.4)	20 (43.5)
	High	13 (28.9)	11 (24.4)	12 (26.1)
Health	Very good	5 (11.2)	7 (15.6)	5 (10.9)	2.05	.057
condition	Good	12 (26.7)	9 (20.0)	13 (28.3)
	Fair	20 (44.4)	21 (46.7)	19 (41.3)
	Somewhat bad	6 (13.3)	6 (13.3)	8 (17.4)
	Very bad	2 (4.4)	2 (4.4)	1 (2.1)
Number of	0	1 (2.2)	3 (6.7)	2 (4.3)	1.81	.454
medical	1	20 (44.4)	18 (40.0)	20 (43.6)
diagnosis	2	18 (40.0)	12 (26.7)	14 (30.4)
	3	5 (11.1)	9 (20.0)	8 (17.4)
	4	1 (2.3)	3 (6.6)	2 (4.3)
Number of	1-2	20 (44.4)	17 (37.8)	18 (39.1)	0.23	.891
medication	3-4	18 (40.0)	20 (44.4)	19 (41.3)
	Over 5	7 (15.6)	8 (17.8)	9 (19.6)

Table 2.

Homogeneity Test for the Scores of Self-Efficacy and Knowledge between the Experimental Group and Control Groups (N=136)

Measurement	Interactive pictorial (n=45)	Information booklet (n=45)	Control (n=46)	F	p
Measurement	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	F	p
Self-efficacy	26.30±3.92	26.70±3.20	25.33±4.06	5.55	.406
Knowledge	8.36±1.88	8.11±2.09	8.03±1.81	2.60	.267

Table 3.

Result of Oneway ANOVA for Self Efficacy and Knowledge (N=134)

Source	SS	df	Mean Square	F	p
Self Efficacy^*				24.32	<.001
Between groups	734.01	2	367.01
Within groups	2,671.10	133	15.09
Total	3,405.11	135
Knowledge^†
Between groups	214.21	2	107.11	24.26	<.001
Within groups	781.45	133	4.42
Total	995.66	135

^*post-hoc Tukey’s test: The interactive pictorial education plus information booklet group >education only with information booklet group >no intervention group;

^†post-hoc Tukey’s test: The interactive pictorial education plus information booklet group >education only with information booklet group >no intervention group.

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Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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Effects of Interactive Pictorial Education on Community Dwelling Older Adult’s Self Efficacy and Knowledge for Safe Medication

J Korean Acad Nurs. 2011;41(6):795-804. Published online December 12, 2011

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.6.795

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Effects of Interactive Pictorial Education on Community Dwelling Older Adult’s Self Efficacy and Knowledge for Safe Medication

Figure 1. Interactive pictorial map for education.

Figure 2. Interactive pictorial cards for education.

Figure 3. Changes in the scores of self-efficacy for three groups.

Figure 4. Changes in the scores of knowledge for three groups.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Effects of Interactive Pictorial Education on Community Dwelling Older Adult’s Self Efficacy and Knowledge for Safe Medication

Characteristic	Categories	Interactive pictorial (n=45)	Information booklet (n=45)	Control (n=46)	χ² or F	p
Characteristic	Categories	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	χ² or F	p
Gender	Male	21 (46.7)	22 (48.9)	22 (47.8)	10.50	.228
	Female	24 (53.3)	23 (51.1)	24 (52.2)
Age (yr)	65-69	7 (15.6)	9 (20.0)	7 (15.6)	5.52	.523
	70-74	12 (26.7)	14 (31.1)	11 (24.4)
	75-79	10 (22.2)	10 (22.2)	13 (28.9)
	≥80	16 (35.6)	12 (26.7)	14 (31.1)
	M (SD)	76.0 (6.5)	74.6 (5.8)	76.8 (6.0)	76.0 (6.0)
Education	None (illiterate)	4 (8.9)	5 (11.1)	5 (10.9)	6.91	.103
level	None (literate)	6 (13.3)	6 (13.4)	7 (15.2)
	Elementary	23 (51.1)	22 (48.9)	22 (47.8)
	Middle school	10 (22.2)	11 (24.4)	10 (21.7)
	≥High school	2 (4.4)	1 (2.2)	2 (4.4)
Marital status	Married	20 (44.4)	20 (44.4)	19 (41.3)	1.90	.070
	Bereavement	22 (48.9)	23 (51.2)	25 (54.3)
	Divorced	3 (6.7)	2 (4.4)	2 (4.4)
Income	Low	15 (33.3)	14 (31.1)	14 (30.4)	6.01	.786
	Medium	17 (37.8)	20 (44.4)	20 (43.5)
	High	13 (28.9)	11 (24.4)	12 (26.1)
Health	Very good	5 (11.2)	7 (15.6)	5 (10.9)	2.05	.057
condition	Good	12 (26.7)	9 (20.0)	13 (28.3)
	Fair	20 (44.4)	21 (46.7)	19 (41.3)
	Somewhat bad	6 (13.3)	6 (13.3)	8 (17.4)
	Very bad	2 (4.4)	2 (4.4)	1 (2.1)
Number of	0	1 (2.2)	3 (6.7)	2 (4.3)	1.81	.454
medical	1	20 (44.4)	18 (40.0)	20 (43.6)
diagnosis	2	18 (40.0)	12 (26.7)	14 (30.4)
	3	5 (11.1)	9 (20.0)	8 (17.4)
	4	1 (2.3)	3 (6.6)	2 (4.3)
Number of	1-2	20 (44.4)	17 (37.8)	18 (39.1)	0.23	.891
medication	3-4	18 (40.0)	20 (44.4)	19 (41.3)
	Over 5	7 (15.6)	8 (17.8)	9 (19.6)

Measurement	Interactive pictorial (n=45)	Information booklet (n=45)	Control (n=46)	F	p
Measurement	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	F	p
Self-efficacy	26.30±3.92	26.70±3.20	25.33±4.06	5.55	.406
Knowledge	8.36±1.88	8.11±2.09	8.03±1.81	2.60	.267

Source	SS	df	Mean Square	F	p
Self Efficacy^*				24.32	<.001
Between groups	734.01	2	367.01
Within groups	2,671.10	133	15.09
Total	3,405.11	135
Knowledge^†
Between groups	214.21	2	107.11	24.26	<.001
Within groups	781.45	133	4.42
Total	995.66	135

Table 1. Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics between the Experimental Group and Control Groups (N=136)

Table 2. Homogeneity Test for the Scores of Self-Efficacy and Knowledge between the Experimental Group and Control Groups (N=136)

Table 3. Result of Oneway ANOVA for Self Efficacy and Knowledge (N=134)

post-hoc Tukey’s test: The interactive pictorial education plus information booklet group >education only with information booklet group >no intervention group;

†

post-hoc Tukey’s test: The interactive pictorial education plus information booklet group >education only with information booklet group >no intervention group.