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Original Article
- Effects of Interactive Pictorial Education on Community Dwelling Older Adult’s Self Efficacy and Knowledge for Safe Medication
- Myonghwa Park
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Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2011;41(6):795-804.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.6.795
Published online: December 12, 2011
Associate Professor, College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
Associate Professor, College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
- Address reprint requests to : Park, Myonghwa College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, 55 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 301-747, Korea Tel: +82-42-580-8328 Fax: +82-42-580-8309 E-mail: mhpark@cnu.ac.kr
• Received: May 30, 2011 • Revised: June 7, 2011 • Accepted: December 19, 2011
Copyright © 2011 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Abstract
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Purpose
- The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of interactive pictorial education on community dwelling older Korean adults’ self-efficacy and knowledge for safe medication.
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Methods
- A quasi-experimental, three-group pre- and post-intervention design was used in this study. The interactive pictorial education was designed to suit the learning patterns and psychomotor skills of older adults. The education content, dealing with safe medication, was delivered over three sessions. A total of 136 older adults from local senior centers were assigned to one of the three groups: a) interactive pictorial education plus information booklet (experimental); b) education only with information booklet (conventional); or c) no intervention (control).
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Results
- Participants receiving interactive pictorial education had significantly higher self-efficacy (F=24.32, p<.001) and knowledge (F=24.26, p<.001) scores than the information booklet or control group at post intervention. Post-hoc analyses indicated that both the interactive pictorial and the information booklet groups had significantly higher self-efficacy and knowledge scores than the control group at the post-test point (p<.05). Furthermore, the interactive pictorial group had higher self-efficacy and knowledge scores than the information booklet group at the post-test point (p<.05).
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Conclusion
- These results suggest that the interactive pictorial education is an innovative approach that provides a means for older adults to learn appropriate medication use to improve their own health. It empowers older adults with different literacy levels to enhance their self-efficacy and knowledge for the safe use of medication.
Table 1.Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics between the Experimental Group and Control Groups (N=136)
Table 2.Homogeneity Test for the Scores of Self-Efficacy and Knowledge between the Experimental Group and Control Groups (N=136)
Table 3.Result of Oneway ANOVA for Self Efficacy and Knowledge (N=134)
| Source | SS | df | Mean Square | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self Efficacy* | 24.32 | <.001 | |||
| Between groups | 734.01 | 2 | 367.01 | ||
| Within groups | 2,671.10 | 133 | 15.09 | ||
| Total | 3,405.11 | 135 | |||
| Knowledge† | |||||
| Between groups | 214.21 | 2 | 107.11 | 24.26 | <.001 |
| Within groups | 781.45 | 133 | 4.42 | ||
| Total | 995.66 | 135 |
*post-hoc Tukey’s test: The interactive pictorial education plus information booklet group >education only with information booklet group >no intervention group;
†post-hoc Tukey’s test: The interactive pictorial education plus information booklet group >education only with information booklet group >no intervention group.
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Figure 1. Interactive pictorial map for education.
Figure 2. Interactive pictorial cards for education.
Figure 3. Changes in the scores of self-efficacy for three groups.
Figure 4. Changes in the scores of knowledge for three groups.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Effects of Interactive Pictorial Education on Community Dwelling Older Adult’s Self Efficacy and Knowledge for Safe Medication
| Characteristic | Categories | Interactive pictorial (n=45) |
Information booklet (n=45) |
Control (n=46) |
χ² or F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||
| Gender | Male | 21 (46.7) | 22 (48.9) | 22 (47.8) | 10.50 | .228 |
| Female | 24 (53.3) | 23 (51.1) | 24 (52.2) | |||
| Age (yr) | 65-69 | 7 (15.6) | 9 (20.0) | 7 (15.6) | 5.52 | .523 |
| 70-74 | 12 (26.7) | 14 (31.1) | 11 (24.4) | |||
| 75-79 | 10 (22.2) | 10 (22.2) | 13 (28.9) | |||
| ≥80 | 16 (35.6) | 12 (26.7) | 14 (31.1) | |||
| M (SD) | 76.0 (6.5) | 74.6 (5.8) | 76.8 (6.0) | 76.0 (6.0) | ||
| Education | None (illiterate) | 4 (8.9) | 5 (11.1) | 5 (10.9) | 6.91 | .103 |
| level | None (literate) | 6 (13.3) | 6 (13.4) | 7 (15.2) | ||
| Elementary | 23 (51.1) | 22 (48.9) | 22 (47.8) | |||
| Middle school | 10 (22.2) | 11 (24.4) | 10 (21.7) | |||
| ≥High school | 2 (4.4) | 1 (2.2) | 2 (4.4) | |||
| Marital status | Married | 20 (44.4) | 20 (44.4) | 19 (41.3) | 1.90 | .070 |
| Bereavement | 22 (48.9) | 23 (51.2) | 25 (54.3) | |||
| Divorced | 3 (6.7) | 2 (4.4) | 2 (4.4) | |||
| Income | Low | 15 (33.3) | 14 (31.1) | 14 (30.4) | 6.01 | .786 |
| Medium | 17 (37.8) | 20 (44.4) | 20 (43.5) | |||
| High | 13 (28.9) | 11 (24.4) | 12 (26.1) | |||
| Health | Very good | 5 (11.2) | 7 (15.6) | 5 (10.9) | 2.05 | .057 |
| condition | Good | 12 (26.7) | 9 (20.0) | 13 (28.3) | ||
| Fair | 20 (44.4) | 21 (46.7) | 19 (41.3) | |||
| Somewhat bad | 6 (13.3) | 6 (13.3) | 8 (17.4) | |||
| Very bad | 2 (4.4) | 2 (4.4) | 1 (2.1) | |||
| Number of | 0 | 1 (2.2) | 3 (6.7) | 2 (4.3) | 1.81 | .454 |
| medical | 1 | 20 (44.4) | 18 (40.0) | 20 (43.6) | ||
| diagnosis | 2 | 18 (40.0) | 12 (26.7) | 14 (30.4) | ||
| 3 | 5 (11.1) | 9 (20.0) | 8 (17.4) | |||
| 4 | 1 (2.3) | 3 (6.6) | 2 (4.3) | |||
| Number of | 1-2 | 20 (44.4) | 17 (37.8) | 18 (39.1) | 0.23 | .891 |
| medication | 3-4 | 18 (40.0) | 20 (44.4) | 19 (41.3) | ||
| Over 5 | 7 (15.6) | 8 (17.8) | 9 (19.6) |
| Measurement | Interactive pictorial (n=45) |
Information booklet (n=45) |
Control (n=46) |
F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean±SD | |||
| Self-efficacy | 26.30±3.92 | 26.70±3.20 | 25.33±4.06 | 5.55 | .406 |
| Knowledge | 8.36±1.88 | 8.11±2.09 | 8.03±1.81 | 2.60 | .267 |
| Source | SS | df | Mean Square | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self Efficacy |
24.32 | <.001 | |||
| Between groups | 734.01 | 2 | 367.01 | ||
| Within groups | 2,671.10 | 133 | 15.09 | ||
| Total | 3,405.11 | 135 | |||
| Knowledge |
|||||
| Between groups | 214.21 | 2 | 107.11 | 24.26 | <.001 |
| Within groups | 781.45 | 133 | 4.42 | ||
| Total | 995.66 | 135 |
Table 1. Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics between the Experimental Group and Control Groups (N=136)
Table 2. Homogeneity Test for the Scores of Self-Efficacy and Knowledge between the Experimental Group and Control Groups (N=136)
Table 3. Result of Oneway ANOVA for Self Efficacy and Knowledge (N=134)
post-hoc Tukey’s test: The interactive pictorial education plus information booklet group >education only with information booklet group >no intervention group; post-hoc Tukey’s test: The interactive pictorial education plus information booklet group >education only with information booklet group >no intervention group.
