Pok-Ja Oh; Young-Hyun Kim

doi:10.4040/jkan.2012.42.6.833

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Original Article
Meta-Analysis of Spiritual Intervention Studies on Biological, Psychological, and Spiritual Outcomes: Pok-Ja Oh, Young-Hyun Kim; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2012;42(6):833-842.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.6.833
Published online: December 31, 2012

¹Department of Nursing, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea.

²Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea.

Address reprint requests to: Oh, Pok-Ja. Department of Nursing, Sahmyook University, Hwarangro-815, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Korea. Tel: +82-2-3399-1589, Fax: +82-2-3399-1594, ohpj@syu.ac.kr

• Received: May 16, 2012 • Accepted: November 13, 2012

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Abstract
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of spiritual intervention studies by examining biological, psychological, and spiritual outcomes.
Methods
From electronic databases 2522 studies were retrieved, of which 21 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies had 1411 participants. Two authors independently extracted data from the selected studies and assessed the methodological quality. The data were analyzed using the RevMan 5.1 program of the Cochrane library.
Results
Overall effect size of spiritual intervention on spiritual and psychological (depression and anxiety) outcomes were moderate (d=-0.65 to d=-0.76, p<.001). The effects on biological outcomes (pain and functional status) ranged from -0.51 to -0.39, respectively. No publication bias was detected as evaluated by a funnel plot. Spiritual intervention had a moderate effect on psychological and spiritual outcomes and a smaller effect on biological outcomes.
Conclusion
The results of this study suggest that spiritual intervention can relieve depression and anxiety. Further randomized controlled trials studies are needed to evaluate the effects of spiritual intervention on biological outcomes.
Keywords: Spirituality; Treatment outcome; Meta-analysis; Intervention studies

This paper was supported by the Sahmyook University Research Fund in 2012.

REFERENCES

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Figure 1

Flow of studies included from database search.

Figure 2

Forest plot of effect size and 95% CI by spiritual intervention on spiritual outcomes.

Figure 3

Forest plot of effect size and 95% CI by spiritual intervention on psychological outcome.

Figure 4

Forest plot of effect size and 95% CI by spiritual intervention on biological outcome.

Table 1

Characteristics of Included Studies (N=21)

Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group; diff=difference; RCT=Randomized Controlled Trials; NRCCT=Non Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials; VAS=Visul Analog Scale; HADS=Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; DSEC=Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale; HDRS=Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HARS=Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; SCL-90-R=Symptom Check List-90-Revision; CES-D=Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; FACIT-Sp=Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-spiritual; POMS=Profile of Mood States; STAI=Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory; BPI-K=Korean Version of Brief Pain Inventory.

^*Allocation concealment; ^†Blind stated; ^‡<20% Attrition rate; ^§Calculation of sample size; ^∥80% of the people are cancer patients).

Table 2

Characteristics of Spiritual Intervention Studies (N=21)

Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

Figure & Data

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Meta-Analysis of Spiritual Intervention Studies on Biological, Psychological, and Spiritual Outcomes

J Korean Acad Nurs. 2012;42(6):833-842. Published online December 31, 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2012.42.6.833

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Meta-Analysis of Spiritual Intervention Studies on Biological, Psychological, and Spiritual Outcomes

Figure 1 Flow of studies included from database search.

Figure 2 Forest plot of effect size and 95% CI by spiritual intervention on spiritual outcomes.

Figure 3 Forest plot of effect size and 95% CI by spiritual intervention on psychological outcome.

Figure 4 Forest plot of effect size and 95% CI by spiritual intervention on biological outcome.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Meta-Analysis of Spiritual Intervention Studies on Biological, Psychological, and Spiritual Outcomes

Table 1

Characteristics of Included Studies (N=21)

^*Allocation concealment; ^†Blind stated; ^‡<20% Attrition rate; ^§Calculation of sample size; ^∥80% of the people are cancer patients).

Table 2

Characteristics of Spiritual Intervention Studies (N=21)

Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

Table 1 Characteristics of Included Studies (N=21)

^*Allocation concealment; ^†Blind stated; ^‡<20% Attrition rate; ^§Calculation of sample size; ^∥80% of the people are cancer patients).

Table 2 Characteristics of Spiritual Intervention Studies (N=21)

Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.