Ji-Yeong Seo

doi:10.4040/jkan.2009.39.3.357

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Original Article
The Effects of Aromatherapy on Stress and Stress Responses in Adolescents: Ji-Yeong Seo; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2009;39(3):357-365.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.3.357
Published online: June 29, 2009

Full-time Lecturer, Department of Nursing, Youngnam Foreign Language College, Gyeongsan, Korea.

Address reprint requests to: Seo, Ji-Yeong. Department of Nursing, Youngnam Foreign Language College, 220-1 Hyeopseok-ri, Namcheon-myeon, Gyeongsan 712-717, Korea. Tel: 82-53-810-7763, Fax: 82-53-810-0199, marseo@hanmail.net

• Received: August 13, 2008 • Accepted: May 18, 2009

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Abstract
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
This study was done to examine the effects of aromatherapy on stress and stress responses in adolescents.
Methods
A two-group cross-over design was used for this study. The experimental treatment was aroma essential oil inhalation and the placebo treatment was carrier oil inhalation using a necklace. The sample included 36 female high school students. Fisher's exact test, t-test, and paired t-test using SPSS/WIN program were used to analyze the data.
Results
Stress levels were significantly lower when the students received the aroma treatment compared to when they received the placebo treatment. The stress responses except salivary IgA levels were significantly lower when the students received the aroma treatment.
Conclusion
Aroma inhalation could be a very effective stress management method for high school students. Therefore, it is recommended that this program be used in clinical practice as an effective nursing intervention for high school students.
Keywords: Aromatherapy; Adolescents; Stress; Stress response

This study is a part of Ph.D. dissertation.

Figure 1

Research design.

O₁, O₂, O₃, O₄=stress, anxiety, physical symptoms, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse rate (PR), Cortisol, IgA.

X₁=aroma (bergamot essential oil) inhalation (solid line).

X₂=placebo (carrier oil & artificial flavor) inhalation (dotted line).

Group 1=aroma inhalation-1st & Placebo inhalation-2nd; Group 2=placebo inhalation-1st & Aroma inhalation-2nd.

Table 1

Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics between the Group 1 and Group 2 at Pre-test (O₁) (N=36)

Group 1=aroma inhalation-1st & placebo inhalation-2nd; Group 2=placebo inhalation-1st & aroma inhalation-2nd.

Table 2

Homogeneity Test for Dependent Variables at Pre-test (O₁) (N=36)

Group 1=aroma inhalation-1st & placebo inhalation-2nd; Group 2=placebo inhalation-1st & aroma inhalation-2nd; SBP=systolic blood pressure; DBP=diastolic blood pressure; PR=pulse rate; IgA=immunoglobulin A.

Table 3

Stress Score and Stress Response per Every Period in Group 1 and Group 2

O₁ & O₃ was pre-test in both group 1 and group 2; O₂ was after aroma inhalation in group 1, and after placebo inhalation in group 2; O₄ was after placebo inhalation in group 1, and after aroma inhalation in group 2.

SBP=systolic blood pressure; DBP=diastolic blood pressure; PR=pulse rate; IgA=immunoglobulin A.

Table 4

Changes in Stress Score and Stress Response between the Post-Aroma and Post-Placebo

Mean difference of aroma group=O₂-O₁ of Group 1 and O₄-O₃ of Group 2; Mean difference of placebo group=O₄-O₃ of Group 1 and O₂-O₁ of Group 2; SBP=systolic blood pressure; DBP=diastolic blood pressure; PR=pulse rate; IgA=immunoglobulin A.

REFERENCES

1. Byeon YJ. A study of the relations between parents' rearing attitude, irrational beliefs and stress of adolescents. 1995;Seoul, Yonsei University. Unpublished master's thesis.
2. Deinzer R, Schuller N. Dynamics of stress-related decrease of salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA): Relationship to symptoms of the common cold and studying behavior. Behavioral Medicine. 1998;23:161–169.Article PubMed
3. Han SH. Effects of aromatherapy on headache, stress and immune response of students with tension-type headache. 2002;Seoul, The Catholic University of Korea. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
4. Han SS, Lee SC. SPSS Nursing · Health Statistical Analysis. 2006;Seoul, Hyunmoonsa.
5. Hwang JH. The effect of the inhalation method using essential oils on blood pressure and stress responses of clients with essential hypertension. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2006;36:1123–1134.PubMed
6. Ju KY. The effect of aromatherapy on psychological stress and stress hormones in blood after maximal exercise. 2002;Seoul, Kookmin University. Unpublished master's thesis.
7. Kim JS. A Study on stress, anxiety, mental health in high school students. 2001;Daejeon, Chungnam National University. Unpublished master's thesis.
8. Kim JT, Shin DK. A study based on the standardization of the STAI for Korea. The New Medicine Journal. 1979;21(11):69–75.
9. Kim KS. Effects of aromatherapy on psychological and physiological responses in the middle aged women. 2003;Seoul, Yonsei University. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
10. Kirschbaum C. Salivary cortisol technical issues. 2008;Retrieved September 17, 2008. from http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Allostatic/notebook/FAQs-salivcort.pdf.
11. Ko HM. Relation of anxiety, stress perception and academic achievement. 1998;Gwangju, Chonnam National University. Unpublished master's thesis.
12. Ko MJ, Yu SJ, Kim YG. The effects of solutionfocused group counseling on the stress response and coping strategies in the delinquent juveniles. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2003;33:440–450.Article PubMed PDF
13. Lee CR. The effect of aroma inhalation method on stress, anxiety, and self-efficacy in high school seniors. 2005;Iksan, Wonkwang University. Unpublished master's thesis.
14. Lee IS. Effects of Lavender fragrance on depression and anxiety of nursing students intending to take the National Licensing Examination. Journal of Korean Academy of Public Health Nursing. 2006;20:87–94.
15. Lee SH. Psychoneuroimmunologic effect of aromatherapy massage. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing. 2000;6:305–315.Article PDF
16. Lemon K. An assessment of treating depression and anxiety with aromatherapy. International Journal of Aromatherapy. 2004;14:63–69.Article
17. Moon KS. Correlational study between stress and physical symptoms of middle school students. 2002;Seoul, Ewha Womans University. Unpublished master's thesis.
18. Nam JS. The relationship between participation in leisure sports activities of middle and high school students and pro-social behavior. 2004;Seoul, Kyung Hee University. Unpublished master's thesis.
19. Naughton FO. Stress and coping. 1997;Retrieved November 2, 2004. from http://www.csun.edu/~vcpsy00h/students/coping.htm.
20. Oh HK, Choi JY, Chun KK, Lee JS, Park DK, Choi SD, et al. A study for antistress effects of two aromatic synergic blending oils. Journal of the Korean Society of Jungshin Science. 2001;14:33–49.
21. Page GG, Lindsey AM. Carrieri-Kohlman V, Lindsey AM, West CM. Stress response. In: Pathophysiological phenomena in nursing : Human responses to illness. 2003;St. Louis, MO, Saunders. 275–295.
22. Park MK, Lee ES. The effect of aroma inhalation method on stress responses of nursing students. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2004;34:344–351.Article PubMed PDF
23. Park SO. The reduced effects of aromatherapy on stress and sleep disturbance. 2001;Daegu, Youngnam University. Unpublished master's thesis.
24. Romine IJ, Bush AM, Charles RG. Lavender aromatherapy in recovery from exercises. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1999;88:756–758.PubMed
25. Seo JY, Kim MY. Stress, physical symptoms, and coping styles of high school students. The Korean Journal of Child Health Nursing. 2006;12:470–477.
26. Sharrer VW, Ryan-Wenger NA. School-age children's self-reported stress symptoms. Pediatric Nursing. 2002;28:21–27.
27. Son KC, Song JE, Um SJ, Paek KY, Oh HK, Lee JS, et al. Effect of absorption of essential oils on the changes of arousal and antistress. Journal of Korean Society of Horticultural Science. 2001;42:614–620.
28. Spielberger CD. Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research. 1972;1st ed. New York, NY, Academic Press.
29. Tweed SA. Affective and biological reaction to the inhalation of the essential oil lavender. 1999;Texas, USA, Christopher Newport University. Unpublished master's thesis.
30. Yoon IS. The effects of the stress-coping training on stress reaction of high school students. 2004;Seoul, Korea University. Unpublished master's thesis.

Figure & Data

Figure 1

Research design.

O₁, O₂, O₃, O₄=stress, anxiety, physical symptoms, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse rate (PR), Cortisol, IgA.

X₁=aroma (bergamot essential oil) inhalation (solid line).

X₂=placebo (carrier oil & artificial flavor) inhalation (dotted line).

Group 1=aroma inhalation-1st & Placebo inhalation-2nd; Group 2=placebo inhalation-1st & Aroma inhalation-2nd.

Table 1

Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics between the Group 1 and Group 2 at Pre-test (O₁) (N=36)

Group 1=aroma inhalation-1st & placebo inhalation-2nd; Group 2=placebo inhalation-1st & aroma inhalation-2nd.

Table 2

Homogeneity Test for Dependent Variables at Pre-test (O₁) (N=36)

Table 3

Stress Score and Stress Response per Every Period in Group 1 and Group 2

SBP=systolic blood pressure; DBP=diastolic blood pressure; PR=pulse rate; IgA=immunoglobulin A.

Table 4

Changes in Stress Score and Stress Response between the Post-Aroma and Post-Placebo

REFERENCES

1. Byeon YJ. A study of the relations between parents' rearing attitude, irrational beliefs and stress of adolescents. 1995;Seoul, Yonsei University. Unpublished master's thesis.
2. Deinzer R, Schuller N. Dynamics of stress-related decrease of salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA): Relationship to symptoms of the common cold and studying behavior. Behavioral Medicine. 1998;23:161–169.Article PubMed
3. Han SH. Effects of aromatherapy on headache, stress and immune response of students with tension-type headache. 2002;Seoul, The Catholic University of Korea. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
4. Han SS, Lee SC. SPSS Nursing · Health Statistical Analysis. 2006;Seoul, Hyunmoonsa.
5. Hwang JH. The effect of the inhalation method using essential oils on blood pressure and stress responses of clients with essential hypertension. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2006;36:1123–1134.PubMed
6. Ju KY. The effect of aromatherapy on psychological stress and stress hormones in blood after maximal exercise. 2002;Seoul, Kookmin University. Unpublished master's thesis.
7. Kim JS. A Study on stress, anxiety, mental health in high school students. 2001;Daejeon, Chungnam National University. Unpublished master's thesis.
8. Kim JT, Shin DK. A study based on the standardization of the STAI for Korea. The New Medicine Journal. 1979;21(11):69–75.
9. Kim KS. Effects of aromatherapy on psychological and physiological responses in the middle aged women. 2003;Seoul, Yonsei University. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
10. Kirschbaum C. Salivary cortisol technical issues. 2008;Retrieved September 17, 2008. from http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Allostatic/notebook/FAQs-salivcort.pdf.
11. Ko HM. Relation of anxiety, stress perception and academic achievement. 1998;Gwangju, Chonnam National University. Unpublished master's thesis.
12. Ko MJ, Yu SJ, Kim YG. The effects of solutionfocused group counseling on the stress response and coping strategies in the delinquent juveniles. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2003;33:440–450.Article PubMed PDF
13. Lee CR. The effect of aroma inhalation method on stress, anxiety, and self-efficacy in high school seniors. 2005;Iksan, Wonkwang University. Unpublished master's thesis.
14. Lee IS. Effects of Lavender fragrance on depression and anxiety of nursing students intending to take the National Licensing Examination. Journal of Korean Academy of Public Health Nursing. 2006;20:87–94.
15. Lee SH. Psychoneuroimmunologic effect of aromatherapy massage. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing. 2000;6:305–315.Article PDF
16. Lemon K. An assessment of treating depression and anxiety with aromatherapy. International Journal of Aromatherapy. 2004;14:63–69.Article
17. Moon KS. Correlational study between stress and physical symptoms of middle school students. 2002;Seoul, Ewha Womans University. Unpublished master's thesis.
18. Nam JS. The relationship between participation in leisure sports activities of middle and high school students and pro-social behavior. 2004;Seoul, Kyung Hee University. Unpublished master's thesis.
19. Naughton FO. Stress and coping. 1997;Retrieved November 2, 2004. from http://www.csun.edu/~vcpsy00h/students/coping.htm.
20. Oh HK, Choi JY, Chun KK, Lee JS, Park DK, Choi SD, et al. A study for antistress effects of two aromatic synergic blending oils. Journal of the Korean Society of Jungshin Science. 2001;14:33–49.
21. Page GG, Lindsey AM. Carrieri-Kohlman V, Lindsey AM, West CM. Stress response. In: Pathophysiological phenomena in nursing : Human responses to illness. 2003;St. Louis, MO, Saunders. 275–295.
22. Park MK, Lee ES. The effect of aroma inhalation method on stress responses of nursing students. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2004;34:344–351.Article PubMed PDF
23. Park SO. The reduced effects of aromatherapy on stress and sleep disturbance. 2001;Daegu, Youngnam University. Unpublished master's thesis.
24. Romine IJ, Bush AM, Charles RG. Lavender aromatherapy in recovery from exercises. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1999;88:756–758.PubMed
25. Seo JY, Kim MY. Stress, physical symptoms, and coping styles of high school students. The Korean Journal of Child Health Nursing. 2006;12:470–477.
26. Sharrer VW, Ryan-Wenger NA. School-age children's self-reported stress symptoms. Pediatric Nursing. 2002;28:21–27.
27. Son KC, Song JE, Um SJ, Paek KY, Oh HK, Lee JS, et al. Effect of absorption of essential oils on the changes of arousal and antistress. Journal of Korean Society of Horticultural Science. 2001;42:614–620.
28. Spielberger CD. Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research. 1972;1st ed. New York, NY, Academic Press.
29. Tweed SA. Affective and biological reaction to the inhalation of the essential oil lavender. 1999;Texas, USA, Christopher Newport University. Unpublished master's thesis.
30. Yoon IS. The effects of the stress-coping training on stress reaction of high school students. 2004;Seoul, Korea University. Unpublished master's thesis.

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The Effects of Aromatherapy on Stress and Stress Responses in Adolescents

J Korean Acad Nurs. 2009;39(3):357-365. Published online June 29, 2009

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.3.357

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The Effects of Aromatherapy on Stress and Stress Responses in Adolescents

Figure 1 Research design. O1, O2, O3, O4=stress, anxiety, physical symptoms, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse rate (PR), Cortisol, IgA. X1=aroma (bergamot essential oil) inhalation (solid line). X2=placebo (carrier oil & artificial flavor) inhalation (dotted line). Group 1=aroma inhalation-1st & Placebo inhalation-2nd; Group 2=placebo inhalation-1st & Aroma inhalation-2nd.

Figure 1

The Effects of Aromatherapy on Stress and Stress Responses in Adolescents

Table 1

Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics between the Group 1 and Group 2 at Pre-test (O₁) (N=36)

Group 1=aroma inhalation-1st & placebo inhalation-2nd; Group 2=placebo inhalation-1st & aroma inhalation-2nd.

Table 2

Homogeneity Test for Dependent Variables at Pre-test (O₁) (N=36)

Table 3

Stress Score and Stress Response per Every Period in Group 1 and Group 2

SBP=systolic blood pressure; DBP=diastolic blood pressure; PR=pulse rate; IgA=immunoglobulin A.

Table 4

Changes in Stress Score and Stress Response between the Post-Aroma and Post-Placebo

Table 1 Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics between the Group 1 and Group 2 at Pre-test (O1) (N=36)

Group 1=aroma inhalation-1st & placebo inhalation-2nd; Group 2=placebo inhalation-1st & aroma inhalation-2nd.

Table 2 Homogeneity Test for Dependent Variables at Pre-test (O1) (N=36)

Table 3 Stress Score and Stress Response per Every Period in Group 1 and Group 2

SBP=systolic blood pressure; DBP=diastolic blood pressure; PR=pulse rate; IgA=immunoglobulin A.

Table 4 Changes in Stress Score and Stress Response between the Post-Aroma and Post-Placebo