Mee-Kyung Shin

doi:10.4040/jkan.2009.39.1.107

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Original Article
Effects of an Exercise Program on Frontal Lobe Cognitive Function in Elders: Mee-Kyung Shin; Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2009;39(1):107-115.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.1.107
Published online: February 28, 2009

Full-time Instructor, Department of Nursing Science, Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan, Korea.

Address reprint requests to: Shin, Mee-Kyung. Department of Nursing Science, Korea Nazarene University, 456 Ssangyong-dong, Cheonan 331-718, Korea. Tel: 82-41-570-7070, Fax: 82-41-570-4260, splash92@paran.com

• Received: August 5, 2008 • Accepted: January 21, 2009

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of an exercise program on frontal lobe cognitive function in seniors.
Methods
The participants were 42 seniors using a health center in Seoul (experimental group) and 28 seniors using a facility for elders in Seoul (control group). The exercise program was carried out for 16 weeks from April to August 2007. The frontal lobe cognitive function, which includes short term memory, attention, immediate memory, delayed memory, verbal fluency and motor function, was measured by the Digit Span Forward test, Trail Making test, Immediate recall words test, Delayed recall words, Controlled oral word association test and Finger tapping test. The collected data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, Chi-square, t-test, and ANCOVA using the SAS program.
Results
The major findings of this study were as follows: Attention (p=.009), immediate memory (p=.005), delayed memory (p=.009), and verbal fluency (p=.004) improved after the exercise program.
Conclusion
In this study, the exercise program was effective in improving frontal lobe cognitive function in elders. So it provides basic information for further nursing education on exercise programs which will be effective for prevention of early cognitive function decline in normally aging elders.
Keywords: Exercise program; Frontal lobe cognitive function; Aged

Table 1

Research Design

Ye1, Ye2, Yc1, Yc2=frontal lobe cognitive function: short term memory, attention, immediate memory, delayed memory, verbal fluency, motor function; X=exercise program.

Table 2

Exercise Program

Table 3

Homogeneity of General Characteristics and Medical History of Two Groups (N=70)

^*Fisher's exact test.

Table 4

Homogeneity of Dependent Variables (N=70)

Table 5

Comparison of the Frontal Lobe Cognitive Function of Two Groups (N=70)

^*F-value of ANCOVA with pre-test value as covariate.

REFERENCES

1. Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ, Schniebolk S, Walsh-Riddle M, George LK, et al. Long-term effects of exercise on psychological functioning in older men and women. Journal of Gerontology. 1991;46:352–361.
2. Borg GA. Psycholophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1982;14:377–381.
3. Cheon JS. Neurocognitive assessment of geriatric patients. Journal of Korean Society of Biological Therapies in Psychiatric. 2000;6:126–139.
4. Choe HG, Kim YS, Park HW, Lee JL, Oh SA, Park IS. The effect of tailored exercise of teenagers' obesity change. Paper presented at the spring meeting of the Korean Academy of Obesity. 2003;Seoul.
5. Choi KU. The effect of regular exercise on cognitive function, stress, depression and antioxidants in elderly women. 2004;Seoul, Korea University. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
6. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral science. 1988;2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Association Publishing.
7. Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Science. 2003;14:125–130.PubMed
8. Fuster JM. The prefontal cortex. 1989;2nd ed. New York, NY, Raven Press Publishing.
9. Hall CD, Smith AL, Keele SW. The impact of aerobic activity on cognitive function in older adults: A new synthesis based on the concept of executive control. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 2001;13:279–300.Article
10. Hogan BA. Physical and cognitive activity and exercise for older adults: Review. Journal of Aging and Human Development. 2005;60:95–126.PubMed
11. Kang YW. Cognitive changes in the frontal lobe across the life span. Paper presented at the meeting of the Korean Psychological Association. 2006;Seoul.
12. Kim HJ, Choi JM, Lee KM. Effects of combination training of resistance and walking exercise on the psychomotor performance in the elderly. Journal of Physical Growth and Motor Development. 2004;12:97–105.
13. Kim HS, Park UY. Senior Fitness Test. 2005;Seoul, Daehan Media Publishing.
14. Kim JS, Jeong IS, Kim YJ, Hwang SK, Choi BC. Screening for high risk population of dementia and development of the preventive program using web. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2003;33:236–245.Article PubMed PDF
15. Kim JS, Jung JS. The effect of a folk play program on cognition, ADL, and problematic behavior in the elderly with dementia. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2005;35:1153–1162.PubMed
16. Kim KU, Kim SY, Kim JH, Uh SI, Uh JI, Yoon JC, et al. Korean version of the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease assessment packet. 2003;Seoul, Seoul National University Publishing.
17. Kim YS. The effect of cognitive ability and self esteem on regular exercise in the elderly. The Korean Journal of Physical Education. 2001;40:181–193.
18. Society Statistical Survey. Korean National Statistic Office. 2003;09 21 Retrieved from http://meta.kosis.kr/bzmt/main.jsp?surv_id=34&curYear=2003.
19. Statistics for the elderly. Korean National Statistic Office. 2008;10 01 Retrieved from http://www.nso.go.kr/board_notice/BoardAction.do?method=view&board_id=78&seq=574&num=574.
20. Korean NeuroPsychiatric Assocation. Dementia. 2002;Seoul, Chosunilbosa Publishing.
21. Kramer AF, Hahn S, Cohen NJ, Banich MT, McAuley E, Harrison CR, et al. Aging, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature. 1999;400:418–419.Article PubMed PDF
22. Laurin D, Verreault R, Lindsay J, MacPherson K, Rockwood K. Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Archives of Neurology. 2001;58:498–504.PubMed
23. Lee KM, Choi JM, Kim HJ. The effect of regular exercise training on cognitive function in the elderly women. Journal of Physical Growth and Motor Development. 2002;10:81–90.
24. Lipowski ZJ. Delirium updated. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1980;21:190–196.Article PubMed
25. Lytle ME, Vander Bilt J, Pandav RS, Dodge HH, Ganguli M. Exercise level and cognitive decline: The Movies project. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders. 2004;18:57–64.Article
26. Park TJ. Cognitive neural mechanism of aging. The Korean Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2004;16:317–336.
27. Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Senior fitness manual. 2001;Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics Publishing.
28. Roth CL. How to protect the aging work force. Occupational Hazards. 2005;67:52–54.
29. Ryu HS. A study on ADL and dementia of aged person with medicaid in Korea. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2001;31:236–245.
30. Seo HG. Elderly with dementia in the year 2007 is estimated about 400 thousand. 2007;09 20 Retrieved September 20, 2007. from http://app.yonhapnews.co.kr.
31. Van Gelder BM, Tijhuis MA, Kalmijn S, Giampaoli S, Nissinen A, Kromhout D. Physical activity in relation to cognitive decline in elderly men: The FINE study. Neurology. 2004;63:2316–2321.Article PubMed

Figure & Data

Table 1

Research Design

Ye1, Ye2, Yc1, Yc2=frontal lobe cognitive function: short term memory, attention, immediate memory, delayed memory, verbal fluency, motor function; X=exercise program.

Table 2

Exercise Program

Table 3

Homogeneity of General Characteristics and Medical History of Two Groups (N=70)

^*Fisher's exact test.

Table 4

Homogeneity of Dependent Variables (N=70)

Table 5

Comparison of the Frontal Lobe Cognitive Function of Two Groups (N=70)

^*F-value of ANCOVA with pre-test value as covariate.

REFERENCES

1. Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ, Schniebolk S, Walsh-Riddle M, George LK, et al. Long-term effects of exercise on psychological functioning in older men and women. Journal of Gerontology. 1991;46:352–361.
2. Borg GA. Psycholophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1982;14:377–381.
3. Cheon JS. Neurocognitive assessment of geriatric patients. Journal of Korean Society of Biological Therapies in Psychiatric. 2000;6:126–139.
4. Choe HG, Kim YS, Park HW, Lee JL, Oh SA, Park IS. The effect of tailored exercise of teenagers' obesity change. Paper presented at the spring meeting of the Korean Academy of Obesity. 2003;Seoul.
5. Choi KU. The effect of regular exercise on cognitive function, stress, depression and antioxidants in elderly women. 2004;Seoul, Korea University. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
6. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral science. 1988;2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Association Publishing.
7. Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Science. 2003;14:125–130.PubMed
8. Fuster JM. The prefontal cortex. 1989;2nd ed. New York, NY, Raven Press Publishing.
9. Hall CD, Smith AL, Keele SW. The impact of aerobic activity on cognitive function in older adults: A new synthesis based on the concept of executive control. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 2001;13:279–300.Article
10. Hogan BA. Physical and cognitive activity and exercise for older adults: Review. Journal of Aging and Human Development. 2005;60:95–126.PubMed
11. Kang YW. Cognitive changes in the frontal lobe across the life span. Paper presented at the meeting of the Korean Psychological Association. 2006;Seoul.
12. Kim HJ, Choi JM, Lee KM. Effects of combination training of resistance and walking exercise on the psychomotor performance in the elderly. Journal of Physical Growth and Motor Development. 2004;12:97–105.
13. Kim HS, Park UY. Senior Fitness Test. 2005;Seoul, Daehan Media Publishing.
14. Kim JS, Jeong IS, Kim YJ, Hwang SK, Choi BC. Screening for high risk population of dementia and development of the preventive program using web. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2003;33:236–245.Article PubMed PDF
15. Kim JS, Jung JS. The effect of a folk play program on cognition, ADL, and problematic behavior in the elderly with dementia. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2005;35:1153–1162.PubMed
16. Kim KU, Kim SY, Kim JH, Uh SI, Uh JI, Yoon JC, et al. Korean version of the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease assessment packet. 2003;Seoul, Seoul National University Publishing.
17. Kim YS. The effect of cognitive ability and self esteem on regular exercise in the elderly. The Korean Journal of Physical Education. 2001;40:181–193.
18. Society Statistical Survey. Korean National Statistic Office. 2003;09 21 Retrieved from http://meta.kosis.kr/bzmt/main.jsp?surv_id=34&curYear=2003.
19. Statistics for the elderly. Korean National Statistic Office. 2008;10 01 Retrieved from http://www.nso.go.kr/board_notice/BoardAction.do?method=view&board_id=78&seq=574&num=574.
20. Korean NeuroPsychiatric Assocation. Dementia. 2002;Seoul, Chosunilbosa Publishing.
21. Kramer AF, Hahn S, Cohen NJ, Banich MT, McAuley E, Harrison CR, et al. Aging, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature. 1999;400:418–419.Article PubMed PDF
22. Laurin D, Verreault R, Lindsay J, MacPherson K, Rockwood K. Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Archives of Neurology. 2001;58:498–504.PubMed
23. Lee KM, Choi JM, Kim HJ. The effect of regular exercise training on cognitive function in the elderly women. Journal of Physical Growth and Motor Development. 2002;10:81–90.
24. Lipowski ZJ. Delirium updated. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1980;21:190–196.Article PubMed
25. Lytle ME, Vander Bilt J, Pandav RS, Dodge HH, Ganguli M. Exercise level and cognitive decline: The Movies project. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders. 2004;18:57–64.Article
26. Park TJ. Cognitive neural mechanism of aging. The Korean Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2004;16:317–336.
27. Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Senior fitness manual. 2001;Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics Publishing.
28. Roth CL. How to protect the aging work force. Occupational Hazards. 2005;67:52–54.
29. Ryu HS. A study on ADL and dementia of aged person with medicaid in Korea. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2001;31:236–245.
30. Seo HG. Elderly with dementia in the year 2007 is estimated about 400 thousand. 2007;09 20 Retrieved September 20, 2007. from http://app.yonhapnews.co.kr.
31. Van Gelder BM, Tijhuis MA, Kalmijn S, Giampaoli S, Nissinen A, Kromhout D. Physical activity in relation to cognitive decline in elderly men: The FINE study. Neurology. 2004;63:2316–2321.Article PubMed

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Effects of an Exercise Program on Frontal Lobe Cognitive Function in Elders

J Korean Acad Nurs. 2009;39(1):107-115. Published online February 28, 2009

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.1.107

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Effects of an Exercise Program on Frontal Lobe Cognitive Function in Elders

Table 1

Research Design

Ye1, Ye2, Yc1, Yc2=frontal lobe cognitive function: short term memory, attention, immediate memory, delayed memory, verbal fluency, motor function; X=exercise program.

Table 2

Exercise Program

Table 3

Homogeneity of General Characteristics and Medical History of Two Groups (N=70)

^*Fisher's exact test.

Table 4

Homogeneity of Dependent Variables (N=70)

Table 5

Comparison of the Frontal Lobe Cognitive Function of Two Groups (N=70)

^*F-value of ANCOVA with pre-test value as covariate.

Table 1 Research Design

Ye1, Ye2, Yc1, Yc2=frontal lobe cognitive function: short term memory, attention, immediate memory, delayed memory, verbal fluency, motor function; X=exercise program.

Table 2 Exercise Program

Table 3 Homogeneity of General Characteristics and Medical History of Two Groups (N=70)

^*Fisher's exact test.

Table 4 Homogeneity of Dependent Variables (N=70)

Table 5 Comparison of the Frontal Lobe Cognitive Function of Two Groups (N=70)