The purpose of this study was investigated the effects of education for nursing concept to the nursing students who are not attended to major course of nursing education in nursing college. It is hoped that this education for nursing concept will be contribute to positive nursing conceptualization for nursing students. The data for this study obtained from 118 students in attending college of nursing Ewha womens University(1st year; 62, 2nd year; 56). 1st year students(experimental group) was attended to the education for nursing concept by investigators and 2nd year students (control group) did not. After then tested to two group: Pre and post test for experimental group and post test only to control group. The results obtained were as follows: 1) In experimental group, pre-test mean score was 116.19(SD 50.46) and post-test mean score was 253.02 (SD 66.56). Therefore post-test mean score was higher than pre-test mean score (p=0.0001). 2) There were different score between the experimental group and control group. Control group was higher(207.58, SD 52.42) than experimental group(116.19, SD 50.46) at the pre-test (p=0.0002), but experimental group(253.02, SD 66.56) was higher than control group. (207.58, SD 52.42) at post-test(p=0.0001). These results implied that early intensive education for nursing concept might have positive effects on nursing conceptualization for nursing students.

Early extra-uterine development of the newborn infant has the potential for clarifying important questions of nature and care taking environment. In this study, tactile and auditory stimulation is used on . a group of infants to determine the effects of their response. Infants were tested by EKG at 24-48 hrs after birth and all they are free from complication. Stimuli presented were touch and sound (40dB, 70dB and 40-70dB). The result of the study were as follows: 1) The heart rate was seen to depend on their sleep-wake state. (light sleep; 125/mm, eyes open & motor activity increase; 151/mm crying; 185/mm). 2) The heart rate affected by tactile & auditory stimulus. The heart rate response was acceleration above the prestimulus level. (tactile,. 23/mm increase, auditory; 16-21/min increase) and heart rate change was seen to depend on prestimulus rate. (r=. 73) 3) There was a decrease in heart rate when they were soothe. (touch ; 24. 8sec, 21/mm decrease, pacifier; 14.5sec, 26/mm decrease) and significant difference in time between touch and pacifier (t=1.76, p<0.05). This result support the evaluation of newborn infant's sensory abilitics, and has even begin to influence changes in nursing care. But systemic monitoring of newborn infants respense would further define.

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

The newborn human is the only mammalian who.se mother does not have a food supply ready for it's offspring at birth. From two to four days usually elapse before the mother's supply of milk appears, and during this period, some kind of artificial feeding should be supplied to the infants. Because of this factor, there has been continued debate for the past hundreds of years as to when the first feeding should be started. Accordingly, many experiments were car-ried out by scholars and because of these, pre-lacteal feedings were believed to be neces-sary. Many types of pre-lacteal feedings were tried and the conclusion was reached that glucose water was the best food for the first infants* feedings. Traditionally, This has been started 12 hours after birth. The causes for the 12 hours delay were thought to (1) provide rest for the infants; (2) prevent regurgitation and vomiting which tended to be prevalent during this time; (3) in cases of low weight infants, prevention of aspiration pneumonia. From recent studies of newborn physiology and as pediatric medicine has been rapidly ad-vancing, many studies have been carried out concerning the improvement of infant nutrition and the early feeding of infants has been emphasized. This author believes it would be very beneficial to try two different kinds of feedings for the infant, (1) experimental feedings and (2) comparative feeding, and during this period to investigate and compare the infants blood sugar level, hematocrit, gamma globulin level, weight changes and to observe the infant reaction in order to search for a more desirable feeding program. This study was conducted from January to March 1974 with data related to 40 healthy newborn infants (male 21, female 19: weight, 2. 79-4.20kg: gestation, 39~40 weeks) born at Ewha Womens University Hospital, and the results obtained were as follows: 1. At time of birth the blood sugar level from the cord sample averaged 88. 99mg/100mL, but the blood sugar level rapidly dropped after 2 to 3 hours and reached the fewest point after 10 to 11 hours (54.48mg/100ml) and rose again by the 24 hour time period (76. 80mg /100ml). Changes in the blood sugar level of the experimental groups and the compara-tive group was not significantly different until the 6 to 7 hour period, but by the 10 to 11 hour period the blood sugar levels of the experimental group (49.10mg/100ml) and the comparative group (49.70mg/100ml) were bwer than the remainder of the experimental groups. 2. There ware no significant weight changes between the tw.o groups. Average weight at birth was 3.35kg, but at the 24 hours period, birth weight averaged 3.29kg. (1.8% reduction of birth weight). It continually lowered until at 48 hours, average weight was 3.26kg (2. 7% reduction from birth weight.) 3. Hematocrit readings showed no significant difference between the groups. Hematocrit, the average value at birth, was 28. 07% and abruptly elevated to average 64. 35% at the 2 to 3 hour period, then slowly lowered to an average of 59.67% at the 6 to 7 hour period, 55.10% at the 10 to 11 hour period, and 53.70% at the 24 hour period. 4. At birth, average gamma globulin value averaged 1.39gm/100ml. and at the 24 hour period averaged 1.52gm/100mL revealing no significant difference between the two feeding groups. 5. Such factors as Voiding, passing of meconium, regurgitation and vomiting showed no significance between the two feeding groups. However, the number of infants voiding and passing meconium in the experimental groups during the first 12 hours was slightly greater. In general there was an increased tendency for regurgitation and. vomiting among a small group of the infants during the first 24 hours which thereafter decreased. 6. Fluid intake averaged 24. 38cc at the first feeding and increased to average 30.48cc at the third feeding and further increased to 73.00cc at the fifteenth feeding. Finally, it was suggested that the most reasonable method of early feeding is to give less than 25cc of 5% glucose water and/or 8% powdered milk at 8 to 9 hours after birth in order to prevent hypoglycemia and dehydration.

The problem addressed by this study was to determine the effect of nurse-patient agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period of primiparous mothers. It was hypothesized that the experimental treatment would result in hegher self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance. This Purpose was to contribute to the planning of nursing care to enhance self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance and to the development of relevant nursing theory. Especially, the early postpartum period is crucial toward in recovery from childbirth and attainment of the maternal role. Maternal role attaintment is a complex social and cognitive process of stimulus-response accomplished by learning. Most women attain the maternal role successfully. But, some primiparous mothers experience difficulties in attainment of the maternal role due to lack of experience and knowledge. Self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance are important factors in attainment and adjustment to the maternal role(Mercer, 1981a, 1981b ; Lederman, Weigarten, and Lederman, 1981 : Bobak and Jensen 1985). Nursing is defined as behaviors of nurses and patients that attain nursing goals through action, reaction, interaction, and transaction. For attainment of nursing goals, active participating transactions must occur by agreement on the means to achieve those goals through nurse-patient mutual goal setting and establishment of their active relationships(King, 1981, Ha, 1977). Based on King's theory of goal attainment(1981), this study was planned as a non-equivalent control group, non-synchronized quasi-experimental design using agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in early postpartum as the experimental treatment. The data were collected from July 20 to Sep. 1, 1991 by questionnaires with 60 primiparous mothers planing to breast feed after normal deliveries at W hospital in Pusan, Korea. The subjects were divided into a control group(conventional group)-those admitted from July 20 to Aug. 12 and an experimental group(agreement group)-those admitted from Aug. 13 to Sep. 1. The instrument for agreement on the means to nursing goals in the early postpartum period included five steps-identification of disturbances of problems through action, reaction, and interaction with primiparous mothers ; mutual early postpartal nursing goal setting ; exploration of the means to achieve goals ; agreement on the means (self-care, early maternal-infant contact, performance of mothering behavior, and communicating about the infant's behavior and health condition) ; implementation of the means. This instrument was developed on the basis of King's elements that lead to transactions in nurse-patient interactions. Lederman et al's(1981) scale for Confidence in ability to cope with tasks of motherhood and Lederman et al's(1981) scale for Mother's satisfaction with motherhood and infant care were used to measure-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance with the subjects immediately after admission and on the day of discharge. Self-care performance in the experimental group was measured by self-evaluation tool developed by the investigator from the literature concerned. The tools to measure self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance, and the tool to measure self-evaluation of self-care performance were tested for internal reliability. Cronbach's Alphas were 0.94, 0.94, and 0.63. The data were analysed by using in S. P. S. S. computerized program and included percentage, x2-test, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The conclusions obtained from this study are summarized as follows : 1. The degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was above average with a mean score of 2.77(range 2.14-3.64). Out of 14 items, those with relatively high mean scores were 'I would like to be a better mother than I am'(3.95), and 'I know that my baby wants most of the times'(2.28), 'When the baby cries, I can tell what she/he wants'(2.37), and 'I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby'(2.50). That is, the self-confidence of primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering, but rather low in activities concerning the infant care and understanding of the infant behavior. The degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was high with a mean score of 3.18(range 1.92-3.92). Out of 13 items, those with relatively high mean scores were 'I an glad I had this baby now'(3.75), 'I play with the baby between feeding when s/he is awake and quiet'(3.67), and 'I enjoy being a mother'(3.27). Those with low mean scores were 'I and upset about having too many responsibilities as a mother'(2.78), 'it bothers me to get up for the baby at night'(2.82). and 'I get annoyed if the baby frequently interrupts my activities'(2.82), That is, the satisfaction of primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering and infant care, but rather low in restraints in time or on the mother's self accomplishment and development. 2. Agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period included process of mutual goal setting, exploration of the means to achieve goals, and ahreement in concret means to achieve goals based on the mothers' condition, concerns, self-perception of the nurse-patient interactions. In the process of agreement, there was agreement that the means to achieve goals should be through trust and establishment of active relationships with the nurse through identification of problems according to planned nursing goals and active interaction, such as explanations, teaching, changing of opinions, acceptance or rejection of explanations, and proposing of questions. Therefore agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period appears to be an effective nursing intervention for primiparous mothers. 3. The degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group(t=3.95, p<0.01). Out of 14 items those with higher score in the experimental group were 'I would like to be a better mother than I am'(t=1.93, p<0.05), 'I know that my baby wants most of the times'(t=2.75, p<0.01), 'When the baby, I can tell what she/he wants'(t=2.10, p<0.05), 'I have confidence in may ability to care for the baby'(t=3.72, p<0.01), 'I trust my own judgement in deciding how to care for the baby'(t=1.93, p<0.05)m 'I feel that I know my baby and what to do for him/her'(t=2.44, p<0.01), 'I am concerned about being able to meet the baby's needs(t=2.87, p<0.01), 'I know wat my baby likes and dislikes'(t=3.26, p<0.01), 'I dont's know to care for the baby as well as I should'(t=2.07, p<0.05), and 'I am unsure about whether I give enough attention to the baby'(t=3.04, p<0.01). That is, the degree of self-confidence in mothering, activities concerning infant care, and understanding of infant behavior of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the first hypothesis, that the degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t=3.95, p<0.01). 4. The degree of satisfaction in the maternal role performance of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group(t=2.31, p<0.05). Out of 13 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were 'I am glad I had this baby now' (t=2.29, p<0.05), 'I enjoy taking care of the baby'(t=2.49, p<0.01), 'It is boring for me to care for the baby and do the same things over and over'(t=2.87, p<0.01), 'I am unhappy with the amount of time I have for activities other than childcare'(t=2.51, p<0.01), and 'When bathing and diapering the baby, I would like to be dong something else'(t=2.43, p<0.01). That is , the degree of satisfaction in mothering, infant care, and restraints in time of on the mother's self accomplishment and development in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the second hypothesis, that the degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t=2.31, p<0.05). 5. The third hypothesis, that the higher the degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance, the higher the degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance in the experimental group, was supported(r=0.57, p<0.01).