The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the body image adjustment of daily life. 58 subjects who had undergone radical mastectomy or modified radical mastectomy from 1979 to April 1984 at Seoul National University Hospital were selected as a sample and used for a final analysis. Finding of this study were as follows; 1) The relationship between the body image and the adjustment of daily life were significant differences. The body image is more positive, the adjustment of daily life is better. However, the cause-effect relationship was not found in this study.(p<0.05) 2) There were no significant differences in the body image between the right side mastectomy and left side mastectomy, between the radical mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy between those who had occupation and those who did not have occupation, and between the level of education. 3) There was no significant correlation between the body image and age, between the body image and elapsed time after surgery.

The purpose of this study was to identify the image of nursing, that is, to see how nursing is viewed in newspapers. Articles about nursing from two Korean daily newspapers from Jan. 1,1987 to Dec. 31, 1991 were examined for subject, type, attitude and authorship. The inter-rater reliability was 0.89(by The Holsti method). The major findings were as follows; 1. The total number of articles were 110. 2. As for the subjests matter, articles related to professional nursing activities appeared most frequently (29.6%), there about labor issues and activity to promote nurses's job climate 19.4%, and about official activities of nursing 11.2%. 3. Commentary articles appeared most frequently(41.2%), Other article forms were straight news(27.1%), contribution(17.6%) and interviews (10.<6%). 4. Feature stories acounted for 62.4% and news articles for 37.6%. Most of the articles were of national interests (96.5%), the rest (3.5%) of news from abroad. 5. Articles favorable toward nursing accounted for 54.1%, neutral 28.2%, negative 17.6%. 6. Many articles were written by the reporters (66.3%).

The purpose of this study was to identify the commonalities of various nursing interventions and effective intervention methods in each intervention through analysis and synthesis of many accumulated research papers. The study analyzed the effects of various nursing interventions on anxiety and/or stress. For this purpose, 64 experimental studies with randomized or nonequivalent control group pre-test-posttest design were selected were selected from journals of medical and nursing schools, the Korean Nurse, the Korean Nurses' Academic Society Journal, the Central Journal of Medicine, the New Medical Journal, the Nurse Monthly, and from theses and dissertations conducted from 1970 to 1991. The selected studies were classified according to three characteristics : 1) the research sample, 2) types and methods of nursing interventions, and 3) statistical tests. The following analysis was done : 1) Confirmation of the accuracy of data drawn from each study by paired review, 2) Estimation of the homogenity of pre-test scores of the dependent variable between control and experimental groups warranted the effect size of post-scores, 3) If the homogenity of pre-test scores did not warrant, the change scores from pre-test to post-test were used to estimate the effect size, 4) Use of the effect size of each study among homogenious studies was tested for each intervention method, such as relaxation, information, and touch and/or support. Finally, for the studies not showing homogenity, and ANOVA test was used to identify patterns for each intervention. Some findings are summarized as follow: The effect sizes for relaxation and information were greater than those for touch and / or supportive technique. Studies using random assignment had greater effect sizes than nonrandomized sample studies using the same intervention. For healthy people, group education was more effective than individual teaching. However, for patients, relaxation and touch and / or supportive techniques given on individual basis were more effective than when given in a group situation. Measuring anxiety and stress by biological indicators was less effective than by self-report. Budzynski's relaxation method was the most effective. The more frequently the techniques applied, the larger the effect size. On the bases of these findings, the following recommendations were made : 1. A combination of information, relaxation, and touch-supportive techniques should be sued for greater effect in reducing the level of anxiety and / or stress. 2. Information is the first choice of intervention to reduce the level of anxiety and/or stress of health people ; other intervention may be added depending on the conditions of the subjects.

The purposes of this study were 1) to identify patterns and trends of studies of anxiety and stress and 2) to provide direction on which to base further research. Research studies of anxiety and stress were selected from journals of medical and nursing schools, the Korean Nurse, the Korean Nurses' Academic Society Journal, the Central Journal of Medicine, the New Medical Journal, Monthly Nurse, and from theses and dissertations, which had been conducted for the 20 years from 1970 to 1990. The total population of the studies numbered 463. Seven studies were excluded from the analysis because of duplication, so that 252 studies of anxiety and 204 of stress were analyzed. These studies were analyzed for 1) time of publication or presentation, 2) research design, 3) characteristics of subjects used in each study, 4) types of correlated variables, and 5) types of nursing interventions. Findings obtained in the study were as follows : 1. The number of studies related to anxiety and stress has increased rapidly since the early 1980's. 2. The studies were primarily descriptive throughout the 20 years. However, correlational studies, comparative studies and experimental studies slowly increased. 3. Anxiety studies tend to be conducted more on patients and stress studies with normal subjects in non-experimental research. However, experimental studies were conducted more with patients than with normal subjects. 4. In correlational studies, the trend was to study physical conditions in relation to anxiety, and coping and adaptation in relation to stress. 5. In experimental studies, teaching and information therapy and relaxation were the most popular interventions for anxiety, and supportive care for stress. On the bases of these findings, the following recommendations were made : 1. These patterns of studies related to anxiety and stress in Korea need to be compared with studies conducted in other countries. 2. More attention is needed in terms of research design, reliability and validity of tools, and results of statistical analysis. 3. Meta-analysis should be done to analyze and integrate the results of various studies. 4. For theory testing and identification of useful intervention methods, experimental studies with the same protocols must be conducted rather than more descriptive studies.

The purpose of this study was to identify the accu racy rates (hit ratio) which mean the degree of con cordance between pain rating scale differences over time & subjective comparisons. Subjective comparisons mean the responses to the question "how does the pain you are now experiencing compare with the one at the time of the assessment yesterday?". Answers to this question were translated into 'greater', 'same', or 'less'. KPRS(Korean Pain Rating Scale) was developed through 4 consecutive studies to assess pain extensively & accurately by Lee etc. VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) was reported as valid & veliable measure for the intensity of pain by many researchers. Thirty hospitalized patients with complaints of Headache were partispated in this study during the period from May 1 to July 31, 1987. In conclusion, the accuracy rates of KPRS and VAS were 60%, 67%, respectively.

PURPOSE: This study was to determine the current trend of nursing research as exploring both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, and to provide the explicit direction to improve the quality of published papers. METHODS: Total of 366 articles published between 2004 and 2006 was reviewed using the criteria of analysis. RESULTS: There was more number of quantitative studies than qualitative studies. More studies were conducted with subjects who had health problems, and studies that targeted women and elderly population have been significantly increased. In quantitative methodology, utilization of experimental and quasi-experimental designs has been increased, however descriptive study was dominant as yet. In qualitative methodology, studies using grounded theory and phenomenology were frequently published. It was noted that theoretical framework and rational for sample size were rarely presented in quantitative study. Philosophical position and the process of preparation for study, which guided the research, were not clearly described in qualitative study. CONCLUSION: The findings of this review suggest that published studies have been improved and diversified, however, detailed and clear evaluation tool that assesses study process and method should be developed as a way to further improve the quality of published papers.