Resourcefulness was analyzed by Walker and Avant's method to make a theoretical framework for nursing. Also, the appropriate Korean terminology was identified. "Resourcefulness" means the ability to use internal and external resources to eliminate or to control stress. 'Resourcefulness' is chosen to be the most appropriate term to reflect the concept of resourcefulness. Upon the concept analysis availability, controllability, confidence, and self-instruction were identified as the defining characteristics of resourcefulness. Contrary to other work, "availability" means the ability to use the social resources as well as the internal cognitive-behavioral resources. "Controllability" means the ability to delay or control immediate gratification of one's needs or to divert one's own mood in order to solve problem. "Confidence" is the self-efficacy belief in one's control ability. "Self-instruction" is the cognitive ability to instruct oneself positively. Resourcefulness is learned by active experience, vicarious experience, and formal or informal instruction or a need for change. As a result of the use of resourcefulness, the target behavior performed immediately and ultimately improve the quality of life or adaptation. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the instrument including the defining attributes identified in this study. Also, it is necessary to simultaneously analyze the related concepts of self-efficacy, self-control, and self-regulation for appropriate use.

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• Concept analysis of end-of-life care competency of long-term-care-hospital nurses: Using a hybrid model
  Sookyeon Son, Mi-Kyeong Jeon
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2024; 26(1): 19.     CrossRef

There is a need to define the concept of suffering more appropriate in the context of Korean culture. This research is an attempt to analyze and develop the concept of suffering by applying the Hybrid Model suggested by Schwartz -Barcott and Kim. The data were collected from March 20, 1995 to September 17,1995. The subjects of the study were eight persons including in-patients and out-patients of a general hospital who were diagnosed as having cancer and those resting in sanatoria for natural treatment of cancer. Qualitative research methods of in-depth interview and participant observation were used for data collection. The contents of the interviews were recorded on tape. Data-analysis progressed according to the 3 phases suggested by the Hybrid Model. For each case, in-depth interview data and participant observation data were included and the attributes of suffering revealed in these data were analyzed. Finally, by summarizing the results from each case, the attributes of suffering, its dimensions, definition, and processes observed in the field were suggested. According to the results of the study, the following new definition of suffering is suggested: Suffering is a fundamental and inevitable experience of all human beings. When each individual experiences loss, damage, and pain which threaten one's personal integrity, suffering is perceived differently among each individual depending on their personal inner factors, one's significant others, exterior circumstances and stimuli, and the ultimate meaning of life. Suffering brings severe and unendurable distress which accompany despair, powerlessness, anxiety, bitterness, fear, anguish, guilt, depression, withdrawal and anger. The results of this study suggest that the more responsibility and burden a cancer patient felt, the more suffering she/he experienced and it tended to be more relevant to one's significant others and exterior circumstances and stimuli; the less responsibility and burden a cancer patient had, the less suffering she/he experienced and it tended to be related to one's inner factors. These findings have implications for nursing profession. When caring for patients who experience suffering, nurses need to consider the influence of responsibility, burden, and each dimension of suffering. Moreover, appropriate nursing interventions aimed at relieving pain and satisfying the spiritual need of patients experiencing loss need to be developed and implemented more widely.

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• Suffering Experience of Primary Caregivers of People with Mental Disabilities in Community Dwellings
  Eun Joung Choi, Hyun Mee Cho, Eun Ju Cho, Minkyung Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2020; 29(3): 218.     CrossRef
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  Ye-Sook Choi
  The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2016; 19(2): 127.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Suffering Experience, Empathy Ability, Caring Behaviors on Terminal Care Performance of Clinical Nurses
  Kae Hwa Jo, Ae Ran Park, Jin Ju Lee, Su Jung Choi
  The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2015; 18(4): 276.     CrossRef
• Reliability and Validity of the Suffering Scale of Family of Patients with Terminal Cancer
  Kyung Ah Kang
  Journal of Korean Oncology Nursing.2011; 11(1): 49.     CrossRef
• Death Recognition, Meaning in Life and Death Attitude of People Who Participated in the Death Education Program
  Kyung Ah Kang, Kyung Soon Lee, Gang Won Park, Yong Ho Kim, Mi Ja Jang, Eun Lee
  The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2010; 13(3): 169.     CrossRef
• From Their Own Response: Experiences of Korean Children with Chronic Illness and Their Families
  Eun-Sook Park, Won-Oak Oh, Min-Hyun Suk, Young-Mi Yoon
  Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2009; 15(4): 350.     CrossRef

The main objectives of this study were to analyze the concept of hope, so to provide basic data to develop a valid instrument to measure hope, and to develop hope enhancing nursing intervention a program for cancer patients. The hybrid model approach was applied in three phases, the theoretical phase, the empirical phase, and the analytic phase. The study was developed on universal attributes explaining generalized hope and specific hope, which were revealed in a comprehensive review of the literature. In the empirical phase, eight cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy were interviewed to reveal causes, motivation, and their resource of hope according to The Hope Assessment Guide (Farren, Herth, & Popovich, 1995). In the analytical phase, the results of the two previous stages of the study were compared. The results were as follows: In the theoretical phase, six dimensions of hope emerged; affective, cognitive, behavioral, affiliative, temporal and contextual dimension. The antecedent of hope was loss, crisis, uncertainity, and stress. The consequences were renewal, development of new methods, safety, peace and transcendental competence. In the empirical phase, these six dimensions emerged as theoretical phases were verified and specified as these descriptive terms: feeling, intention, expectation, activity, relation, future- orientation, reality and goal-setting. The antecedent factor of hope was occurrence or recurrence of cancer. The consequence of hope was ability to cope with real condition, feeling of safety and comfort, peace, development of new strategy and recovery of disease. The major content of hope in this phase was related to specific hope, but it was also influenced on by general hope. In the analytic phase, general and specific hope was renamed as trait and state hope. All attributes emerged at the empirical phases, and also emerged at the theoretical phase. However, cognitive and contextual dimensions were revised and specified. In conclusion, the concept of hope is divided into trait hope and state hope, and state hope is an anticipatory expectation that occurs at the time of a stressful stimulus, such as being diagnosed with cancer. Hope is a multidimensional dynamic energized mental state which has the dimensions of affective, cognitive, behavioral, affiliative, temporal and contextual. There should be further studies to develope the state and trait hope scale according to definition and attributes of hope investigated in this study. In addition, considering results of the empirical phase, the family is very a important factor as a resource of hope, so it is necessary to consider family in implementing a nursing intervention program to enhance hope.

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• Beyond basic psychological needs: The hope construct during adjuvant treatment in colorectal cancer patients
  María Romero-Elías, David González-Cutre, Vicente J. Beltrán-Carrillo, Alejandro Jiménez-Loaisa
  Current Psychology.2023; 42(4): 2788.     CrossRef
• Symbols of Hope on Pediatric Oncology Ward: Children's Perspective Using Photovoice
  Fatemeh Ebrahimpour, Jila Mirlashari, Akram Sadat Sadat Hosseini, Fariba Zarani, Sally Thorne
  Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing.2021; 38(6): 385.     CrossRef
• Development of the Hope Scale for Korean Cancer Patients
  Young Sook Tae, Yooun Sook Choi, Gum Hee Nam, Ju Young Bae
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2017; 29(2): 211.     CrossRef
• Factors related to Hope and Relationships between Hope, Physical Symptoms, Depressive Mood and Quality of Life in Young Adult and Prime-aged Patients with Hemodialysis
  Jieun Cha, Dallong Han
  Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2014; 23(4): 250.     CrossRef
• Structural Relationship of Burnout and Related Variables among Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients
  Min Joo Hong, Young Sook Tae
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2013; 43(6): 812.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study is to explore the concept spirituality and to gain understanding of nursing intervention that may improve spiritual well-being. The concept analysis framework developed by Walker and Avant (1995) was used to clarify the concept. In the study, 'Harmonious Interconnectedness', 'Transcendence', 'Integrative Energy' and 'Purpose and Meaning in Life' emerged as the critical attributes of spirituality. The first attribute, 'harmonious Inter- connectedness', has three categories including intrapersonal, (self), interpersonal (others/ nature) and transpersonal (the Supreme Being). The second attribute, 'Transcendence', is defined as the ability to extend one's own self beyond the limits of usual experiences and to achieve new perspectives. This attribute is demonstrated by 'coping with situations', to 'self-healing', and 'transformation'. The third attribute of spirituality is 'Integrative Energy', which integrates all dimensions and acts as a creative and dynamic force that keeps a person growing and changing. 'Integrative Energy is also defined as an inner resource that gives a sense of empowerment. Therefore the highly spiritual person demonstrate 'inner peace', 'growing', 'inner strength,' and 'well-being'. The fourth attribute 'Purpose and Meaning in Life' represents a sense of connectedness with one's inner values and with a greater purpose in life. It is demonstrated by 'hope' and 'a powerful life'. In this study, the antecedents of the spirituality represented as 'spirit' and its potential enablers were 'Introspection/reflection', 'Interconnectedness with all living things', and an 'Awareness of a Higher-Power'. The consequences of this concept may be described as 'physical, psychosocial, and spiritual well-being'. Empirical referents of this are 'purposeful life' 'self-worth' 'hope' 'love' 'service' 'forgiveness' 'trust/belief' 'inner peace' 'self-actualization' 'religious practices' 'transformation' 'inner strength' and 'coping'. In conclusion, spirituality can be defined based on these critical attributes. Spirituality is a dynamic, integrative energy based on a feeling of harmonious interconnection with self, others and a higher power. Through it, one is enabled to transcend and to live with meaning and purpose in life.

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• A Concept Analysis of Spiritual Self-Care in Hospice Team Members by Hybrid Model
  Sunhee Jang, Sungju Lee, Minyeong Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2023; 32(4): 501.     CrossRef
• Influence of Spirituality and Job Satisfaction on the Compassion Competence of Hospice Nurses
  Su-Jeong Lee, Hyun-E Yeom
  The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2022; 25(4): 169.     CrossRef
• A Systematic Review of Measurement Properties of Spirituality related Assessment Tools Published in Korean Journals
  Il-Sun Ko, Jin Sook Kim, Soyoung Choi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2021; 28(1): 133.     CrossRef
• Development and Validation of a Faith Scale for Young Children
  Sungwon Kim
  Religions.2021; 12(3): 197.     CrossRef
• Development and Validation of the New Version of Spirituality Assessment Scale
  Il-Sun Ko, Soyoung Choi, Jin Sook Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(1): 132.     CrossRef
• Experience of Spiritual Conflict in Hospice Nurses: A Phenomenological Study
  Byoung Sook Lee, Su Young Kwak
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2017; 47(1): 98.     CrossRef
• Evolutionary Concept Analysis of Spirituality
  Il Sun Ko, So Young Choi, Jin Sook Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2017; 47(2): 242.     CrossRef
• A study on Symptom Experience, Spiritual Well-Being, and Depression in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
  Ju Yeon Song, Pok-Ja Oh
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(5): 660.     CrossRef
• Spirituality and Quality of Life Model of Family Caregivers Caring for Patients with Stroke: Path Analysis
  Jiyeong Lee, Jinsun Yong
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2016; 28(6): 619.     CrossRef
• Influence Factors on Acculturative Stress among Chinese Students Studying in Korea: Focusing on Spiritual Well-Being
  Hye-Sun Jeong
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(7): 4768.     CrossRef
• Effects of Hope and Gratitude on Spirituality among Nursing Students
  Myoung-Ju Jo, Won-Hee Jun
  The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2014; 20(4): 569.     CrossRef
• Korean College Students' Self-growth Experience through a Therapeutic Community Program
  Eun Jin Lee, Mihyoung Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2014; 23(2): 93.     CrossRef
• Spirituality and Stress in Mental Health Social Workers
  Chang-Gon Kim
  The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2013; 16(4): 253.     CrossRef
• Association between Spiritual Well-Being and Pain, Anxiety and Depression in Terminal Cancer Patients: A Pilot Study
  Yong Joo Lee, Chul-Min Kim, John A. Linton, Duk Chul Lee, Sang-Yeon Suh, Ah-Ram Seo, Hong-Yup Ahn
  The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2013; 16(3): 175.     CrossRef
• Meta-Analysis of Spiritual Intervention Studies on Biological, Psychological, and Spiritual Outcomes
  Pok-Ja Oh, Young-Hyun Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2012; 42(6): 833.     CrossRef
• Spirituality and State Hope of Medical Social Workers
  Chang-Gon Kim
  The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2012; 15(2): 88.     CrossRef
• Spirituality among Physicians and Nurses in Metropolitan Cities
  Sook Nam Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2010; 19(2): 143.     CrossRef
• Development and Validation of a Scale Assessing Spiritual Needs for Korean Patients with Cancer
  Jinsun Yong, Juhu Kim, Sung-Suk (SR. Salecia) Han, Christina M. Puchalski
  Journal of Palliative Care.2008; 24(4): 240.     CrossRef

Most people experience fatigue at some point in their lives, and they say the word 'fatigue' in their ordinary conversational speech. The ordinary word is used as a military or engineering term and has been studied in various different disciplines such as ergonomics, physiology, psychology, medicine, and nursing. In spite of its widespread uses, however, fatigue has not been well defined. The terms of fatigue is thus often used with different meanings and is applied in diverse contests that had led to a confusion of ideas. In people with cancer, fatigue is reported as a major distress. Despite the importance of fatigue in cancer patients, the phenomena of fatigue is poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to analyze the concept of fatigue in people with cancer. The process for the concept analysis was guided by Walker and Avant's conceptual analysis methodology. The identified attributes of fatigue in the present study were subjective feeling, lack of energy, sustenance, and multi-dimensions. The antecedents were cancer treatment and economic status. The consequences were decreased daily, vocational, leisure, and social activities, uncertainty, and difficulties in adjustment. Symptoms(pain, anorexia, and insomnia) and emotional disturbance were not clear whether they are antecedents or consequences. However, they are related with cancer related fatigue. Even though still in the beginning stage, instruments measuring cancer related fatigue have been developed by some nursing investigators.

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Recently the concept of 'empowerment' not only attracts attention in the area of management but also is considered as an useful concept in the areas of nursing theory, practice, education, and research. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the meaning of the concept 'empowerment'. More concretely, it is to find the concept that can be applied appropriately to the area of nursing management. This study uses Walker and Avant's(1983) process of concept analysis. The attributes of empowerment based on the concept can be defined concisely as follows: 1. a dynamic and interaction process. 2. a partnership which values self and others : power shaving. 3. mutual decision-making using resources, opportunities, and authority 4. accept autonomy and responsibility Antecedents of empowerment consist of 1) mutual trust and respect, 2) education and support, 3) participation and commitment. In regard to the consequences of empowerment, it is expected to 1) positive self-esteem, 2) ability to sex and reach goals, 3) the promotion of organization's effectiveness and productivity, 4) provide effective and high quality health-care, 5) a sense of hope for the future. The concept of empowerment is certainly believed that it will help future nurses since they needs an integrated technique that can treat acute and chronic patients' nursing, individuals, families, and communities. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the instrument including the defining attributes identified in this study. Also, it is need follow up study of this concept.

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