To explore how young adults in their 20s adjust to hemophilia.

Grounded theory method guided the data collection and analysis. A purposeful sample of 15 young adults with hemophilia participated during the period of 2000-2001. The data were collected by semi-structured individual interviews, focus group interviews, and participant observations. All interviews were audio taped and transcribed verbatim. Constant comparative analysis was employed to analyze the data.

“Living like a normal person” emerged as the basic social-psychological process. Two dimensions of the self were identified: normal self and abnormal self. “Living like a normal person” means conscious effort to focus on normal self rather than abnormal self. Five subcategories were identified : 1) pretending as if he is not hemophiliac; 2) relieving the burden; 3) maintaining best physical conditions; 4) becoming independent; and 5) reconciliating with their mothers.

The results of this study indicate that young adults with hemophilia strive for living a life as a normal person. But there is a question whether it is good for their ultimate quality of life. The results indicate that our society needs to be more tolerant to differences that hemophiliacs have.

This study aimed at developing a critical pathway for the children undergoing tonsillectomy.

Six steps of critical pathway developmental process were used based on the literature review. The researcher reviewed 70 medical records of children who had tonsillectomy between January 4th and April 30th, 2001. They received 76 kinds of medical services during six average hospitalization days. Five of them had post-operative bleeding problem. A professional group carefully screened 67 out of 76 medical services and adopted them with five average hospitalization days as the critical pathway framework. This framework was applied to 34 children undergoing tonsillectomy during June 1st through August 21st, 2001.

The children who used the pathways with five average hospitalization days had post-operative bleeding problem. In other words, the group who utilized the critical pathway resulted in better outcomes compared to the group who did not use the tool.

Since the critical pathway is an efficient care management tool, nurses need to participate more positively participate in developing and utilizing the tool for other health problem.

The purpose of this study is to identify the influencing factors in a crisis state while considering the relationship between them, to suggest the crisis model for early adolescent, and to test its fitness empirically.

A hypothetical model of this study was consisted of 8 theoretical variables and 12 measurable variables with 15 constructed paths. The data from the 439 middle school students at crisis state were analyzed to test the hypothetical model by using covariance structure analysis.

The final model which is modified from the hypothetical model improved to x²=46.79(df=34, p<0.71), GFI(0.98), AGFI(0.95), NNFI(0.99), NFI(0.98), RMR (0.02), Normed x²(1.38), Critical N(525.83). The crisis state was influenced directly by vulnerability of personality, precipitating events, stress, social support, coping strategy and also indirectly by social support. Crisis state was accountable for 65% of the variance by these factors.

This model can offer understanding for the comprehensive multivariate covariance relationship of the influencing factors regarding the crisis of early adolescent, and can offer a preventive perspective focused on growth potential. I propose that a repeated study of complementing coping strategy should be done and the various crisis prevention and intervention strategies should be developed based on the results of this study.

This study aimed to develop a TES program to improve exercise capacity to promote patient compliance to the prescribed exercise, and to test the feasibility of the program.

The 8-week TES program consisted of three components : exercise training, self-efficacy enhancement and social support. Using the matching of gender, age, and the left ventricular ejection fraction, thirty one subjects were consecutively assigned to either TES group (n=15, 52+7 years) or Control group (n=16, 58+11 years) 3 weeks after MI. With the exception of exercise compliance (only after the TES program), the exercise capacity and exercise self-efficacy were both measured both before and after the 8-week TES program.

The VO₂peak (p= .043), anaerobic threshold (p= .023) and exercise duration (p= .015) improved in TES group compared to Control group after 8 weeks. The cardiac exercise self-efficacy (p= .036) was significantly higher in TES group than Control group. There was a significant increase of exercise compliance(p= .005) in TES group compared to Control group.

The 8-week TES program improved the exercise capacity, exercise self-efficacy and exercise compliance. A appropriately implemented TES program in cardiovascular nursing practice may promote healthy behavioral modification and, therefore, contributing to reduce the risk of mortality and morbidity in MI patients.

This hermeneutical inquiry was aimed at understanding the experience of women with advanced uterine cancer and providing sociocultural data on hospice nursing for these Korean women. We adopted hermeneutic phenomenological approach of van Manen. The research question was “What do women with advanced uterine cancer experience in their life?”.

The data for this paper came from interviews with 11 participants between February, 2000 and May, 2001 and reviews of secondary text of essay and drama, poet, memorandum. Each informant was interviewed three or more times for 30 min.-2 hours. In the process of analysis we did reflective thinking and used line-by-line and highlighting analysis techniques.

The substantial themes of illness experience of women in advanced uterine cancer were ‘Endless suffering’, ‘In the midst of chaos and darkness,’ ‘on the wish of new possibility’, ‘finding new transformed self.

Women with Advanced uterine cancer suffer with complex problems and wonder in the midst of chaos and darkness, but they find a new transformed self by the wish of new possibility and experience human becoming.

This study attempts to compare the degree of pain when different methods of blood sugar test are used between a DM patient group and a healthy group.

A sample is composed of 56 DM patients and 57 their family who are admitted in a ward of C university hospital in Gwangju. Data were collected from July, 2001 to December, 2001. The blood sugar tests are administered four different ways. The degree of pain is measured twice with a visual analog scale in a week interval.

The differences in the degree of pain according to methods of blood sugar test were not found between the DM patient group and the healthy group in both measures. The only use of a 27G needle method was shown to cause highest level of pain in comparison with the rest of methods in the first measure of the DM patient group and in both the measures of the healthy group.

The study results indicate that the method using lanceter is more recommendable than method of using a 27G needle. Furthermore, the ice therapy and EMLA cream is likely to be more effective on the pain relief in the healthy group than the DM patient group.

This study was to identify important predictors of depression among characteristics of caregiving situation and utilized resources in order to provide basic information for effective nursing interventions to reduce depression experienced by family caregivers of older adults with dementia.

Seventy one family caregivers were identified from community service centers and face-to-face interviewed using structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and hierarchical multiple regression using SPSS WIN 10.0 program.

Family caregivers reported high levels of depression, moderate levels of social support, and moderate utilization of coping strategies. Female caregivers who (β=.22) utilized ‘negative’ coping strategies more often (β=.48) and ‘cognitive reconstructuring’ coping strategies less often (β=-.23) were more likely to report higher depression (R²=0.63).

Nursing interventions increasing family caregivers' utilization of positive coping strategies such as problem solving, existential growth, and help seeking and decreasing their utilization of negative coping strategies such as self-blaming are needed to decrease their depression levels.

The purpose of this study was to explore NVP process in woman.

This study is based on grounded theory methodology by Strauss & Corbin. The participant were 12 women selected by theoretical sampling. The data were collected by in-depth interviews using audiotape recording over a period of five months. The data were analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded in categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin' methodology.

NVP is caused by having an empty stomach and irritation of smell. NVP occur in connection with environmental change and overworking. The central incident about NVP in Woman were aggravation of physical condition and irritability of emotional state. Intervening condition that conclude action/interational strategies of NVP -Coping behavior is related to family support. Action/interational strategies to NVP-Coping in woman were dependence on medical treatment, change in food intake, rest, removal of smell, conversion in attention.. NVP in woman result in ambivalence.

It is suggested that the result of this study may contributed to the development NVP-coping strategy for woman. There is need to develop family support system and individualized care plan respect to food favorite.

The purpose of this study was to develop the exercise program based on the Transtheoretical Model, and to identify it's effects on physical and psychological variables in stroke survivors.

The subjects of this study were 42 stroke survivors in the preparation and action stages. The stage based exercise program was conducted in the experimental group 8 times for 8 weeks. For data collection, physical conditioning and psychological state were measured and decisional balance and exercise specific self-efficacy were compared within groups.

For the physical conditioning, there were significant improvements in shoulder's range of motion and walking speed. For the psychological state, the mean score of self esteem for the experimental group significantly increased in both stages. The pros of decisional balance increased in the preparation stage and the cons of decisional balance increased in the action stage, but the exercise specific self-efficacy scores were not significantly changed in both stages.

The stage based exercise program using the Transtheoretical Model influenced on the physical and psychological variables positively for the stroke survivors. It was demonstrated that subjects became more active during the intervention.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects on health information education for the deaf.

One group pre-test and post-test research design was applied to 46 deaf people. The instrument developed by research team was used for data collection. The questionnaire consisted of 91 items including demographics and 5 diseases, such as hypertension, cancer, diabetes, pulmonary tuberculosis, and hepatitis.

The degrees of knowledge on 4 diseases, such as, hypertension, diabetes, pulmonary tuberculosis, and hepatitis were significantly improved. There was no educational effect on cancer even though the degree of knowledge during the pre-test was the highest. There were educational effects on 5 diseases by gender, but no effects by age and hearing/deaf status of parent.

This study was the first for the deaf in nursing. Further studies are needed for the deaf who have low education. Also, good educational materials using video and CD need to be developed.

This study was conducted to define the main factors influencing depression of climacteric women.

The data was analyzed using a SAS 6.12 PC+ program for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. Two hundred seventy climacteric women between 40 and 59 years old were recruited from 6 areas in Korea from Oct. 5, 2002 to Dec. 13, 2002. The reliability of the 7 instruments were tested with Cronbach's alpha which ranged from .82 to .95.

The results were as follows : The mean depression score was 14.17, which was slightly high. The depression was influenced significantly by occupation, economic status, and menopause status. There were significant correlations between all the predictive variables and the depression(r=.73 ~ -.17, p <.05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 59% of the variance in depression was significantly accounted by stress(53%), climacteric symptoms(3%), marital adjustment (2%), and health promotion behavior(1%).

In reducing the climacteric women's depression, the above major influencing factors should be considered.

The purposes of this descriptive study were to: (a) describe the identifiable characteristics of the population of battered women; (b) examine mental health aspects by means of measuring level of anxiety, self-esteem, and depression.

A convenience sample of 96 battered women was recruited from women who were admitted to a shelter.

Data from this study supported the assertion that many battered women were exposed to severe physical abusive situations. Also the major finding was that the levels of anxiety and depression were high and the level of self-esteem was low in battered women living in shelters.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the day care service for the elderly and family with the stroke.

Data were collected from September 2002 to March 2003 by self report questionnaires and interview. 50 elderlies and families(Gr I) who used day care center were compared with 51 elderlies and families (Gr II) who didn't used. The data were analyzed using independent sample t test and chi square test.

The general characteristics, stressors, and situational variables related to outcome variables were homogeneous between two groups. The caregiver burden(t=-2.287, p=.024) score in the Gr I was significantly lower than in the Gr II. However there was no evidence of an effect day care center attendance on the depression of the elderly, the relationship between elderly and caregiver, and the family functioning.

Findings indicate that day care service was effective in reducing the caregiver burden of the elderly, however more day care service programs(elderly health management, rehabilitation...)will be added.

This study was to investigate the factors influencing quality of life of middle-aged women in rural area, to provide the basic data for health promoting intervention in order to improve quality of life.

The subjects were 469 middle-aged women by 40-64 from 7 rural areas in Gyeonggi-do, Jeolla-do and Gyeongsang-do. Data collection was conducted by using 6 questionnaires.

There were significant differences in the quality of life by age, educational level, marital status, religion, family pattern, and economic level. There were positive relationships between quality of life and health perception, social support, and negative relationships between quality of life and depression and stress. Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis for quality of life revealed that the most powerful predictor was depression. Depression, health perception, social support, stress and economic level explained 51.5% of the variance.

Depression, health perception, social support, stress and economic level were related with quality of life of middle-aged women in rural area. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the nursing intervention these psycho-social aspects to increase the quality of life.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of a pulmonary rehabilitation program for patients with COPD.

37 subjects, who had a FEV1/FVC below 70%, participated. 18 were assigned to the experimental group and 19 to the control group. The program consisted of individualized education program and exercise program for 6weeks, 3times a week. Data was collected through questionnaire surveys of general characteristics, anxiety and depression, blood tests for lactic acid and cardiopulmonary exercise tests, and also using bicycle ergometer, for exercise capacity. As for data analyses, paired and unpaired t-test and x²-test were adopted using an SPSS program.

The result revealed that the increase in VT, peak VO2, VEmax, HRmax and Wmax, at the maximal exercise, were significantly high in the experimental group. However, the anxiety and depression scores were not significantly high in the experimental group.

The pulmonary rehabilitation program was effective in increasing cardiopulmonary endurance in patients with COPD. Accordingly, we should seriously consider an individualized pulmonary rehabilitation program as a nursing intervention.

This study focused on analysing the workload of visiting nurses based on a health center.

A Prospective descriptive analysis of self-records for workload data from 115 visiting nurses during 4 weeks was done. In addition, a cross-sectional analysis of linked data to grasp the priority of visiting nursing services from 155 visiting nurses at the 25 health centers in Seoul.

Time allocation that was performed on all nursing workload of visiting nurses was identified as follows: First, the inside workload of the health center took up 60% of all visiting nurse activities. Second, providing direct nursing care(caseload) took up 25%. Third, outside nursing activities excluding the caseload provided in the health center took up 15% of all working time. Fourth, the core works to have a high priority among visiting nursing activities were family health assessment, planning and evaluation of a visiting nursing program, personal health assessment, and so forth.

The workload of a visiting nurse suggests that the caseload of visiting nurses in a health center needs to be increased. Also, our results will contribute to baseline data used to establish a proper visiting nurses infrastructure based on the demand of visiting nursing services.

The purpose of this study is to explore the perceptions of obesity and management behaviors of obese adolescents and their families in Korea.

Nine adolescents with moderate-degree obesity and of four their mothers of them were investigated using semi-structured interviews.

The perceptions of obesity was classified into four domains and obesity management behaviors was classified into three domains. The domains regarding the perceptions of obesity include definitions of obesity(a danger signal of health status, deviation status, symbols of growth), causes of obesity(out of balance), opinions about their obesity(contempt, negative preconception, superiority) and changes on thought and attitudes owing to obesity(shrinkage, repulsion, sustaining losses, decreased activity, decreased self-confidence, defensive behaviors). The domains regarding obesity management behaviors include attitude about the management of obesity(not having priority, optimistic view, ardent wish), management behaviors for correcting obesity(encouraging physical activity, control of diet, gathering information, trial of diet control), attitudes about performing the management behaviors for correcting obesity(inconsistency, non-autonomy, conflict).

This study helps to enhance the understanding of the perception of obesity and management behaviors of obese adolescents and their families. Futhermore, based on this understanding, effective and appropriate heath management programs can be planned and conducted.

The purpose of this study was to identify effects of the SP-6 acupressure on dysmenorrhea, and level of cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine in the college students.

Data were collected from May 1 to August 31, 2002. A total of 58 students from two universities participated in the study. Both groups were pretested before the intervention for three variables, the intensity of dysmenorrhea, level of cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Then, SP-6 acupressure was provided for 20 minutes for students in the experimental group. The instruments used in this study included the Visual Analogue Scale developed by Johnson(1974), Menstrual Attitudes Questionnaire Scale developed by Brooks-Gunn & Ruble(1980), and Stress scale developed by Cheun and Kim(1990).

There were statistically significant differences in the intensity of dysmenorrhea at the time immediately after, 30minutes after, one hour after, and two hours after the intervention. The experimental group had a lower intensity than the control group. There was a statistically significant difference in level of norepinephrine at the time 30minutes after the intervention with the experimental group.

The SP-6 acupressure reduced the subjective perception of dysmenorrhea and the levels of norepinephrine. It was found out that the lasting period of 20 minutes of the SP-6 acupressure was two hours for college students.

The purpose of this study was to identify the influencing factors on the compliance of breast self-examination (BSE) among nurses who work at three general hospitals in Kyung-Nam areas.

258 hospital nurses were included in the study. Data were collected using structured self-administered questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, x² test and logistic regression analysis.

Nurses reported medium levels of knowledge, self efficacy and health believes about breast cancer and BSE, and 26% of the nurses performed the BSE at least once during the last 6 months. Compliers of BSE perceived significantly higher levels of self-efficacy, susceptability and health motivation, and lower level of barrier compared to non-compliers. Significant influencing factors on BSE compliance were ‘experience of getting recommendation for breast self-examination’, ‘susceptibility’, ‘barrier’, and ‘self-efficacy’ and those variables explained 22.5% of variance in compliance of BSE.

Nurses, who must play as a role model for health promoting behaviors, did not have enough knowledge of breast cancer and BSE. Also, their performance rate of BSE was quite low. Thus, it is essential to provide an educational program for breast cancer and BSE to nurses in order to enhance nurses' performance rate of BSE.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship among problem related drinking, perceived stress, ways of coping, and symptoms of stress of the college women.

Data was collected by questionnaires from 436 the College Women in S City. It was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients.

Three point forty -four of the subject had problem-related drinking, 92.43% were experienced alcohol drinking. The level of perceived stress(M=1.48) showed moderate, and symptoms of stress(M=1.34) showed below. The problem-related drinking showed significant positive correlation with perceived stress(r=.10, p=.03), emotion-oriented coping(r=.13, p=.00), and symptoms of stress(r=.23, p=.03).

Data from this study suggest that perceived stress, ways of coping, and symptoms of stress are significant influencing factors on problem-related drinking in the Female University Students.