Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing

Emotional Intelligence, Academic Motivation, and Achievement among Health Science Students in Saudi Arabia: A Self-Deterministic Approach: Mahrous, Rasha Mohammed , Bugis, Bussma Ahmed , Sayed, Samiha Hamdi; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(6):571-583. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23028

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study used a self-deterministic approach to explore the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI), academic motivation (AM), and achievement among health science students.
Methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in three cities of Saudi Arabia (Dammam, Riyadh, and Jeddah). A convenience sample of 450 students was incorporated using the multistage cluster sampling technique. The online survey contained three sections: students' basic data and academic achievement level, the modified Schutte self-report inventory, and the Academic Motivation Scale lowercase.
Results
This study revealed moderate overall scores for EI (57.1%), AM (55.6%), and grade point average (GPA) (57.6%). The overall EI score, its domains, and GPA had significant positive correlations with overall AM and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (p < .01). Amotivation had an insignificant correlation with GPA (p < .05), but it was negatively correlated with EI and its domains (p < .01). Multiple regression analysis proved that EI domains predicted 5.0% of GPA variance; emotions appraisal and expression (β = .02, p = .024), regulation (β = .11, p = .032), and utilization (β = .24, p < .01). EI domains also predicted 26.0% of AM variance; emotions appraisal and expression (β = .11, p = .04), regulation (β = .33, p < .01), and utilization (β = .23, p < .01). Moreover, AM predicted 4.0% of the variance in GPA; intrinsic (β = .25, p = .004) and extrinsic (β = .11, p = .022) motivation. AM also predicted 25.0% of the variance in EI: intrinsic (β = .34, p < .01) and extrinsic motivation (β = .26, p = .026).
Conclusion
EI and AM have a bidirectional influence on each other, significantly shaping the GPA of health sciences students in Saudi Arabia, where intrinsic motivation has a predominant role. Thus, promoting students' AM and EI is recommended to foster their academic achievement.

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Perspectives of Frontline Nurses Working in South Korea during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Combined Method of Text Network Analysis and Summative Content Analysis: Lee, SangA , Lee, Tae Wha , Lee, Seung Eun; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(6):584-596. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23048

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aimed to explore the perspectives of frontline nurses working during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods
An online qualitative study was conducted using a pragmatic approach. The data were collected in August 2021. Registered Korean nurses who provided direct nursing care to patients with confirmed COVID-19 were eligible for this study. An online survey was used to gather free-text data, which were then analyzed using machine-based network analysis and summative content analysis.
Results
The analysis examined the responses of 126 participants and led to the identification of six prominent themes. These themes were further classified into three distinct levels: personal, task, and organizational. The identified themes are as follows: “collapse of personal life,” “being overwhelmed by the numerous roles required,” “personal protective equipment was sufficiently provided, but that is not enough,” “changes in interprofessional collaboration,” “inappropriate workforce management,” and “diverted allocation of healthcare services and resources.” Conclusion: Our findings highlight areas for improvement in resources, systems, and policies to enhance preparedness for future pandemics.

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Association between Resilience, Professional Quality of Life, and Caring Behavior in Oncology Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study: Jeon, Misun , Kim, Sue , Kim, Sanghee; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(6):597-609. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23058

Abstract PDF: Purpose
The degree of caring behavior of oncology nurses is a crucial factor in the care provided to patients with cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate factors related to oncology nurses’ caring behavior, including their resilience and professional quality of life.
Methods
A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 107 oncology nurses at an urban tertiary hospital from May 18 to 24, 2015. We used a self-report questionnaire to measure resilience, professional quality of life, and degree of caring behavior. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, correlations, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS/WIN 20.0.
Results
Oncology nurses presented with low levels of resilience and caring behavior, and high levels of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress. There was a statistically significant relationship between the degree of caring behavior, resilience (r = .43, p < .001), compassion satisfaction (r = .51, p < .001), and burnout (r = - .42, p < .001), as well as between secondary traumatic stress and burnout (r = .34, p < .001). Factors associated with oncology nurses’ degree of caring behavior were compassion satisfaction (t = 6.00, p < .001) and educational level (t = 3.45, p = .001).
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that oncology nurses’ degree of caring behavior is related to their professional quality of life and education. These findings suggest that enhancing oncology nurses’ healthy coping strategies at both the individual and organizational levels can further develop holistic nursing care. Additionally, it is necessary to examine the factors affecting nurses’ compassion satisfaction and to try to promote this aspect.

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Nursing Students’ Experiences of Observing the Use of Physical Restraints: A Qualitative Study: Ha, Sun Mi; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(6):610-621. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23032

Abstract PDF: Purpose
The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of final-year undergraduate nursing students in observing the use of physical restraints on patients in the course of clinical practice.
Methods
Three focus group interviews were conducted with 12 Korean nursing students who could provide sufficient information about their observation of physical restraints. The collected data was analyzed through conventional content analysis.
Results
The data were classified into four theme clusters, and nine themes. The four theme clusters included ‘recognized as an unavoidable means,’ ‘experienced problems with the use of physical restraints,’ ‘realized the importance of the nurse's role and efforts,’ and ‘aspire to learn about correct use of physical restraints.’ While nursing students recognized the necessities and problems of using physical restraints in clinical practice, and the importance of nurses’ role and effort, the results found that education related to the use of physical restraints should be more systematic within the nursing curriculum.
Conclusion
This study highlights the necessity of educating nursing students to ensure they acquire accurate knowledge and awareness regarding the use of physical restraints, and suggests the inclusion of systematic guidelines through simulation or extracurricular activities.

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Effects of Nursing Work Environment on Intention to Stay of Hospital Nurses: A Two-Mediator Serial Mediation Effect of Career Motivation and Job-Esteem: Lee, Yu Na , Kim, Eungyung; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(6):622-634. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23038

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aimed to identify the mediating effects of career motivation and job-esteem and the effect of the nursing work environment on intention to stay among hospital nurses.
Methods
Data were collected from 289 nurses working at an advanced general hospital. The research model design was based on the PROCESS macro proposed by Hayes and analyzed using SPSS 24.0 program.
Results
The results showed a positive correlation between intention to stay and nursing work environment (r = .19, p = .001), career motivation (r = .34, p < .001), and job-esteem (r = .37, p < .001). Nursing work environment (B = 0.34 [.09~.59]) and job-esteem (B = 0.27 [.04~.49]) had a direct effect on intention to stay. There was a two-mediator sereal mediation effect of career motivation and job-esteem. The nursing work environment showed a significant effect on the intention to stay among hospital nurses through career motivation and job-esteem.
Conclusion
In order to increase the retention rate of hospital nurses, it is suggested that government and medical institutions provide multifaceted support that can increase nurses’ motivation for career development and recognition of the nursing profession through improvement of the nursing work environment.

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National Petition Analysis Related to Nursing: Text Network Analysis and Topic Modeling: Ko, HyunJung , Jeong, Seok Hee , Lee, Eun Jee , Kim, Hee Sun; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(6):635-651. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23052

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aimed to identify the main keyword, network structure, and main topics of the national petition related to “nursing” in South Korea.
Methods
Data were gathered from petitions related to the national petition in Korea Blue House related to the topic “nursing” or “nurse” from August 17, 2017, to May 9, 2022. A total of 5,154 petitions were searched, and 995 were selected for the final analysis. Text network analysis and topic modeling were analyzed using the Netminer 4.5.0 program.
Results
Regarding network characteristics, a density of 0.03, an average degree of 144.483, and an average distance of 1.943 were found. Compared to results of degree centrality and betweenness centrality, keywords such as “work environment,” “nursing university,” “license,” and “education” appeared typically in the eigenvector centrality analysis. Topic modeling derived four topics: (1) “Improving the working environment and dealing with nursing professionals,” (2) “requesting investigation and punishment related to medical accidents,” (3) “requiring clear role regulation and legislation of medical and nonmedical professions,” and (4) “demanding improvement of healthcare-related systems and services.” Conclusion: This is the first study to analyze Korea's national petitions in the field of nursing. This study's results confirmed both the internal needs and external demands for nurses in South Korea. Policies and laws that reflect these results should be developed.

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Development of Nursing Clinical Judgment Scale: Kwon, Shi Nae , Park, Hyojung; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(6):652-665. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23042

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aimed to develop a nursing clinical judgment scale (NCJS) and verify its validity and reliability in assessing the clinical judgment of nurses.
Methods
A preliminary instrument of the NCJS comprising 38 items was first developed from attributes and indicators derived from a literature review and an in-depth/focus interview with 12 clinical nurses. The preliminary tool was finalized after 7 experts conducted a content validity test based on a data from a preliminary survey of 30 hospital nurses in Korea. Data were collected from 443 ward, intensive care unit, emergency room nurses who voluntarily participated in the survey through offline and online for the verification of the construct validity and reliability of the scale.
Results
The final scale comprised 23 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale. Six factors – integrated data analysis, evaluation and reflection on interventions, evidence on interventions, collaboration among health professionals, patient-centered nursing, and collaboration among nurse colleagues – accounted for 64.9% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the fit of the measurement model, comprising six factors (root mean square error of approximation = .07, standardized root mean square residual = .04, comparative fit index = .90). Cronbach’s α for all the items was .92.
Conclusion
The NCJS is a valid and reliable tool that fully reflects the characteristics of clinical practice, and it can be used effectively to evaluate the clinical judgment of Korean nurses. Future research should reflect the variables influencing clinical judgment and develop an action plan to improve it.

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The Effects of the Infant Health Promotion Program for Mothers with Their Firstborn Infants: Yoon, Chae-Min , You, Mi-Ae; J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(6):666-677. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23056

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study was intended to evaluate the effects of an Infant Health Promotion Program (IHPP) for mothers with their firstborn infants.
Methods
This study employed a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants consisted of 17 mothers with their firstborn infants in the experimental group and 17 in the control group from two women’s hospitals. The experimental group received eight sessions of the program for four weeks. The collected data were analyzed using the chi-square test and repeated-measures ANOVA using an SPSS/WIN ver. 22.0.
Results
The experimental group receiving the program had statistically significant higher levels of infant health promotion knowledge (F = 22.91, p < .001), social support (F = 27.64, p < .001), maternal role confidence (F = 8.25, p = .005) and health promotion behavior for infants (F = 16.85, p < .001) than the control group. The experimental group had a statistically significant lower level of parenting stress than the control group (F = 29.93, p < .001).
Conclusion
The study’s findings indicate that the IHPP is effective in improving health promotion knowledge, social support, and maternal role confidence and decreasing parenting stress among mothers with their firstborn infants. A method of delivering intervention, focused on readily accessible online platforms, coupled with intervention strategies grounded in the theory of self-efficacy, proves to be an advantageous approach for this particular target group.

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Development of a Diabetic Foot Ulceration Prediction Model and Nomogram: J Korean Acad Nurs 2023;53(6):678-678. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23144

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