Pregnant women need to be supported by their husbands and other family members. But little is known about the factors that contribute to perceived support in pregnant women. So this study is designed to identify the factors contributing to perceived support in pregnant women. The subjects for this study were 19 women who had had vaginal deliveries and 11 who had had cesarean sections in one hospital affiliated with a university. Data were collected during July and August 1992 through interview which lasted 20~30 minutes and used open ended questions. Each woman was interviewed once about their pregnancy experience. The data were analyzed by Van Kaam's phenom-enological analysis method and categorized according to similarity of content. Results of this study are as follows. 1) Mothers felt physically supported by having help with their activities from their husbands or other family members. Psychological stress was relieved by not having to worry about and/or giving a birth to a baby boy; getting special attention; and hearing encouraging words. 2) Mothers felt not supported when indifference was shown by her husband and/or relatives; when forced to do an unusual household activities; or on hearing words stressing her responsibilities. Suggestion for further study are as follows. It is necessary to see if or not the contents of an educational program would increase the perceived support of pregnant women. This could be done by carrying out an experimental research project.

Vitamin E, which has its advocates in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. autoimmune disease, cancer and peripheral vascular and thromboemboiic disease, has now been alleged to have a powerful antioxident effect and to affect various biological activities such as fertility factor, inhibition of human platelet aggregation and stabilization of biological membranes. The present study was designed to test whether vitamin E( alpha-tocopherol) can: (1)enhance the hemagglutinin response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), (2)modulate Arthus and delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH) to SRBC and contact hypersensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). (3)enhance the mitogenic response of murine splenocyte, (4)decrease the recovery of Cryptococcus neoformans from brain, lung, liver, spleen and kidney of infected mice and (5)have an inhibitory or enhancing effect on the induction of active systemic anaphylaxis(ASA) induced by chicken-gamma globulin (CGG) in mice. Mice were given either intramuscular injections of 0.3ml (300mg) of vitamin E before immunization or were infection for 10 consecutive days or were given by vitamin E esophageal intubation, 0.lml(l00mg), for 20 days before sacrifice for the mitogenic response experiments. It was found that vitamin E treated mice showed a significant enhancement in hemagglutinin response, Arthus reaction and DTH to SRBC and contact hypersensitivity to DNFB. There was no significant difference in the mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin(PHA), but the response to concanavalin A(ConA) or pokeweed mitogem(PWM) was increased in vitamin E-treated mice. Interestingly, the vitamin E administration before C. neoformans infection decreased significantly the recovery of C. neoformans from brain, lung, liver, spleen and kidney of the infected mice as compared with that of the control mice, strongly suggesting that vitamin E pretreatment may increase the resistance of mice to the fungal infection. Unexpectedly, vitamin E administration enhanced the production of CGG-induced ASA. Taken together, it can be concluded that vitamin E administration may increase the humoral and cellular immune response and resistance to C. neoformans infection, but enhance the induction of ASA to CGG. Further studies are necessary to clarify the underlying mechanism accounting for these effects.

The study was designed to identify the attitude of nursing students to clinical education through Q-methodology. A Q sample was developed through a review of the literature and interviews. Twenty-seven statements made up the finalized Q-sample. This was out of an initial 143 statements developed through consultation with eight professors. The P sample consisted of 25 nursing students in S Health Junior College. Q statements were written on seperate cards and were given to the 25 subjects to sort according to degree of agreement or disagreement. The Q-sorts by each subject were coded and analyzed with QUANL PC Program. The analysis discovered three major attitudes, namely "amicable adaptation" <type 1>, "Nightingale . social service" <type 2>, and "realistic occupation pursuit" <type 3>. The correlation was .465 between type 1 and type 2, .293 between type 1 and type 3, and .273 between type 2 and type 3. The characteristics of each type were as follows; Type 1 (amicable adaptation) They satisfied in interpersonal relationships in the clinical setting. They would not dream of becoming Nightingale, but thought of nursing care affirmatively and performed their works faithfully and adapted themselves to the new circumstances easily. Fourteen subjects were classified as type 1. Type 2 (Nightingale: social service) They often dreamed as a child that they would be Nightingale with a white uniform and think that nursing is a gift from heaven. They have an aptitude for nursing care bv nature and selected nursing science themselves. They give care to the sick with pleasure. Seven subjects were classified as type 2. Type 3 (realistic occupation pursuit) They were not satisfied with their nursing practice. First of all they want a stable job, therefore they selected nursing science. They had conflicts in clinical practice, but were responsible for nursing and studied hard. Four subjects were classified as type 3. Through the results of this study, the attitude of nursing students to clinical education could be classified into three types. Therefore it is suggested that clinical education would be more valuable, if it was planned according to an understanding of the attitudes of nursing students to clinical education.

The purposd of this study was to identify compliance with sick role behavoir and support by families of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and to identify factors affecting these variables and factors that increase compiance with sick role behavoior This study was a survey design done in K. general hospital from 1992. 7. 1 to 1992. 7. 20. The data were collected through personal interviews with 70 subjects who had pulmonary tuberculosis. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. 1. Demographic characteristics of the subjects The factor causing the tuberculosis for 28.6% of the subjects was that they lived with another family member who hed pulmonary tuberculosis, 11.4% of the subjects had a family member who died of tubercurosis, 24.3% of the subjects had experienced an adverse reaciton to medication. Gastroenteric disordors(28.6%) had the highest rate for this kind of adverse reaction to medication. 2. Support by families for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis The items which showed high support for compliance were taking medicine regularly (80.0%) eating a balanced diet (80.0%), loving them(84.3%), taking care of them(82.8%), getting the support from people for being sick(81.1%) The items which showed low support for compliance were meeting relatives or clergymen (20%), talking with the people suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis to relieve frustrated because they were not recovering. 3. General characteristics and family support The degree of family support showed that 75 was highest score and 30, the lowest score with 55.5(74. l%)the average score. The degree of family support appeared similar in cases where the person was married and where the person did not have a family member with pulmonary tuberculosis(P<.01) 4. The degree of compliance with sick role behavior by patients with pulmonary tuberculosis The degree of compliance with sick role behavior showed that 100 was the highest scoure47, the lowest score and 76.4, the average score out of a possible score of 100. 5. Correlation between compliance with sick role behavior and family support The compliance with sick role behavior and family support showed a positive correlation(r=.2094 p<.5) So for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, compliance with sick role behavior is related to the support given by their families.

This study was done to verify validity of nursing diagnoses related to difficulty in respiratory function. First, content validity was examined by an expert group considering the etiology and the signs/symptoms of three nursing diagnoses-ineffective airway clearance, ineffective breathing pattern, impaired gas exchange. Second, clinical validity was examined by comparing the frequencies of the etiologies and signs/symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses in clinical case studies with the results of the content validity. This study was a descriptive study. The sample consisted of 23 experts (professors, head nurses and clinical instructors) who had had a variety of experiences using nursing diagnoses in clinical practice, and 102 case reports done by senior student nurses of the college of nursing of Y-university. These reports were part of their clinical practice in the ICU. The instrument used for this study was a checklist for etiologies and signs and symptoms based on the literature, Doenges and Moorhouse (1988), Kim, McFarland, McLane (1991), Lee Won Hee et al. (1987), KimCho Ja et al. (1988). The data was collected over four month period from May 1992 to Aug. 1992. Data were analyzed using frequencies done with the SPSS/PC+ package. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. General Characteristics of the Expert Group: A bachelor degree was held by 43.5% and a master or doctoral degree by 56.5% of the expert group. The average age of the expert group was 35.3 years. Their average clinical experience was 9.3 years and their average experience in clinical practice was 5.9 years. The general characteristics of the patients showed that there were more women than men, that the age range was from 1 to over 80. Most of their medical diagnoses were diagnoses related to the respiratory, system, circulation or neurologic system, and 50% or more of them had a ventilator with intubation or a tracheostomy. The number of cases for each nursing diagnoses was: -Ineffective airway clearance, 92 cases. -Ineffective breathing pattern, 18 cases. -Impaired gas exchange, 22 cases. 2. The opinion of the expert group as to the classification of the etiology, and signs and symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses was as follows: -In 31.8% of the cases the classification of etiology was clear. -In 22.7%, the classification of signs and symptoms was clear -In 17.4%, the classification of nursing interventions was clear. 3. In the expert group 80% or more agreed to 'dyspnea' as a common sign and symptom of the three nursing diagnoses. The distinguishing signs and symptoms of (Ineffective airway clearance) were 'sputum', 'cough', 'abnormal respiratory sounds: rales'. The distinguishing sings and symptoms of (Ineffective breathing pattern) were 'tachypnea', 'use of accessory muscle of respiration', 'orthop-nea' and for (Impaired gas exchange) it was 'abnormal arterial blood gas'. 4. The distribution of etiology, and signs and symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses was as follows: -There was a high frequency of 'increased secretion from the bronchus and trachea' in both the expert group and the cade reports as the etiology of ineffective airway clearance. -For the etiologies for ineffective breathing pattern, 'ain', 'anxiety', 'fear', 'obstructions of the trachea and bronchus' had a high ratio in the expert group and 'decreased expansion of lung' in the case reports. -For the etiologies for impaired gas exchanges, 'altered oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood' and 'excess accumulation of interstitial fluid in lung' had a high ratio in the expert group and 'altered oxygen supply' in the case reports. -For signs and symptoms for ineffective airway clearance, 'dyspnea', 'altered amount and character of sputum' were included by 100% of the expert group. 'Abnormal respiratory, sound (rale, rhonchi)' were included by a high ratio of the expert group. -For the signs and symptoms for ineffective breathing pattern, 'dyspnea', 'shortness of breath' were included by 100% of the expert group. In the case reports, 'dyspnea' and 'tachypnea' were reported as signs and symptoms. -For the sign and symptoms for impaired gas exchange, 'hypoxia' and 'cyanosis' had a high ratio in the expert group. In the case report, 'hypercap-nia', 'hypoxia' and 'inability to remove secretions' were reported as signs and symptoms. In summary, the similarity of the etiologies and signs and symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses related to difficulty in respiratory function makes it difficult to distinguish among them. But the clinical validity of three nursing diagnoses was established through this study, and at last one sign and symptom was defined for each diagnosis.

Data on 63 patients who had had motorcycle accidents and who were admitted to four general hospitals in the Chung Chung Nam Do area from July/1993 to August 1993 were analyzed. The tool used for this study was a structured questionnaire which consisted of ten items on self-esteem, 18 items on health locus of control and 37 items profiling health promotion lifestyle. Injury severity scores were calculated based on data from the patients' medical records. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS, yielding descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Product Moment Correlation. The findings of this study are as follows. 1) Of the 63 injured motorcyclists, 35(50.6%) were helmeted and 28(44.4%) were nonhelmeted, and the nonhelmeted motorcyclists were predominantly young and male. The demographic variables for the helmeted and nonhelmeted groups were beterogeneous for age and occupation. 2) The results of the comparison between the two groups showed a statistically significant difference in the injury severity score(t=-4.70, p=0.000). The helmeted group had lower scores on injury severity score (9.00 +/- .93) than the nonhelmeted group(14.32 +/- 5.05). More than 60% of the nonhelmeted motorcyclists had brain injuries compared to only a third of the helmeted cyclists. 3) There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups on self esteem(t=4.5, 000). The helmeted group had a higher mean score (31.27 +/- 2.72) than the nonhelmeted group(27.46 +/- 3.80). 4) The means for Internal health locus of control (IHLC), Powerful others health locus of control (PHLC), and Chance health locus of control (CHLC) in the two groups were similar to instrument norms reported in other literature. The mean scores on the IHLC in the two groups were higher than scores on the PHLC or the CHLC. However, there was a significant difference between the mean scores for the two groups on the PHLC (t=2.85, p=0.006). 5) The mean score for the helmeted group on the health promotion lifestyle profile was higher than the mean score for the nonhelmeted group(107.30 +/- 11.10, 96.57 +/- 15.54 respectively), and there was a significant difference between the mean scores (t=3.64, p=0.001). The highest score for helmeted group on the health promotion lifestyle profile was in the health care domain. However, for the nonhelmeted group the highest score was in the exercise domain and the lowest score was in the health care domain. 6) With regard to the relationship between health promotion lifestyle, health locus of control and self esteem in the two groups, the correlation coefficient between health promotion lifestyle and internal health iocus of control for the helmeted group was 50(p<0.01). For the nonhelmeted group, there was no correlation between health promotion lifestyle and internal health locus of control. However, there were significant correlation between health promotion lifestyle and external locus of control (r=0. 46, p<0.01), and self esteem(r=0.495, p<0.01). 7) Among the demographic variables, age and education had an impact on individual's self-esteem. The modifying factors of age made a contribution to explaining health-promoting lifestyle. In the present study, more than 40% of the motorcyclists were riding without a helmet. The incidence of brain injury for patients riding without a helmet was nearly twice as high in the nonhelmeted rider as compared to the helmeted rider. The nonhelmeted motorcyclists in this study had lower self-esteem, obtained a higher score on the IHLC, and were not strongly engaged in performing health promotion activities as compared to the helmeted riders. However, some of the nonhelmeted riders who had a strong belief in PHLC were positively associated with engaging in health promotion activities. Based on the results obtained from this study, strategies to promote helmet usage for motorcyclists have to be developed.

The purpose of this study; was to explore the degree of stress in caregivers earing for patients who had had a cerebro vascular accident as the stress is related to the self care ability of the patient. The subjects for the study were caregivers of 111 CVA patients, hospitalized at two University affiliated hospitals and two general hospitals in Daejon. The survey instruments used in the study were Kang's ADL Check List and a modified form of Lee's Stress Inventory. The survey was: conducted from July 16th to August 30th, 1992. The survey results were analyzed using the Statisitical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and can be sumerized as follows: 1. The level of self-care for the CVA patients was: 1) complete dependence (M=34.7, 31.2%), 2) complete independence (M=14.8, 13.3%), 3) incomplete independence (M=17.5, 15.8%), 4) incomplete dependence (M=14.8, 13.3%) and 5) dependence and independence (M=14.1. 12.7%). The items for which there was a high level of self-care were: 1) drinking (M=3.640). 2) returning (M=2.351) and 3) eating (M=2.351): and the items for which there was a low level of self-care were: 1) ascending and descending stairs (M=2.351), 2) dressing and undressing trousers (M=2.514) and 3) dressing and undressing jacket (M=2.532). 2. There was a statistically difference between the paralytic status and the level of self-care according to their demographic characteristics (F=24. 7056, P<. 001). 3. There was no significant difference in the degree of caregiver stress according to patient's demographic characteristics. 4. There was a statistically significant difference in the degree of caregiver stress according to the following demographic characteristics: age (F=7.4189, P<.001), education level(F=5.8336, P<.01), family structure (t=2.10, P<.05) and their relationship with the patient (F=6.5099, P<.01). 5. There was no significant difference in the degree of caregiver stress according to the level of patient self-care.

Factors related to health promotion activities and quality of life in Korean women with arthritis have not been clearly identified. Predictors of health pro motion might be identified that will enhance the well-being of this group. Accordingly, the findings of the study will contribute additional information about the relationship between health promotion and quality of life and will add to the research on quality of life of individuals with a leading cause of disability -arthritis. The purpose of the study was to examine the re lationship of selected background factors (years of illness, perceived severity of illness, uncertainty in illness), perceived self-efficacy, and health promoting behaviors to the quality of life of Korean women with arthritis. A cross-sectional descriptive design was used in this study to investigate relationships among the variables of interest. The sample was composed of 96 women who had arhtrits and visited large university hospital in Seoul for regular check up or prescription of medication. The purpose of a descriptive correlational design was to determine the absence or presence of relationships among variables that were measurable (Polit and Hungler, 1987, p. 147). The design of this study was appropriate because it yielded answers to the research questions and hypotheses regarding the relationships among the model variables the questionnaire contained demographic information, translated Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale-Community form (MUIS-C) (Mishel, 1987), translated and modified Disease Course Graphic Scale (DCGS) Which was developed by Braden (1990), translated Sherer, et al. 's General Self-Efficacy Scale (1982), The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP), developed by Walker, Sechrist, and Pender (1987) and traslated to Korean by Ha, and quality of life was measured by Face Scale (Andrews, 1976). Several steps of verification for the translation process were carefully conducted. Data analysis included descriptive correlational statistics and multiple regression techniques. Health promotion was the only contributor to predict quality of life. Results showed that enabling cognitive perceptual factor (self-efficacy) mediates the disruptive force (uncertainty in illness) on achieving a health promoting self-help behavior. The findings of thi3 study also indicated that illness-related variable of severity of illness was mediated by health promotion, which buffered it's impact on quality of life.

This study is a descriptive study to provide basic data related to types of uniforms worn by nurses. Nurses, other medical center personnel, patients and their famillies were asked for their opinion on changing nurses' uniforms and how the image of nurses is related to the type of uniform worn by the nurses. The data for this study were collected during the period from Feb. 25, 1993 to Mar. 26, 1993 at Y-University Medical Center from 132 nurses, 137 other medical center personnel, 117 patients and their families. The instruments used for this study were the Nurses' Image Scale(NIS) developed by Bown (1986), and an instrument to measure opinions of uniform and cap using photographs of nurses' uniforms that was developed by the researcher through a literture review. Data were analyzd using the SPPS/PC package, Statistics used for analysis were frequencies, percentages, paired t-test, and oneway ANOVA. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1. Of the nurses, 84.3%, along with, 51.5% of the medical center personnel, 39.1% of the patients and their families agreed to a change in the color of nurses uniforms. 2. Similarly, 87.4% of the nurses, 27.7% of the medical center personnel, 19.3% of the patients and their families were in favor of nurses not wearing cape. 3. Only 11.8% of nurses answered that a white uniform was important to the professional image of nursing. Only 2.4% of the nurses answered that a cap was very important to the professional image of nursing. 4. Only 1.6% of the nurses answered that a white uniform and cap were important to show the role of nurses in the twenty first century. 5. About 1/3, 36.5%, of the medical center personnel, the patient and their families answered that changing the color of the nurses' uniform will make a change in the image of nurses. 6. A White uniform and cap were seen as being important in distinguishing nurses from other medical personnel in the hospital by 76.5% of the medical personnel, the patients and their families. 7. Nurses gave high marks to the idea of no cap regardless of the color of the uniform which would still portray the symbol of the nurses' role, identity and would differentiate the role from other jobs. The patients and their families gave high marks to a white uniform with cap. 8. Generally, nurses, medical center personnel and patients and their families thought that a colored uniform with cap presented a good image of nurses. 9. There was a significant difference in the response among the three groups (F=24.65, P<.001) to the figure in a white uniform with a cap, and the patients and their families thought it was the best portrayal of the image of nurses. There was a significant difference among the three groups (F=9.03, P<.001) to the figure in a white uniform with no cap and the nurses indicated that it was the best portrayed of the image of nurses. There was no significant difference among the three groups to the figure in a colored uniform with cap. There was a significant difference(F= 17.50, P<. 001) to the figure in a colored uniform with no cap, and the nurses indicated that it was the best portrayal of the image of nurses. In summary, the nurses wanted to change the color of uniform and not to wear a cap. But many of the medical center personnel, patients and their families indicated they did not agree with this idea. Therefore, changing the type of uniform worn by nurses should be done only after consideration has been given to the relation of the change to the professional role of nurses and the image of nurses held people in general. Suggestions arising from this study are as follows: 1. The relation between the role of nurses and their uniform was surveyed, and these results can be used as data when considering a change in uniforms. 2. A change in uniforms should be tried based on the norm established about uniforms. 3. The nurses did not want to wear a cap, but before a decision is definitely made it is necessary to study the philosophy related to the symbol of the cap because the figure of a nurse with a cap portrayed a positive image of the nurses. If the cap is kept, the symbol of the cap should be redefined. 4. In this study, only the image related to the uniform was examined, but in future studies it will be necessary to examine the practicality of various types of uniforms.

A long life is the desire of many people. The purpose of this study was to describe the thoughts that are held by elderly people about long life as the elderly are approaching the end of life. The research was conducted using an ethnographic method to add understanding to this subject. The field work for this study was done from July, 1991 to August, 1993 in third phases in Chun Buk province. The results of the present study show the following: The thoughts of the elderly about chang su showed three important concepts; In Myoung Sae Chun(lived as life), Su Cheuk Dah Yok(long life is a disgrace), and Transcendence of life. In Myoung Sae Chun showed the thought of limitation of man's life and realistic thought about the life through free oneself from death and life. Su Cheuk Dah Yok meant experience of physical difficulty, experience of sons and daughter's death ahead one's own self. Senility was the most afraid problem for the elderly. Transcendence of life showed pursuit of a continuing life through connected with sons and the family. The conditions promoting chang su were described as clear water, fresh air, adequate eating, deep sleeping, gender (female). In addition it showed that ecological and environmental conditions (heavy work, starvation, vegetable food, physical environmet, respection for the elderly). These results showed that the elderly was recognized one's own self as living being rather than adhered to the life, and will promote understanding the elderly's desire for long life. Also, suggested to nursing practice that should maintain self-esteem and respect for the elderly. Therefore, these results can be used nursing practice for the elderly.

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the development of educational material in Korean for patients being discharge after open heart surgery. The subjects were 45 adult patients who were seen in the out-patient department of the thoracic surgery unit of P University hospital between February 1993 and May 1993. The data were collected through a chart review and interview. Nursing needs, and the patients status related to diet, activity, medication, physical and psychoemotional limitations were analyzed. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Mitral valve replacement was the most frequent type of surgery(91.2%). In most cases, a mechanical valve was used(91.0%). The duration of admission after the operation was two to four weeks for most of the patients(48.9%). The follow-up period was between one and two years for 28.9% of the patients and below 6 years for all of the patients. 2. Many patients didn't know the importance of a low salt diet (57.8%), and did not get any education on low salt diet(66.7%). Gimchi was included as one of the most commonly ingested foods (77. 8%). All of the patients indicated nursing needs related to education about low salt diets and further they indicated a major interest in foods that are harmful (57.7%) or foods that are safe(51.1%). 3. Most patients did not recognize the need for limitations on physical activity(84.4%). Further, 31.1% of them could not return to work at the time of the study. All patients had nursing needs related to physical activity, with the most frequent questions being about the permissble degree of activity and special cautions dictated by their illness (60.0%). 4. Many patients were ignorant of the necessity of medication(55.6%). Forty percent of the patients were taking additional drugs, usually herb drugs. The time and duration of medication and the side effects of drugs were common concerns(57.7%) related to nursing needs about medication and were mentioned by all of the patients. 5. All of the patients complained of physical dis comfort including the following: memory disturbance(62.2%), weight gain(60.0%), chest tightness (55.6%), hair loss(51,l%), sleep disturbance(46. 7%) and other symptoms in that order of frequency. Nursing needs related to phyaical condition were a concern for all of them. The viability and function of the replaced valve (53.3%) and weight gain (60.0%) were major concerns, 6. Looking at their psychoemotional condition it was found that 36 patients (80.0%) were emotionally unstable. The causes were physical discomfort (17 patients), insufficient knowlege of open heart sur-gery(6 patients), fear of death(6 patients), familial over protection(2 patients) and lack of support(5 patients).

The purposes of this study were to describe the level of vision and hearing impairments, depression and functional capacity, among Korean institutionalized elderly and to examine the relationship between sensory impairments, depression, and functional capacity in these people. The final pupose was to test the cognitive function path model using sensory competencies as predictors. A convenience sample of thirty nine male and 90 female subjects with a mean age of 80.5 were the subjects of this study. The subjects were tested for cognitive function, and vision and hearing impairments. Physical function and social function were measured by observation of designated task performance by the subjects. Their level of depression was measured using a Geriatric Depression Scale administered through an interview. Individual subjective ratings of heating and vision were marked by the subjects, on a ladder scale. The results of the study showed that 48.8% of the subjects had a hearing impairment, 63.5% had a vision impairement, and 36.4% had both a vision and hearing impairement. The four sensory groups (no sensory impairement, hearing impairement, vision impairement, hearing and vision impairement) were tested for differences in depression, physical function, social behavior and cognitive function. The only significant difference that was found was in cognitive function, between the no sensory impairement group and the hearing and vision impairement group(F=3.25, P<.05). Subjective ratings of hearing showed a significant correlation with cognitive function(r=.34, P<.001) and with social behavior(r=.31, p<.001). There was no correlation between subjective vision ratings and cognitive function or social behavior. However there was a significant correlation between vision and hearing(r=.49, p<.001). There was also a significant negative correlation between age and vision(r=-.21, p<.01) and between age and hearing(r=-.34, p<.001). There was a significant correlation between depression and physical function (r=-.32, p<.001) but there was no correlation between depression and cognitive function or social behavior. Based on the literature review and the result, this study, a path model of sensory competence -> cognitive function->social behavior was developed and tested: Perceived vision and perceived hearing were the exogenous variahles and cognitive function and social behavior were the endogeneous variables in the model. The path analysis result demonstrated an acceptable fit(GFI=.997, AGFI=.972, x2=.72 (p=.396), RMSR=.019) between the data and the model. There was a significant direct effect(beta=.38) of perceived hearing on cognitive function. There was a significant direct effect (beta=.32) of cognitive function on social behavior. The total effect of hearing on social behavior was beta=.32 including the indirect effect (beta=.12). However perceived vsion had little effect (beta=-.08) on cognitive function. The result of path analysis confirms that hearing levels influence cognitive function, and both hearing and cognitive function levels influence social behavior. However, vision has little effect on cognitive function or on social behavior. For the next study, a combined model of the previously developed environment -> depression -> physical and social function model, and the present cognitive function model, should be tested to further refine the functional capacity model. There also a need for longitudinal study of functional capacity and sencory competence in order to better understand how declining sensory competence influences functional capacity and how it effects increasing dependency and nursing needs in the elderly.

A number of nursing researchers have used the concept of health locus of control over the past decade in Korea. This article reviewed 92 nursing research papers on health locus of control conducted since 1982, and examined type of subjects, design, measurement instruments, the scores of each di men9ion of the HLOC, and significant variables. Most of the research were correlational in design, used an 18-item 6-point score instrument and studied the relationship between HLOC, health related variables, and cognitive-emotional variables, The health related variables included health behavior, health management, preventive health behavior, compliance to treatment regimen and self care behavior. The cognitive-emotional variables included depression, anxiety, stress and self-esteem. Some consistent findings are beginning to emerge. The concept of internal HLOC was positively correlated with the health related variables. But few studies found any significant correlation between powerful others HliOC and health related variables. In the case of chance HLOC, few studies reported a significant relationship. Many of the articles reported significant relationships between internal HLOC and cognitive-emotional variables, but few reported a significant relationship between powerful others or chance HLOC and cognitive-emotional variables. All experimental studies but one found that only internal HLOC was significantly changed following experimental manipulation. When the different groups of subjects such as normal persons, chronic patients, acute patients were compared in terms of mean scores, it was found that the HLOC appeared to change depending on the status of the patients. Recommendations for future research include modification of the instrument to increase the reliability and validity, study about the pattern of response suggested by Wallston and Wallston(1982) and further experimental study on changing the belief of subjects to internal HLOC.

This paper presents methodological paradigms: quantitative positivistic (logical empiricism) as the received tradition in the scientific inquiry and qualitative naturalistic (post-positivism or nataralism) as a new paradigm in the Kuhnian sense. Various kind of qualitative methods under the umbrella term, qualitative inquiry, were briefly introduced. Details on the definition, epistemology, naming of subject, field technique (participant observation and ethnographic interview) of ethnographic research method as an adequate method for studying on the unique nursing phenomena in Korean culture were done. Besides, the concept of triangulation, issues on the methododogical paradigm, a criteria for rigor of qualitative naturalistic inquiry were mentioned.