This study was conducted to evaluate the methods used in nursing procedures for infection control. Skilled nursing procedures are related to prevention of hospital infection. The sample consisted of 301 nurses' re3ponsc to the questionnaire. Data were collected from Feb. to March, 1993 from 35 hospitals located in five major cities. The findings of the study are as follows: 1) Relatively unsafe nursing procedures were reported for preperation of IV therapy, change of IV site and aseptic dressing on IV site, hand wash-ing and use of paper towels, use of sterile urine bottle with indwelling urinary catheter, management of dressing cart, disinfection of transfer forcep, ambu respirator, laryngoscope, humidifier and handling of incubator. 2) Relatively safe nursing procedures were reported for management of suction tube, marking for contaminated materials and waste collection. The rate of participation in education programs for infection control by the nurses was higher than in other research results. 3) Further study on procedures for IV site infusion and care of dressing cart are recommended.

The purpose of this correlational study was to offer strategies for nursing intervention to improve compliance with prenatal care. This study was designed to investigate degree of hardiness, correlation between hardiness and com pliance with prenatal care. In research, the characteristic of hardiness has been demonstrated in resolving stressful situations and in adapting to overcome physical and psychological tension, pregnancy is normal crisis process. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate degree of hardiness in normal pregnant woman and I think that concept of hardiness is able to become a new, important concept for prenatal care imtervention. The subjects were 388 normal pregnant woman over five months, who were selected from five uni versity hospitals and two health centers in Taegu. Data were obtained using a convenience sample technique. Data collection was done from March 6 to June 18, 1992. The instruments used for this study were the Health Related Hardiness Scale developed by Pollock (1984) and compliance with a prenatal care scale developed by the author on the basis of results of a literature review. Data were analyzed using the SAS program for t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression. The results are as follows: 1. The scores on the hardiness scale ranged from 35 to 210 with mean of 88.89. 2. The scores on the compliance with prenatal care scale ranged from 28 to 110 with a mean of 111.49. 3. There were significant differences between hardiness and obstetrical characteristic factors, duration of pregnancy, frequency of pregnancy, frequency of abortion ( P<=. 05). 4. There were significant differences between compliance with prenatal care and general and obstetircal characteristic factors, education and frequency of pregnancv(P<=.05). 5. Correlations between hardiness and compliance with prenatal care were all negative and significant <r=-.2276 ~ -.2930, P<=.000). Challenge of hardiness components was the low est(r=-.2814). 6. Significant differences between hardiness and compliance with prenatal care by group were as follows: Group 1 was the high est. whereas Group 8 was the lowest(F=5.47, P<=.0000). 7. Factors influencing compliance with prenatal care were: 1) Challenge was the main variable and accounted for 7.92% of the total variance. 2) Education and frequency of pregnancy accounted for an additional 2.74% of the total variance. From the above findings, this study suggests the following: 1) Considering the lack of empirical support, the theroy of hardiness needs to be evaluated. 2) A valid, reliable and culturally appropriate instrument needs to be developed for Health Related Hardiness Scale. 3) There is a need for further study of hardiness in a broad variety of populations. 4) There is a need for comparative study corre lation between hardiness and compliance with prenatal care in woman with normal and abnormal pregnancies.

The purpose of this study was to understand how patients experience their nurses, healing relationships. The 33 participants were patients who had been admitted to a general nursing unit of a university hospital in Seoul for more than one week, understood the study purpose and agreed take part, were fully conscious, able to communicate and over 20 years of age: their health was improving and they were ready for discharge. The data for this descriptive study using ground theory approach were collected by direct interviews with patients using five main questions derived from the literature and clinical experiences about, their experiences of their nurses, healing relationships during hospitalization. Van Kaam's method was used to analyse the data audio-recorded. Interpretation was enhanced consultations with two supervisors and one head nurse with a master's degrees in nursing science, one nursing professor and one nursing docotoral candidate. Twenty-four patients said that they had formed a healing relationship with a nurse and nine said their relationship was not healing relationship. Six categories emerging from the characterizations of the healing relationships were [valuable] [gratifying] [comforting] [trusting] [close] and [sympathetic]. Descriptions of non-healing relationships were classified as [none]and [poor]. For this group of hospitalized patients nurses' healing relationships were defined as [valuable] [gratifying] [comforting] [trusting] [close] as [sympathetic]. Since the data suggest a change in the experiences during hospitalization, a gronded theory approach is recommended for further study.

Since nursing has come of age both as a profession and as a scholarly discipline, there has been increasing concern with delineating its theory base. In 1978 Chinn and Jacobs asserted that "the development of theory is the most crucial task facing nursing today." The basic building blocks of theories are concepts. Concept formation begins in infancy, for concepts help us to categorize and organize our environmental stimuli. Concepts help us to identify-how our experiences are similar or equivalent by categorizing all the things that are alike about them. Concepts can be primitive, concrete, or abstract. Concept Analysis is a strategy that examines the attributes or characteristics of a concept. It is a formal, linguistic exercise to determine those defining attributes. It encourages communication. Its basic purpose is to distinguish between the defining and irrelevant attributes of a concept similarities. It is a process of determining the differences between concepts and it is useful for several reasons. It is an excellent way to begin examining information in preparation for research or theory construction and results in an operational definition and a list of defining attributes and antecedents. It provides the scientist with an excellent beginning for a new tool, is an excellent way of evaluating an old one and is useful in evaluating existing instruments. The steps of concept analysis are: 1. Select a concept, 2. Determine the aims or purposes of the analy sis, 3. Identify all uses of the concept that you can discover, 4. Determine the defining attributes, 5. Construct a model case, 6. Construct borderline, related, contrary, invented, and illegitimate cases, 7. Identify antecedents and consequences, 8. Define empirical referents. In this paper, the concept selected for analysis was Love. The concept of love is of great interest to nursing because loving care is considered vital to the nursing care of patients. The aims of the concept analysis of love were to clarify the meaning of love, to develop an operational definition for it and to contribute to existing nursing theory. Love influences the quality of life which is the goal of nursing according to Parse in her Human Becoming Theory. Lived experiences are the entities for study in Parse's Research Methodology. Human caring, human understanding, and human becoming are the most important issues in lived experiences. In this research, dictionaries and literature from nursing philosophy and other human disciplines were used to identify the concept of love. As many different instances of the concept as could be found were examinned. The model case was a real life example of the use of the concept. Next borderline, related, invented, and contrary cases were constructed for the purpose of providing examples of "not the concept" and for promoting further understanding of the concept being discussed. The defining attributes of the concept of love were con cern. responsibility, respect, understanding and dedication. Love was defined as showing concern and understanding, relating with mutual respect and dedicating oneself responsibly to others. Concept analysis is a highly creative activity and may add signficant new information to a given area of interest. It is a strategy for developing a concept based on obervation or other forms of empirical evidence. The purpose of concept analysis is to generate new ideas. It provides a method of examining data for new insights that contribute to theoretical development. This concept analysis suggests that a nurse's love for patients is shown in the process of giving oneself in mutual relationships of responsibility and respect and in continuously providing understanding and quality human care for them.

A survey of infant practices was conducted to provide information on which to base planned nursing interventions. The subjects were a convenience sample of 168 mothers visiting out-patients departments of five general hospitals and one public health center in Seoul for immunizations or treatment for common colds for their infants from two to 12 months of age. Data collection was carried out from July 8th to September 30th, 1991 using a questionnaire of 84 questions, 31 on the type of feeding, 22 on sup plementary feeding and 21 on demographic information. The results are summarized as follows; 1) The type of feeding was primarily artificial feed ing (63.1%), followed by mixed feeding (22%) and breast feeding (14.9%). of the 59 mothers expecting during pregnancy to breast feed, 54. 2% changed artificial feeding and 30.5% went on to breast feed as they had expected. For mothers expecting to continue breast feeding over seven months, only one infant was being breast fed for over seven months. 2) For the 106 mothers using artificial feeding, 70. 8% hed attempted breast feeding, 64% of them for less than a month. Breast milk had been suppressed by for medication (38.7%): 34 9% had used no special means. 3) The major reasons for replacing breast feeding with artificial feeding were the infants' demand for more milk (47.2%) and insufficient supply of breast milk (49.3%). 4) Most mixed feeding was started at the age of one to three months (59.5%). Only 34.4% gave an artificial feeding after breast feeding, most (46%) alternated breast feeding with artificial feeding. On the whole, the motive for mixed feeding was the lack of breast milk (70.3%). 5) Many mothers (81.8%) were adding vitamin or mineral supplements to artificial milk and 51.5% were adding something to faciliate digestion. As for the method of sterilizing milk bottles and nipples, 56% had sterilized them together in boiling water fium the beginning, 27% were just washing the bottles after boiling only once initially when measuring artificial milk powder, 31. 5% of the mothers over filled the measuring spoon rather than to the level. 6) The mother's occupation was related to her way of feeding. Mothers at home full time did more breast feeding than mothers employed outside the home. (x2=5.72, p=<0.05). 7) Most mothers began supplementary food, from three to four months (48.8%): 11.2% began later than seven months. Supplementary food was given between milk feedings by 67.2% of the mothers: 19.2% gave it before a milk feeding. Some mothers (26.4%) made their own supplementary food: 19.2% used ready ade supplementary food products for convenience. Recommendations for nursing interventions in eluded: 1. Prenatal education about the advantages of breast feeding and breast care, and home visits after delivery for counselling related to breast feeding. Correct preparation of artificial feeding methods need to be taught in both pre and postnatal periods. In addition, specific education about supplementary feeding needed. 2. Further reserch is indicated about the perceived lack of supply of breast milk and about the effectiveness of nursing interventions to promote breast feeding.

This study identified the relationships between the hospital's organizational pattern for nursing, the organizational characteristics perceived by nurses and their job satisfaction. The study subjects were a convenience sample of 383 staff nurses working at 10 general hospitals with more than 300 beds in Seoul. Hospitals included in the study were. classified into five organizational patterns, where nursing was organized as an independent but lower level, attached to the medical de pattment, attached to a department supporting medicine, and various other organizational pattern. The data were collected from July 10 to August 15, 1992. The organizational characteristics as perceived by the staff nurses were measured by Park and Yoon's Scale (1986) and job satisfaction was measured by Slavitt 's Scale (1978). The data were analyzed by percentage distribution, Pearson's correlation. x2-test, t-test, ANOVA, and ANCOVA. The summarized results are as follows: 1. The proportion of independent and attached nursing organizational patterns was 35. \% and 54.9% re spectively. 2. There were differences between four general characteristics of the nurses, age, experience, pos ition and education level, and the five structural types of nursing organization(p<.05). 3. 1) There were no relationship between the perceived organizational characteristics and general characteristics of the nurses but there was a difference in job satisfaction according to education level of nurses in hopitals where nursing was an indepen dent department (T=-2.24. p<.05). 2) There were differences in the perceived organizational characteristics according to age group and experience of nurses (F=3.26, 5.41, p<.05)and in job satisfaction according to the pos ition of nurses in the independent but lower level organizational pattern (T=2.26, p<.05). 3) There was a difference in the perceived organizational characteristics according to age group (F=3.19. p<.05) and in job satisfaction according to the experience of nurses where nursing was attached to the medical department (F=3.49, p<.05). 1) There was a difference in the perceived organizatinal characteristics according to nursing unit (F=3.19. p<.05), but none between job satisfaction and general characteristics of nurses where nursing was attached to a departiment supporting medicine. 5) There were no relationships between the perceived organizational characteristics and job satisfaction and general characteristics of nurses in the various other organizational patterns. 4. Nurses in hospitals: where nursing is organizationed as an independent department perceived their organizatianal pattern more positively and had higher job satisfaction than nurses working in hospitals where nursing is part of another department. 5. There were differences between perceived organizational characteristics and job satisfaction according to the organizational patterns for nursing (F=13.52, 8.76, p=.0000). 6. There were correlations between the perceived organizational characteristics and job satisfaction of nurses working in two independent nursing departments (r=0.2180. 2351. p<.05). In conclusion, the relationship between perceived organizational characteristics and job satisfaction was significantly correlated in the hospitals where the nursing department is independent. Perceived organizational characteristics and job satisfaction depended on whether the nursing department is independent from or attached to other departements in the hospital. For nurses job satisfaction the nursing department should be independent from other departments and at the highest level of organization in the hospital.

No abstract available.

This study was done to determine the effect of music therapy on stress and quality of life in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The research design was a nonequivalent control group pre- post test design. The subjects consisted of 21 patients who received hemodialysiss in two hospitals located in Kwang Ju. The fourteen receiving treatment in one hospital were assigned to the experimental group and the seven in the other hospital to the control group. Data were gathered from December 14, 1992 to January 16, 1993 through questionnaires and physio logical measurement. Data were analyzed by the SAS package using frequency, t-test, paired t-test and Pearson Product ?Moment. Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. There were no significant differences between the two groups on stress scores and quality of life scores before the treatment. 2. The mean score on the psychological stress scale for the patients undergoing hemodnarysis was 2.48 out of a maximum mean score of four, the items with high stress scores were "feeling of weakness and annoyed by everything", "limitation of food", "limitation of fluid", "change in skin color" in that order. The psychological category showed the highest stress score followed by developmental, scoioeconomic and physiological stress categories in that order. 3. In the experimental group, post-test diastolic blood pressure decerased significantly(t=3.24, p=0.0064), but in the control group pre and post-test diastolic blood pressure were not different. 4. There was no difference between the two groups on the pre and post-test psychological stress scores or the depression scores. 5. The mean score of quality of life for patients undergoing hemodialysis was 2.75 out of a maximum mean score of five. The category of 'emtional state' showed the highest score followed by 'self-esteem', 'physical state and function', 'economic life', 'relationship with neighbors' and 'family relationship' categories in that order. There was no significant difference in the pre and post-test quality of life scores between the two groups. 6. Hypothesis 1 that patients undergoing hemodi-alysis who received music therapy would have less stress than patients undergoing hemodialysis who did not receive music therapy is divided into two sub-hypotheses. 1) The first sub-hypothesis that patients undergoing hemodialysis who received music therapy would have less physiological stress than patients undergoing hemodialysis who did not receive music therapy was partly supported. Among three physiological stress indices (pulse, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure), only diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly after the treatment in the experimental group. 2) The second sub-hypothesis that patients undergoing hemodialysis who received music therapy would have less psychological stress than patients undeigoing hemodialysis who did not receive music therapy was not supported. Psychological stress score and depression score were not significantly different before and after the treatment. 7. Hypothesis 2 that patients undergoing hemodialysis who received music therapy would have a higher quality of life score than patients undergoing hemodialysis who did not received music therapy was not supported. There were no significant changes in the quality of life scores before and after the treatment.

Quantitative methodology has been the predominent methodology utilized in research in nursing. However since the 1970s qualitative methodology has also emerged as a useful methodology and has been utilized by many researchers. But in the use of this methodology, the philosophical, epistemelogical, and theoretical backgrounds have been neglected by many researchers. This paper reports a review of the literature on methodologies, quanitative and qualitative, used in nursing, and makes suggestions for future research directions. It explains why qualitative methodology has emerged as as effective methodology in nursing and discusses how the qualitative methodology differs from the quanitative one. A comparison of the two is made based on perspectives of humane being and human behavior as well as the development of nursing science. This paper also presents several views on change in nursing science, since viewpoint not only influences the determination of the current stage of nursing science but also the shaping of the future directions of nursing science and research. Scientific revolution by Kuhn, the evolutionary perspective by Toulmin, the transition of research tradition by Laudan, and convolutionary processes are presented. However, this paper indicates that it is too earlv to adopt these points of view, because the history of nursing science is too short. It suggests that nursing needs pluralism in philosophy, paradigms and theory, as well as in methodology. Although we experience paradoxes in adopting different perspectives in nursing, it is wise for us to continue to include a variety of viewpoints including those to which we are not accustomed, such as qualitative methodology, since we are not yet able to decide what is best for the development of nursing science.

Today, more chronically ill and handicapped people are being cared for at home by a family mem ber caregiver. The task of caring for a family member may mean that the caregiver has less time and money and more work which may result in increased fatigue and symptoms of illness. This study was done to examine the well being of family caregivers. Fifty three family caregivers were interviewed. Concepts were measured using existing tools and in eluded: Burden(25 item 5 point scale), Social sup port (21 item 7 point scale), Health status defined by a symptom cheeklist (48 item 5 point scale), and Well-being defined by a quality of life scale (14 item 7 point scale) and caregiving activities. Data collection was done by interview and Q-sort. Social support and well-being were positively correlated as were symptoms and burden. Symptoms and burden were negatively correlated with social support and well being. Items on the quality of life scale had a mean score range from 3.09 to 4.96. Quality of life related to income was lowest (3.09) but the desire to use more money for the patient was rated 2.90 on the burden scale where the item means ranged from 0.73 to 3.55. The high mean of 3. 55 was for obligation to give care and the low 0.73 was for not feeling that this was helping the patient. Mean scores for symptoms ranged from 0.26 to 2.15 with the 2.15 being for "worry about all the things that have to be done." Over half of the patients were dependent for help with some activities of daily living. The caregivers reported doing an average of 3.10 out of five patient care activities ineluding bathing (77.4 %), shampooing (67.9%), and washing face and hands (49.1%), and 3.74 out of seven home maintenance activities including laundry (98.1%). cooking (83.0%), and arranging bed ding( 75. 5%). The caregivers reported their spouse as one of the main sources of social support, including in times of loneliness and anger. The mean score for loneliness as burden was 2.15 and ranked fourth and 31(58.5%) of the sample reported being lonely recently and not being satisfied with the support received. Similarly anger caused by the patient was given a mean score of 2.13. and anger was reported to have been present recently by 38 (71.7%) of the sample and satis faction with the support given was low. Having someone to help deal with anger ranked twelfth out of 21 items on the social support scale and had a mean score of 3.98 (range 3.49 to 5.98). Spouses were reported as a major source of social support but the fact that 50% of the caregivers were caring for a spouse, may account for the quality of this source of social support having been affected. These caregivers faced the same problems as others at the same stage of life, but because of the situation, there was a strain on their resources, particularly financial and social. In conclusion it was found that burden is correlated negatively to quality of life and positively to symptoms, but in this sample, symptoms and but den were scored relatively low. Does this indicate that the caregivers accept caregiving as part of their destiny and accept the quality of their lives with burden and symptoms just being a part of caregiving? Does the correlation between the bur den and symptoms indicate they are a measure of the same phenomenon or that the sample was of a more mobile, less burdened group of caregivers? Quality of life was the one variable that was signf cant in explaining the varience on burden. Further study is needed to validate the conclusions found in this study but they indicate a need for nurses to approach these caregivers with a plan tailored to each individual situation and to give consideration to interventions directed at improving quality of life and expanding social support networks for those caring for spouses.

This study was designed to investigate the situation of adolescent drug use in Seoul, and to compare this with the 1991 survey in order to better understand the present situation. The subject for this study were 1000 students in High School and Middle School. The data were collected during the period from September 1,1992 to December 30, 1992. The guestionnaire developed by Kim So Ya Ja (1991) to survey adolescent drug use was used. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA with the SPSS program. The results of this study can be summarized as follows 1. Prevalence of Substance use: Antihistamines were used by 0.3% of adolescent, Sedatives 0.6%, Stimulants 8.1%, Hallucinogens 0.9%, Inhalants 3.2%, Narcotics 1.7%. and Analgetics 154.3%. 2. Trend in substance use compared to the 1991 surbey: Alcohol use increased from 52.8% to 63.7% and narcotics from 0.6% to 1.7%, while Smoking, Analgetics, Antihistamines, Sedatives, and Inhalants showed a decrease. 3. Smoking and Alcohol use: Twenty five percent of school adolescent had experienced cigarette smoking and 63.7% of school adolescent had experienced alcohol use. 4. Motives for drug use: The highest was avoidence of sleep at 49.4% and the next highest was adventure seeking at 27.7%. As to feeling after drug use, 34.3% felt apathy, 22.8% had feelings of sleepiness and uncon sciousness. 5. Places were dreg were purchased: The most frequent was the drug store(78.3%) and 84.4% of the respondents answered that drug purchase was easy and 86.7% that drug use was mainly at home. 6. Related Variables: There was a statistically significent high score for drug and alcohol use by adolescents whose fathers used drugs. (PC. 05) In conclusion, adolescents in Seoul showed in de crease in the tendency to use drugs compared to the 1991 survey, however drugs which are habit-forming and lead to dependency are still being abused. Therefore, counter-plans and preventive stratiges are important.