The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intermittent low-intensity, short duration exercise during hindlimb suspension on the mass, relative weight, myofibrillar protein content, cross-sectional area of Type I and Type II fibers and SDH activity in Type II (plantaris) muscle. To examine the effectiveness of intermittent low-intensity, short duration exercise on mass, myofibrillar protein content and fiber size, the hindlimbs of adult female Wistar rats were suspended (HS) and half of these rats walked on a treadmill for 45 min/day(9 min every 2h) at 5m/min and a 15grade(HS-EX). Plantaris wet weight was 19.67% significantly smaller(p<0.005) and relative plantaris weight was 6.25% smaller compared with those of control rats following seven days of hindlimb suspension. Plantaris wet weight and relative plantaris weight increased by 27.66%, 12.22% each through intermittent exercise during hindlimb suspension (p<0.005, p<0.05), moreover, plantaris wet weight and relative plantaris weight of the HS-EX rats were similar to those of control rats. Soleus wet weight and relative soleus weight decreased significantly by 31% and 22.0% in the HS rats(p<0.05). Soleus wet weight and relative soleus weight increased by 10. 41%, 25.64% respectively through intermittent exercise during hindlimb suspension, furthermore, soleus wet weight and relative weight of the HS-EX rats were closer to those of control rats. Myofibrillar protein content of plantaris and soleus decreased significantly by 51.49%, 59.65% each, following seven days of hindlimb suspension (p<0.005). Myofibrillar protein content of plantaris and soleus increased by 51.79%, 75.47% each with significance through intermittent exercise during hindlimb suspension(p<0.005). Myofibrillar protein content of plantaris and soleus in HS-EX rats was smaller than that of control rats. No change was observed in fiber type percentage following 1 week of hindlimb suspension or exercise during hindlimb suspension. The type I fiber cross-sectional area of both soleus and plantaris muscle was 18.72% and 41.07% lower in the HS than that of the contro\s(p<0.05,p<0.001), that of both muscles was 6.60% and 29. 34% greater in the HS-EX than that of the HS rats. HS plus intermittent low-intensity short duration exercise resulted in Type I fiber cross-sectional area closer to the controls. Type II fiber cross-sectional area of both plantaris and soleus muscle was 22.45% and 22.58% smaller in the HS than in the controls, that of both muschles in the HS-EX was 14.10%, 5.78% greater than HS. Intermittent exercise during hindlimb suspension resulted in Type I, II fiber cross-sectional area closer to the control value. There was no change in SDH activity following lweek of hindlimb suspension or exercise during hindlimb suspension in the plantaris muscle. The results suggest that intermittent low intensity short duration exercise can ameliorate Type II muscular atrophy induced by hindlimb suspension.

The purpose of this study was to identify relationships between a preoperative video program as nursing intervention and the perception of postoperative pain. The subjects consisted of an experimental group of 17 children and a control group of 13 children, for a total of 30 patients who were admitted the ENT Department for tonsilectomies. Data were collected from August 1, 1993 to September 31. The video program was made by the pediatric operating theater nursing staff. Postoperative pain was measured using the Face Pain Rating Scales devised by Beyer in 1984. The data were analyzed by a SPSS using frequencies, means, percentages, t-test and ANOVA to analyze the variables and demographic characteristics. The results of this study are as follows: The hypothesis, "Score of the experimental group which was shown the preoperative video program as a nursing intervention will be lower than the control group which did not see the video in postoperative pain perception." was rejected by t= -.42, p>.05. No significant difference was found between the experimental group and the control group according demographic characteristics. From the above findings, this study suggests the following: 1. Further studies as randomized control-group pretest-posttest design are needed to control the extraneous variables. 2. A review will be suggested to be done by the preoperative video program as nursing intervention and an exploration to improve preoperative nursing care for pediatric patients with the inclusion such activities as preoperative visiting, operation theater tour etc.

The purpose of this study was to present basic data in the nursing practice for the management of living kidney donor by understanding the nature and meaning of kidney donors, experiences. The research subjects were 11 living kidney donors who had donated from Mar. 1991 to Feb. 1994 and discharged from the 3 hospitals in Pusan. Data has been collected by intensive interview with donors. The data analysis has made by phenomenological method of Van Kaam for understanding the phenomenon and meaning of their experiences. The experiences of kidney donors were analyzed into the 4 situations, that is, 'motivation of kidney donor', 'decision time to make kidney donation', 'pre-opperation', 'after donation'. The descriptive expression and common elements were drawn from original data of each situation on the basis of subjects' own words. From each situation, the common elements of kidney donors' experiences were integrated, summarized and described as follows; 1. Motivation of kidney donation They wanted to donate their kidney because of empathy of pain on the groung of love to the recipient and with exppectation of successful kidney transplant or as a solution of economic difficulty. 2. Experiences in deciding to make kidney donation In deciding to make kidney donation, donors had love toward the recipients. But they experienced conflict too. 3. Experiences before being operated on donated kidney In experiences from deciding to make kidney donation to preoperation, donors had love toward the recipients. But they also felt anxiety or dissatisfaction. Therefore, they controlled their mind by their faith, support of medical staff or support of society. And they experienced regret for the sociological cognition or financial apprehension. 4. Experiences after kidney donation After kidney donation, donors experienced satisfaction and accompplishment in spite of mental and physical discomfortness, while they felt sense of loss/disappointment, repentance, regret, and apprehension of progress toward their condition. Thus, kidney donors donated their kidney on the ground of empathy and love to the recipient and with expectation of successful kidney transplant. But during the process of kidney donation, they experienced conflict, love, anxiety, regret, apprehension of economy. And after donation, they felt sense of satisfaction and accomplishment, while they felt sense of discomfortness, loss/disappointment, regret, repentance, or apprehension of progress toward their condition. This result contribute to nurses' role not only for the management of living kidney donors but also for the management of cadaver donors' family.

No abstract available.

This study was done to investigate levels of physical fitness, self efficacy(SE), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and quality of life(QL), and their relationships among the elderly. Data were collected from 47 noninstitutionalized elderly dwelling in their own homes and 43 institutionalized elderly living in homes for older people. The ages of the subjects were 65 years and over. The data were collected from January 20th to February 20th, 1995. Physical fitness was measured with T.K.K dynamometer, grip dynamometer, stop watch, and Purdue pegboard. Structured questionnaires developed by Kim, by Lawton and Brody, and by Ro were adopted to measure SE, IADL, and QL, respectively. The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results were as follows: 1. The noninstitutionalized elderly had higher scores in such measures of physical fitness as body weight, skinfold thickness, flexibility and coordination as compared to the institutionalized elderly. 2. On the following measures of physical fitness, men showed higher levels than women; in height when standing, height when sitting, body weight, and muscle strength. Women had more trunk flexibility than men. 3. Muscle strength was positively correlated with height when standing, height when sitting, and body weight. The following measures of physical fitness, muscle strength, flexibility and coordination, were negatively correlated with "up and go". 4. The noninstitutionalized elderly had higher scores in SE(t=2.28, p<0.05), IADL(t=2.24, p<0.05), and QL (t=2.41, p<0.05) as compared to the institutionalized elderly. 5. SE was positively correlated with both IADL (r=0.41, p<0.001) and QL(r=0.54, p<0.001), and the latter two variables were a positively correlated(r=0.30, p<0.001). 6. SE was positively correlated with the physical fitness measures of height when standing, body weight, strength of leg muscles, strength of back muscles, grip strength, and level of touching the floor, but negatively correlated with "up and go." 7. Positive correlations were revealed between IADL and the physical fitness measures of height, strength of leg muscles, level of trunk muscle extension, level of touching the floor, and coordination. The IADL was negatively correlated with "up and go". 8. QL was positively correlated with body weight (r=0.28, p<0.01) and skinfold thickness(r=0. 26, p<0.05). 9. Age was negatively correlated with the physical fitness measures of height when standing, height when silting, "up and go", strength of leg muscles, strength of back muscles, grip strength, level of trunk muscle extension, and coordination. 10. Age was also negatively correlated with SE (r=-0.24, p<0.05) and IADL(r=-0.22, p<0. 05). The above results suggest that caring elderly in their own homes were more effective and that nursing interventions to enhance physical fitness, SE, IADL, and QL especially for the institutionalized elderly are stressed.

The purpose of this study was to determine values and value changes in clinical nurses in clinical situations. A survey was conducted of 200 nurses of one of university hospital in Seoul Korea. This study was conducted between July 1 and July 5, 1994, using the Survey of Interpersonal Values (SIV) developed by L. V. Gordon, and standardized for Korea by Kyung Hye Lee and Eung Yun Hwang. The results of the study were as follows; 1. The clinical nurses surveyed showed Indepen-dence(18.32: 63rd percentile) as their highest value, with Support(14.8: 62nd percentile) next and then Benevolence (16.28: 53rd percentile), Leadership(9.06: 46th percentile), Conformity (18.15: 42nd percentile) and Recog-nition(18.32: 41st percentile) in that order in the area of general values. Using a standardized women's value indicator, the clinical nurses value orientation was within the 32nd~69th percentile indicating means found among Korean women in general. 2. Looking at how the values were related to demographics, Leadership was most highly valued among the 30~34 year olds and least valued among the 25~29 year olds. Unmarried nurses valued Independence more than married nurses did, and junior college graduate nurses valued Conformity more than baccalaureate graduate nurses did. 3. The study showed that the values of with less than one year(16.00) clinical experience were higher than those who had over 10 years (13.60) clinical experience (p<.05). Therefore clinical experience did not positively influence value orientation for clinical nurses. 4. There was no significant differences in the value of nurses in relation to their workplace, their level of motivation, or their aptitude. The study shows that clinical nurses have similar values compared with ordinary Korean women. This means that professional nurses may not be able to satisfy client needs and also that they do not have satisfaction and a positive attitude regarding the nursing profession. Therefore it is suggested that new strategies and continuing education programs be established to help clinical nurses fomulate higher values.

This qualitative nursing research used a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to discover meaning in mid-aged women's experience of mastectomy. The ultimate aim of the inquiry was to discover the essence of mid-aged women's experience and promote understanding. The study was guided by Van Manen's method for doing research. The method of inquiry included: turning to phenomenon of interest; inquiring and investigating experience as it was lived rather than as conceptualized; reflecting and analyzing essential themes which characterize phenomenon; and describing phenomenon through art of writing and rewriting. Multiple strategies for data collecting were needed: in depth face-to-face interview; analysis of women's writings; artistic works; and analysis of examples of phenomenon in art, literature, and drama. Although the experience was different for all of the women interviewd, essential themes of experience emerged; Self-discovering of vicious disease, Divining punishment-unfortunate women, loss of self though the scar, a nightmare, change of life values and attitudes, rediscovering living alone, living through with fearing of death. Findings from artistic and creative inquiry further validated findings and meaning descovered. The study illuminated meaning and simultaneously validated the phenomenological research process. Essential themes for understanding women's experience, implications for education, research, and practice, direction and need for continuing inquiry were identified.

The purpose of this study was to exame the effectiveness of the hand massage as an independent nursing intervention for the cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. The data were collected with quasiexperimental research design from 40 subjects -20 for experimental group and 20 for control group -of the radiation oncology department of one university hospital in Seoul from January 10th to March 29th, 1994. Subjects agreed to participate in this study and ranged in age from 18 to 82 years with mean age of 52.63. They had insight of their disease and had undergone radiotherapy at least twice. The hand massage developed by Mariah Snyder (1993) based on the Swedish Massage was administered to the experimental group prior to having radiation therapy at the waiting place of radiotherapy room. Hand massage was given to each hand of patient for five minutes once a day. Measurement of the patient's blood pressure, pulse rate, state anxiety and mood were done before and after the administration of hand massage for 5 days. The data were analyzed with paired t-test, t-test and the results were summarized as follows; 1. After administration of the hand massage, the diastolic blood pressure of experimental group was decreased significantly, while the systolic blood pressure and the pulse rate were decreased, but not significantaly. 2. In the experimental group, the level of anxiety was significantaly lower than control group. The mean scores of the difference of the anxiety level after having hand massage was 8.60 in the experimental group and 0.75 in the control group. 3. The difference of the mood scores before and after the massage in the experimental group was decreased significantly. The mean mood score was decreased 4.80 in the experimental group as compared with 2.02 in the control group. 4. The patients after having the hand massage expressed subjectively their feeling of relaxation, well-being and being enjoyable, the significant decreased of physical symptoms and anxiety. The findings summarized that the use of the hand massage for the cancer patient undergoing radiation therapy produced significant changes in the level of anxiety and relaxation. Therefore it is recommended to use the hand massage as an intervention for the patients.

This study was conducted to find out the degree of paternal attachment to neonate, and to identify factors affecting paternal attachment. The main purpose was to make the base data for nursing intervention to improve parternal attachment. The subjects of this study were 20 fathers whose partners have delivered premature neonate and 30 fathers whose partners have delivered normal neonate in 3 university hospitals in Seoul. Data were collected from Feb. 10 to Apr. 10 1994 by self report questionaires. The instrument for this study was based on 7 kinds of characteristics of paternal attachment by Greenberg and Morris (1974), and developed by researcher. The statistical methods for data analysis were percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA with S.P.S.S. program. The conclusions are as follows. 1. Fathers had the high degree of paternal attachent to neonate, but were afraid of active touch. 2. The factors that affect paternal attachment were delivery oder, past experience about own father except delivery pattern, pregnancy plan, sex of nonate. 3. There were not significant correlations between paternal attachment and early visual contact frequency of father-neonate. 4. In the degree of paternal attachment, though normal neonate father showed somewhat higher result than premature neonate father, there was not statistically significant difference between two groups(t=-1.83, P=0.076). But in the character of tactail awarness there were significant differences between two groups, hence nursing interventions are needed to help the premature neonate's father bring early tactile contact. Futher research about factors affecting paternal attachment to neonate and high risk neonate as well as low birth weight neonate is reguired.

A quasi-experimental study was conducted to examine the effect of ice pack application to post cardiac surgery toddlers before C-tube removal. Twenty toddlers aged 13 months to 24 months, who were admitted to the hospital for open heart surgery during the period from July, 1993 to October, 1993 were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. An ice pack was applied to the C-tube insertion site for 8 minutes before C-tube removal for the experimental group. The children were videotaped during the procedure to assess pain behavior and crying time. The score on the Modified Behavioral Pain Scale(MBPS), crying time, and vital signs were measured to determine the effect of ice pack application. The data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, Paired t-test, and Pearson corelation coefficient. The result of the study are as follows: 1. There was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in pain behavior (U=17.0, p=.01). 2. There was no significant difference between the two groups in crying time. 3. There was a significant difference between the two groups in heart rate(U=24.5, p=.05). 4. There was a significant difference between the two groups in systolic blood pressure(U=24.0, P=.05). 5. There was a significant difference between the two groups in diastolic blood pressure (U=23.0, p=.04). 6. There was no significant difference between the two groups in respiration rate. 7. Pain behavior was significantly correlated with heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and crying time(r=.50, .54 and .59, p<.05). The result showed that the ice pack application was effective to reduce pain related to C-tube removal for the toddlers. From the study, it is recommended that the effectiveness of the cold application to children undergoing different painful procedures be examined to determine the most effective length of cold application to reduce pain in children.

The main purpose of the study is to identify critical risk factors for development of a family assessment tool to screen high risk family. This study used a conceptual framework of family diagnosis developed by Eui-sook Kim's (1993) and analyzed risk factors to identify the high risk family. As employing a explorative and methodological study design, this study has four stages. 1. In the first stage, 34 family risk factors were identified by doing intensive literature review on conceptual framework of family diagnoses. 2. In the second stage, above risk factors were tested for content validity by consultation with 29 persons in community health nursing, nursing education, family theory, and social work. 3. In the third stage, existing survey data was used for actual application of the identified risk factors. The survey data used for this purpose was previously collected for the community diagnosis in a region of Seoul. At the final stage, through the comparisn between high risk and low risk families, initially identified 34 risk factors decreased to 25 risk factors. Among 34 risk factors, six factors did not agree with content of questionnaries sand two factors were not significant in differentiating the high risk family Also, two risk factors showed high correlation between themselves, so only one of those two factors was chosen. As a result, twenty-five risk factors chosen to identify the high risk family are following; 1. A single parent family due to divorce or death of a partner, or unweded single mother 2. A family with an unrelated household members 3. A family with a working mother with a young child 4. A family with no regular income 5. A family with no rule in family or too strict rules 6. A family with little or no support from other family members 7. A family with little or no support from friends or relatives 8. A family with little or no time to share with each other 9. A family with family history of hypertension, diabetus, cancer 10. A family with a sick person 11. A family with a mentally ill person 12. A family with a disabled person 13. A family with an alcoholic person 14. A family with a excessive smoker who smokes more than 1 pack/day 15. A family with too much salt intake in their diet. 16. A family with inappropriate management skills for familly health 17. A family with high utilization of drug store than hospital to solve the health problems of the familty 18. A family with disharmony between husband and wife 19. A family with conflicts among the family members 20. A family with unequal division of labor among family members 21. An authoritative family structure 22. A socially isolated family 23. The location of house is not residential area 24. A family with high risk of accidents 25. The drinking water and sewage sytems are not hygienic. The main implication of the results of this study is clinical use. The high risk factors can be used to identify the high risk family effectively and effciently. The use of high risk factors woule contribute to develop a conceptual framework of family diagnosis in Korea and the list of risk factors need to be revised continuously. Further researches are needed to develop an index of weight of each risk factor and to validate the risk factors.

There is no national system to manage, evaluate, and analyse the information about accidents, even though it is necessary for accident prevention policies and health promotion of the general public. The existing studies are, also limited as they focus only on particular group (for example: inpatients, emergency room patients) or on particular geographic areas. Thus the results of the studies cannot be applied to the general public. In order to overcome these limitations, this research focuses on data collection and analysis from accident information for the general population. By providing the analysis on types and causes of accidents, this research aims to produce the basic data neccesary for accident prevention policy development. The specific aims of this research are to: 1. Analyse the actual occurrences and characteristics of accidents. 2. Suggest for the accident prevention policies and safety education. Accident report form three major newspaper printed in Korea between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 1993 were collected, and the cause, place, time, and personal injury related to the accidents were classified and then analyzed by descriptive statistics. The results of this research conclude: 1. The number of accidents reported by the three newspapers were 2155. 2. The highest proportion of accidents were as follows; occurred during the June-August(31. 2%), Sunday (24.8%), and 5 p.m. (7.6%) of the day. 3. The highest proportion of the accident occurred in Seoul(33.1%), Kyunggi province (14.5%), Kangwon province(7.8%), and Kyungnam province6.7%) were next highest. 4. The main causes include car accidents (32.4%), drowning(10.9%), falls(8.8%), explosion(7.1%), and poisoning (5.8%). 5. Slightly more than half of injuries(50.5%) and about two fifths of deaths(40.3%) were caused by car accidents. Therefore, the most serious type of accidents were car accidents. 6. The number of males in accidents were almost three times higher than that of females (males: 72.3%, females :27.7%). 7. The age group from 10 to 19 years old represents the highest proportion(21%) of accidents. 8. The number of the accidents in Korea, based on the information collected from the newspapers, is estimated to be 14,367 per year. The number of injuries is estimated to be 88,480 persons, and the number of deaths 29,007 respectively. It is said that ninety percent of accidents can be prevented. Several accidents prevention policies are suggested here. 1. Safety education should be done more actively throughtout life, with special emphasis on safety education for children. 2. Safety measures for children(halmets for cycling, children car seats, seats belts, and so on) should be emphasized. 3. An injury surveillance system should be initiated. The initiation of injury reporting system in each factory and school could contribute considerably to the reduction of accidents.

The frequency with which administration of chemotherapy for gynecological cancer treatment is used has increased along with the use of surgery and radiotherapy. Among the various side effects of chemotherapy, stomatitis causes a problem of function and sensation in the oral cavity. This oral discomfort can be categorized into two components; perceived oral symptoms and observed oral symptoms. If the oral problem continues, it may cause infection, bleeding and nutritional deficiencies. As a result of this condition, compliance with the treatment process can be affected as well as the prognosis for the cancer patients. But as the oral discomfort usually appears after chemotherapy, it is often not reported to the health care personnel as a patient problem. Without problem identification of the oral discomfort and ability to assess the problem, effecive intervention cannot be planned. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the pattern and the degree of oral discomfort due to cancer chemotherapy and thus to provide data for identification of the patient problem and for nursing assessment. The design of this study was a longitudinal descriptive study. The subjects were in-patients who received chemotherapy under the diagnosis of gynecological cancer between Mar. 15, 1994 and May 15, 1994 at a general hospital in Seoul, Korea. The number of subjects was 64 and they were divided into two groups, one of 41 (A: 5FU and Neoplatin), the other of 23 (B: Neoplatin, Cytoxan, Adriamycin), according to the treatment regimen. The data were collected for 24 days using self-report instruments. The instruments were the [Perceived Oral Symptom Assessment Tool] and [Observed Oral Symptom Assessment Tool] developed by this researcher. Data were analyzed using the SPSS-PC program, ANOVA, t-test, paired t-test and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient were applied. The results of this study are as follows: 1. In A regimen the peak time for perceived oral symptom scores was the fifth day after chemotherapy, and the tenth day for observed oral symptom scores. Both of the problems started on first day of chemotherapy and were not resolved completely until the 24th day after treatment. 2. In B regimen, the peak time for perceived oral symptom scores was on the seventh day after chemotherapy, and the eighth day for observed oral symptom scores. It was noted that perceived oral symptom scores were higher than observed oral symptom scores consistently for 24 days. Both also started on first day of chemotherapy, and were not resolved completely until the 24th day after chemotherapy. 3. There were no differences statistically in perceived oral symptom scores between A and B regimen. The loss of appetite and xerostomia caused the most severe discomfort in both of these two groups. 4. The were no differences statistically in observed oral symptom scores between the A and B regimen. In the A regimen, the highest observed symptom scores were the lips, gingiva, tongue and buccal membrane in that order. But in the B regimen, the highest observed symptom scores were tongue, lips, buccal membrane and gingiva in that order.