This study was undertaken to assess the effect of sound stress on humoral and cellular immune responses to thymus-dependent and independent antigens in mice. After mice were exposed to 4 hr daily sound stessors(83dB) for 4 days before or after immunization, the primary and / or secondary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), polyvinylpyrroridone( PVP) or picryl chloride(TNCB) were assayed. When mice were exposed to sound stressor before or after immunization, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and contact sensitivity to TNCB was remarkably depressed compared with those of the unstressed control mice. However, the primary and secondary hemagglutinin response of the stresed mice to SRBC showed a pronounced increase compared with that of the unstressed mice, In contrast to antibody response to SRBC, the primary antibody response of the stressed mic to PVP was almost not detected. surprisingly, the secondary antibody response to PVP of the mice receiving the secondary sound stress was markedly increased when the immune-depressed mice received the secondary immunization with PVP at 46 days after the primary immunization. The susceptibility of mice to intravenoulsy infected Candida albicans was not changed by the sound stress.

The main purpose of this survey was to identify for elements of an effective hospital infection control program for Korea. Nurses and doctors who had participated in an education program for infection control or were re s ponsible for hospital infection control were selected as data iformers. The data were collected from 51 subjects by employing a Delphi technique in a series of three rounds from september 1, 1987, to March 31, 1988. IN each round the responses to questionaires were analyzed and the results were communicated back to the individuals. Finally 32 elements of effective hospital infection control program] were reduced to 10 elements. 10 elements are as follows ;1) Hospital administrator's knowledge of importance and necessity for HIC(hospital infection control)2) Supporting HIC administratively 3) Constituting infection control committee and role of ICC 4) Developing an eductional program and providing a work manual for the hospital infection control staff 5) Educating and informing medical staff about hospital infection 6) Surveillance for hospital infection 7) Developing patient care technique 8) Controlling the hospital environment 9) Executing regular health examinations of all medical staff 10) Recruiting the medical staff sufficiently Three rankings of response rate about 32 elements are as follows;1) Hiring a full time staff member for the HIC(66%) 2) Establishing a hospital policy and standards for the HIC(66 %) 3) Activating the infection control committee and taking administrative action to support the ICC (63%) In addition the rankings of importance score by Likert 5 scale are as follows ; 1) Washing hands scrupulously (4.88) 2) Nurses participation as key members of the ICC (4.75) 3) Reviewing and evaluating all ongoing aseptic techniques (4.69) In conclusion, first of all, administrative support must be given to hiring a full time staff member and to organization of infection control cmmittee for the HIC in Korea.

This research was done to clarify the factors related to sexual satifaction in women who have had a hyste rectomy, and to idenify which factors had statistically significant influence of sexual satisfaction of the subjects. The objective of this study was to identify the variables related to sexual adaptation which might be changed by nursing intervention. This was a cross-sectional descriptive correlation study. There were 230 subjects in the study, and they were selected by a convenient sampling method. The tool for this study was developed by the researcher through modification of the Dergatis Sexual Function Inventory (DSFI). A pilot study was done to determine the necessary modifications. Data collection was done between Sept. 1987 and Dec. 1987 using a mailed questionnaire. The characteristics of the subjects were as follows : The mean age of the subjects was 42.3 years and 204(87.4 %) of the subjects had nine or more years of education. The mean income of the subjects was 85.8870 won / month, and 179(77 %) of them were housewives. ? The mean number of pregnancies and children were 4.9 and 2.5 respectively. ? Oophorectomies were included in the surgery for 66(28.7%) of the subjects. Only 12(5.2%) were planning to have more children. ? Only 88(38.3%) of the subjects had received information prior to the surgery regarding health problems related to the operation and less than half, 111(48.3%), had received this kind of information before discharge. ? Lay persons were the source of information about the post-operation status for 196(85.2%) of the subjects, but the content of the information did not significantly influence the sexual satisfaction score. Only 16(7.0 %) of the subjects said they regretted having a hysterctomy while 102(44.3%) said they were pleased to have had a hysterectomy. ? Ninety(39.1 %) of the subjects reported that their husbands had "stress" and 164(71.3%) of the subjects reported "stress". The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. The mean score for sexual satisfaction of the subjects was 34.24 with a possible maximum score of 50.00. Eighty two (35.8 %) were responded that they were satisfied with their sexual life but 61 (26.5%) were responded that they were dissatisfied with their sexual life 2. The following 15 factors extracted from the results of the data analysis were significantly related to sexual satisfaction (p<.05) : support of husband, body image, emotion, knowledge of sex, menop ausal symptoms, sexual behavior, the feelings the subjects had about the hysterectomy, stress for both subject and husband, the number of children, health information given before operation, job, age, level of education and income. The five most important factors influencing sexual satisfaction were identified by using stepwise multiple regression analysis. The most important factor was support of husband, which explained 17.83 % of the total variance. The remaining factors in order of significance were : Knowledge of sex, income, job, and emotional status. Those five factors explained 35.16% of the sexual satisfaction. In conclusion, for the care of women who are going to be discharged from hospital after having had a hysterctomy, nurses have to work with the husbands to help them to understand the importance of their support. Nurses also need to make sure that the subjects have an adequeate knowledge of sexual life after a hysterectomy. Also nursing interventions should focus on subjects who do not have a job, who are of low economic status, and the subjects who are under the unpleasant mood.

This literature review was undertaken to explore theoretical models of depression for their potential usefulness in nursing research and practice. Depression has been accounted for by numerous theories or models of causation ; 11 theories selected from psychology, medicine and psychoanalysis and supported by empirical or experimental research were reviewed. These theories identify a variety of precipitating and predisposing factors that may affect the individual's depression. Aggression-turned-inward theory, object loss theory, ego functioning theory, personality organization theory, behavioral theory, learned helplessness theory, cognitive theory, genetic factors, and biological theories conceptualize predisposing factorrs. Only life stressors theory identifies precipitating facotrs. Each of these theories contributes to an understanding of depression, but many of them use overlapping and interrelated factors. It is also evident from recent research that there are multiple causes for depression involving an interactive effect among predisposing and precipitating factors that are both biological and psychological in origin. That is. a single theory is not useful, but perhaps a unified theory could be developed that would be helpful to nursing. This review points to the need for continuing development and testing of theories that would integrate the multiple conceptualizations of depression.

This study was performed to examine the effect of muscle relaxation training on patients with insomnia complaints. The subjects were selected those who have taken poor sleep below 240-300 minutes per day, between 16~15ages, without organic brain syndroms. Using the Budzinski's muscle relaxation training tapes the patients have been gotten the muscle relaxation training daily during four weeks and examined the state anxiety with Spielberger's Trait-State Anxiety Scale, and investigated Sleep amounts, Blood pressure, Pulse rates, Respiratory rates before and after the muscle relaxation training. The results were as follow ; 1. The mean of the State anxiety after the muscle relaxation training(41.8+/-6.4) was significantly lower than that of before training (54.2+/-7.0) (p<0.001). 2. The mean of systolic blood pressure after the training (114.3+/-7.8mmHg) was significantly lower than that of before training (139.0+/-9.8) (p<0.001). 3. The mean of Pulse rate after the traing (89.2+/-3.0) was significantly lower: than that of before training (103.9+/-7.4) (p<0.001). 4. The mean of Respiratory rate after the training (18.6+/-1.0) was significantly lower than that of before training (22.8+/-1.3) (p< 0.001). 5. The mean of Sleep amount after the muscle relaxation training (459.8+/-52.4 minutes) was significantly increased than that of before training (287.3+/-30.3) (p<0.001).

The purpose of this study is the extent of the stress of the nursing students during the period of delivery room practice, according to whether they have their practical experience and in which situations they received. The subject of this study is 62 nursing students (who experienced delivery room pracice at an early stage) in Kang Weon C.Junior College of nursing and 62 nursing students (who experienced delivery room practice at a latter stage) in J. Junior college of Nursing (total 124 students) from March 1988 to December 1988. The results of this study are summerized as follows. 1. According to the general characteristics, it revealed that they have not any relations between the religion, the numbers of family, health status and the extent of stress during the nursing students have experienced in the delivery room practice (p>. 05). 2. It revealed that there were much differences to the extent of stress they have experienced during the delivery room practice between the nursing students (who experienced delivery room practiceat an early stage) in C.Junior College of Nursing and nursing students (who experienced delivery room practice at a latter stage) in J. Jnninr College of Nursing(p<.000). 3. In ten items of the stress that was confronted by nursing practice, they had much differences to the extent of stress perception for the students during the period of delivery room practice between each cdlege(p<.05). 4. In the four parts of the clinical pratice except for adult nursing practice, they had much differences to the extent of stress according to whether they have their practical experience. However the stress which they experienced in the adult ward during the period of delivery of delivery room nursing practice is too low to be significant(p<.05).

When the head nurse who is pivotal in the nursing service administration of the hospital performs efficiently as a first-line manager, the effectiveness of the nursing unit, which includes the quality of nursing care, the job satisfaction of staff members, and the cohesiveness of staff members is increased. With this point of view in mind, the researcher carried out a study to determine the actual work (the content of the work, the work process, the role of the head nurse, the activity media, and the purpose of the work) of the head nurse in a university hospital in Korea. In addition, this study was also carried out for the purpose of preparing an ideal model for the work of the head nurse. The research subjects were 39 head nurses. This included all the head nurses in two university hospitals except those who were working in outpatient care, operating rooms, central supply, nursing administration, inservice education and emergency care. Data were collected from September 24th to October 21th, 1987 and April 4th to 12th, 1988. A work activity record on which the head nurse recorded directly in a chronological narrative form, was used as the research instrument. The 234 work activity records, 39 head nurse's continuous recording over 6 days(from Monday to Saturday) were collected and analysed. The results were as follows : 1. With regard to the work content for the total daily work of the head nurse, 45.2 % of the activities were managerial activities but 58.1 % of the head nurse' s time was spent in direct patient care. 2. With regard to the work process of the head nurse, specifically the location, the size and membership of groups contacted, the results were as follows : 1) Of the total daily work activities 92.4 % were carried out in the nursing unit and this occupied 84. 5 % of total daily work time. Direct patient care was generally performed on the nursing unit and managerial work was performed in other areas, 2) Of the total daily work activities, 73 % was with one or more persons and 51.2 % of total daily work time was spent in groups 3) A total of 51 persons, working in different capacities were contacted. These included 21 persons giving patient care, 19 persons working in nursing unit management, and 7 persons working in human resource management. 3. With regard to the head nurse's role in work activity, 53.3 % of total daily work activities involved the informational role, 26.9%, the interpersonal role and 19.9%, the decisional role. With regard to time, 57. 7% was spent in the informational role, 23.9%, in the interpersonal role and 18.3%, in the decisional role. When the head nurse performed managerial work, she gave nearly equal emphasis to all three roles when she gave direct patient care the informational role was increased. 4. With regard to the activity media, the number of unscheduled activities accounted for 27.1 % of the activities, scheduled activities, 24.3%, desk work activity, 22.1%, rounds, 12.5 % and telephone calls, made or received, 14.0%. In daily total work time managerial work related to desk work and scheduled activities were high, ranging from 29.8% to 29.9% but for direct patient care time, scheduled activities and unscheduled activities were high, ranging from 23.6 % to 35.3 %. 5. With regard to the purpose of the work performed, 54.4 % of the total daily work was concerned with the team and 414 % was concerned with the agency. The managerial work was concerned mainly with the team and the direct patient care was concerned mainly with the patient. When the frequency of an activity and time were compared no significant difference was found between the days for which the work was recorded for any of the variables : the work content, the work process, the work role, the activity media and purpose of the work. On the basis of this study the following are proposed as an ideal model for head nurse work in Korea : The managerial work should be increased to 70%. The decisional role activities should be increased to 40%. Twenty percent of the work activity should be allocated to agency, community and profession. It is believed that this model for the head nurse's work can contribute to guidelines for job description development. Finally, educational programs, organizational and structural devices, and administrative support are needed for the proper function of the head nurse in this proposed model.